Imfundiso Ka-Origen Yalithonya Kanjani Isonto?

“Ngumholi weSonto omkhulu kunabo bonke olandela abaPhostoli.” UJerome, umhumushi weBhayibheli i-Vulgate yesiLatini, wasincoma kanjalo isazi semfundiso yenkolo sekhulu lesithathu, u-Origen. Kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu owayemazisa kangaka u-Origen. Abanye babembheka njengempande embi okwahluma kuyo ukuhlubuka. Ngokomlobi wekhulu le-17, abagxeki baka-Origen babethi: “Ingxenye enkulu yemfundiso yakhe ayinangqondo futhi iyalimaza, iwubuthi obubulalayo obunjengobeNyoka, abukhafulela emhlabeni.” Eqinisweni, cishe ngemva kwamakhulu amathathu afa, u-Origen wabizwa ngesihlubuki ngokomthetho.

KUNGANI u-Origen abangela imizwa yakho kokubili ukuhlonishwa nenzondo? Waba naliphi ithonya ekwakhekeni kwezimfundiso zesonto?

Ukushisekela Isonto

U-Origen wazalelwa emzini wase-Aleksandriya, eGibithe, cishe ngo-185 C.E. Wafunda izincwadi zamaGreki wagogoda, kodwa uyise, uLeonides, wamphoqa ukuba azikhandle ngokufanayo nasekutadisheni imiBhalo. Lapho u-Origen eneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, umbusi waseRoma washaya umthetho owakwenza kwaba yicala ukushintsha inkolo yakho. Uyise ka-Origen wavalelwa ejele ngokuba ngumKristu. Egcwele intshiseko yobungane, u-Origen wayemagange ukuyovalelwa noyise ejele futhi afele ukholo. Lapho unina ebona lokhu, wafihla izingubo zika-Origen ukuze angaphumi endlini. U-Origen wanxusa uyise ngencwadi: “Qaphela ukuba ungashintshi umqondo ngenxa yethu.” ULeonides waqhubeka emi eqinile futhi wabulawa, washiya umkhaya wakhe uhlupheka. Kodwa u-Origen wayesethuthuke kakhulu kakade ezifundweni zakhe kangangokuthi wayesekwazi ukondla unina nabafowabo abancane abayisithupha ngokufundisa ngezincwadi zamaGreki.

Inhloso yombusi yayiwukunqanda ukubhebhetheka kobuKristu. Njengoba umthetho wakhe wawungavimbi abafundi kuphela kodwa futhi nabafundisi, bonke abafundisi benkolo bobuKristu babaleka e-Aleksandriya. Lapho abangewona amaKristu ababefuna ukufundiswa imiBhalo benxusa u-Origen omncane ukuba abasize, wawamukela ngentokozo lo msebenzi njengovela kuNkulunkulu. Iningi labafundi bakhe labulawelwa ukholo lwabo, abanye bengakaziphothuli nezifundo zabo. Ezibeka engozini enkulu, u-Origen wayebakhuthaza obala abafundi bakhe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babephambi kukamahluleli, besejele noma sebelindele ukubulawa. Isazi-mlando sekhulu lesine, u-Eusebius, sibika ukuthi lapho sebeyiswa ukuyobulawa, u-Origen, “wayebabingelela ngokubanga, ngesikhulu isibindi.”

U-Origen wazibangela ulaka lwabaningi ababengewona amaKristu, ababembona eyimbangela yokuguquka nokufa kwabangane babo. Wayevamile ukusinda ngokulambisa ezixukwini nasekubulaweni ngesidlozane. Nakuba aphoqeleka ukuba ahlale ethutha ngoba ebalekela ababemzingela, u-Origen akayekethisanga ekufundiseni kwakhe. Leso sibindi nokuzinikela kwamhlaba umxhwele uDemetrius, umbhishobhi wase-Aleksandriya. Ngakho, lapho u-Origen eneminyaka engu-18 kuphela ubudala, uDemetrius wammisa njengomphathi wesikole semfundo engokwenkolo e-Aleksandriya.

Ekugcineni, u-Origen waba yisazi esivelele nomlobi okhiqiza kakhulu. Abanye bathi wabhala izincwadi ezingu-6 000, nakuba cishe lokhu kuyihaba. Udume kakhulu nge-Hexapla yakhe, uhlelo olukhulukazi lwemiBhalo YesiHeberu olunemiqulu engu-50. U-Origen wahlela i-Hexapla yaba nezinhlu eziyisithupha ezihambisanayo ezinalokhu: (1) umbhalo wesiHeberu nesi-Aramu, (2) isiGreki esihumusha igama ngalinye lalowo mbhalo, (3) inguqulo ka-Aquila yesiGreki, (4) inguqulo kaSymmachus yesiGreki, (5) i-Septuagint yesiGreki, u-Origen ayibukeza ukuze ihambisane kakhudlwana nombhalo wesiHeberu (6) nenguqulo kaTheodotion yesiGreki. Isazi seBhayibheli uJohn Hort sabhala: “Ngale mibhalo ehlukahlukene, u-Origen wayenethemba lokucacisa incazelo yezindima eziningi ezazingase zimxake noma zimlahle umfundi ongumGreki uma ene-Septuagint kuphela.”

‘Ukweqela Ngalé Kwezinto Ezilotshiwe’

Nokho, ukudideka okungokwenkolo kwekhulu lesithathu kwayithonya kakhulu indlela ka-Origen yokufundisa imiBhalo. Nakuba eLobukholwa lalisafufusa, kakade lase lingcoliswe yizinkolelo ezingqubuzana nemiBhalo, futhi amasonto alo ayethe chíthi saka ayefundisa ingxubevange yezimfundiso.

U-Origen wazamukela ezinye zalezi zimfundiso ezingqubuzana nemiBhalo, ethi ziyimfundiso yabaphostoli. Kodwa wayezizwa ekhululekile ukuqagela kwezinye izindaba. Ngaleso sikhathi abaningi babafundi bakhe babeshikashikana nezimpikiswano zefilosofi yangaleso sikhathi. Ezama ukubasiza, u-Origen wacubungula imibono ehlukahlukene yefilosofi eyayithonya abafundi bakhe abasebasha. Wayezimisele ukunika abafundi bakhe izimpendulo ezanelisayo zemibuzo yabo yefilosofi.

Ezama ukuvumelanisa iBhayibheli nefilosofi, u-Origen wancika kakhulu endleleni engokomfanekiso yokuchaza imiBhalo. Wazitshela ukuthi imiBhalo ihlale inencazelo engokomoya, kodwa ingase ingabi nayo engokoqobo. Njengoba kwaphawula esinye isazi, lokhu kwavulela u-Origen “ithuba lokuba achaze iBhayibheli nganoma iyiphi indlela engahambisani neBhayibheli kodwa evumelana nesimiso sakhe sezimfundiso zenkolo, abe ethi (futhi ekholelwa kanjalo ngobuqotho) ungumchazi oshisekayo nothembekile womqondo weBhayibheli.”

Incwadi u-Origen ayibhalela omunye wabafundi bakhe ikwenza uyiqonde indlela ayecabanga ngayo. U-Origen waphawula ukuthi ama-Israyeli akha izitsha zethempeli likaJehova ngegolide laseGibithe. Lokhu wayekubona kumsekela ekusebenziseni kwakhe ifilosofi yamaGreki ukuze afundise ubuKristu. Wabhala: “Yeka indlela ezaba usizo ngayo kubantwana bakwa-Israyeli izinto abaphuma nazo eGibithe, izinto abaseGibithe ababengazisebenzisanga kahle, kodwa amaHeberu azisebenzisela inkonzo kaNkulunkulu, eqondiswa ukuhlakanipha kukaNkulunkulu.” Kanjalo u-Origen wakhuthaza umfundi wakhe ukuba “akhame kuyifilosofi yamaGreki noma yini engase itadishwe noma ilungiselele [umuntu] ubuKristu.”

Le ndlela yokuchaza iBhayibheli engenamingcele yafiphaza umehluko phakathi kwemfundiso yobuKristu nefilosofi yamaGreki. Ngokwesibonelo, encwadini yakhe ethi On First Principles, u-Origen wachaza uJesu ngokuthi ‘yiNdodana ezelwe yodwa, eyazalwa, kodwa engenasiqalo.’ Wanezela: ‘Ukuzalwa kwakhe kusukela phakade futhi kungokwaphakade. Ukuba kwakhe yiNdodana akwenzekanga ngokuthola umoya wokuphila, akwenzekanga ngasenzo sangaphandle, kodwa kwenzeka ngobuqu bukaNkulunkulu.’

U-Origen akawuthathanga eBhayibhelini lo mqondo, ngoba imiBhalo ifundisa ukuthi iNdodana kaJehova ezelwe yodwa ‘iyizibulo layo yonke indalo’ futhi ‘iyisiqalo sendalo kaNkulunkulu.’ (Kolose 1:15; IsAmbulo 3:14) Ngokwesazi-mlando senkolo u-Augustus Neander, u-Origen wathola lo mqondo ‘wokuzalwa kwaphakade’ ‘ngemfundo yefilosofi yemiqondo kaPlato.’ Kanjalo, u-Origen waphula lesi simiso esingokomBhalo esiyisisekelo: “Ungeqeli ngalé kwezinto ezilotshiweyo.”—1 Korinte 4:6.

Walahlwa Njengesihlubuki

Lapho esaqala ukufundisa, uMkhandlu Wase-Aleksandriya waphuca u-Origen ubupristi. Cishe lokhu kwenzeka ngoba uMbhishobhi uDemetrius enomona ngodumo luka-Origen olwalwanda. U-Origen wathuthela ePalestine, lapho ukuhlonishwa kwakhe njengomvikeli owaziwayo wemfundiso yobuKristu kwaqhubeka kunamandla, futhi waqhubeka engumpristi lapho. Eqinisweni, lapho kuqubuka “ukuhlubuka” eMpumalanga, kwafunwa usizo lwakhe ukuze enze ababhishobhi abaphambukayo babuyele ezimfundisweni ezamukelwayo. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe ngo-254 C.E., igama lika-Origen laba nedumela elibi kakhulu. Ngani?

Ngemva kokuba ubuKristu bokuzisholo bube yinkolo evelele, isonto laqala ukuzichaza ngokucace kakhudlwana izimfundiso elizamukelayo. Ngakho, izizukulwane zakamuva zezazi zemfundiso yenkolo aziyamukelanga eminingi yemibono ka-Origen eyayiqageliwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi inganembile. Ngakho-ke, izimfundiso zakhe zadala izimpikiswano ezishubile esontweni. Lizama ukuxazulula lezi zimpikiswano futhi lilondoloze ubunye balo, isonto lamlahla ngokomthetho u-Origen ngecala lokuhlubuka.

U-Origen wayengeyedwa emaphutheni akhe. Empeleni, iBhayibheli lalibikezele ukuthi abaningi babeyochezuka ezimfundisweni ezihlanzekile zikaKristu. Lokhu kuhlubuka kwaqala ukuba mandla ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala, ngemva kokufa kwabaphostoli bakaJesu. (2 Thesalonika 2:6, 7) Ekugcineni, abathile ababezibiza ngamaKristu bazimisa bona ‘njengabamukelekayo,’ bathi bonke abanye ‘bayizihlubuki.’ Kodwa empeleni, eLobukholwa lachezuka kakhulu ebuKristwini beqiniso.

“Okubizwa Ngokungeyikho Ngokuthi ‘Ulwazi’”

Naphezu kokuqagela okuningi kuka-Origen, izincwadi zakhe zinezici eziwusizo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Hexapla yaligcina igama likaNkulunkulu elinezinhlamvu ezine ngesiHeberu sakudala, okuthiwa iTetragrammaton. Lokhu kunikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile bokuthi amaKristu okuqala ayelazi futhi elisebenzisa igama likaNkulunkulu—elithi Jehova. Nokho, impunga yesonto yekhulu lesihlanu okuthiwa uTheophilus yake yaxwayisa: “Izincwadi zika-Origen zinjengesiganga esinezinhlobonhlobo zezimbali. Uma ngithola imbali enhle kuso, ngiyayikha; kodwa uma kukhona engikubona sengathi kunameva ngikugwema njengodosi.”

Ngokuxubanisa izimfundiso zeBhayibheli nefilosofi yamaGreki, imfundiso ka-Origen yagcwala amaphutha, futhi imiphumela yaba yinhlekelele kweLobukholwa. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba ingxenye enkulu yokuqagela kuka-Origen okungenazisekelo yachithwa kamuva, imibono yakhe mayelana ‘nokuzalwa kwaphakade’ kukaKristu yabeka isisekelo semfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu engqubuzana neBhayibheli. Incwadi ethi The Church of the First Three Centuries ithi: “Ukuthanda ifilosofi [okwafakwa ngu-Origen] kwakungeke kuphele ngokushesha.” Kwaba namuphi umphumela? “Inkolo yobuKristu yaqala ukuba yinkimbinkimbi, iSonto lagcwala inqwaba yamaphutha.”

U-Origen kwakufanele alalele isiyalo somphostoli uPawulu futhi agweme ukuba nesandla kulokhu kuhlubuka ‘ngokufulathela izinkulumo ezingenangqondo ezingcolisa okungcwele nokuphikisana okubizwa ngokungeyikho ngokuthi “ulwazi.”’ Kunalokho, ngokusekela ingxenye enkulu yokufundisa kwakhe kulolo “lwazi,” u-Origen ‘waphambuka okholweni.’—1 Thimothewu 6:20, 21; Kolose 2:8.

[Isithombe ekhasini 31]

I-“Hexapla” ka-Origen ibonisa ukuthi igama likaNkulunkulu lalisetshenziswa emiBhalweni YamaKristu YesiGreki

[Umthombo]

Published by permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library, T-S 12.182

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 29]

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