Ukukhulumisana Kwemvelo Esizungezile
“Ngaphandle kokukhulumisana, umuntu ngamunye noma isilwane besiyoba isiqhingi nje esihlukaniswe nazo zonke ezinye iziqhingi ezinjengaso.”—The Language of Animals.
EHLATHINI, ethafeni, noma ngisho nasengadini yakho, kungenzeka ukuthi noma yiziphi izilwane ezilapho zimatasa ziyakhulumisana. Incwadi ethi The Language of Animals ithi: “Izilwane zisebenzisa zonke izinzwa, zishukumisa amalungu omzimba zishintshe nokuma kwazo; zikhiphe amaphunga anganakeki—noma abukhali uma kuyiqaqa elethukile; ziyanswininiza, ziklewule, zicule futhi zitshiyoze; zithumela futhi zamukele imiyalezo yezinzwa; zibenyezelisa ukukhanya; zishintsha ibala lesikhumba; ‘zidanse;’ zize zingqongqoze futhi zinyakazise indawo ezihamba kuyo.” Kodwa zisho ukuthini zonke lezi zimpawu?
Ososayensi bathola okushiwo yizimpawu zezilwane ngokuqaphelisisa. Ngokwesibonelo, baye baqaphela ukuthi lapho ubhatomu (uhlobo lwenkukhu engakhuli) ubona isilwane esihlaselayo esihamba phansi njengochakide, ukukuzela ngephimbo eliphakeme elihlabayo ukuze uxwayise abanye obhatomu. Kodwa uma ubona uklebe, ubhatomu ukhuza kanye ngezwi elihlabayo. Ukukhuza ngakunye kubangela ukusabela okusheshayo okuvumelana nosongo, okubonisa ukuthi lezi zinyoni zidlulisela ukwaziswa okubalulekile. Nezinye izinyoni ziye zaphawulwa zenza imisindo efanayo ehlukahlukene.
Incwadi ethi Songs, Roars, and Rituals ithi: “Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko zokufunda ngokukhulumisana kwezilwane iwukuqopha umsindo bese uwudlalela izilwane ubone ukuthi zisabela ngendlela elindelekile yini.” Ukuhlola le nqubo ngobhatomu kwaveza imiphumela efana netholakala endle. Le nqubo iyasebenza ngisho nangezicabucabu. Ukuze bathole ukuthi yini edonsela izinsikazi zezicabucabu ama-wolf kwezingamaduna ezizishelayo—ezizama ukukhanga ezezinsikazi ngokuvayizisa imilenze yangaphambili enoboya—abacwaningi benza ukuhlola ngokuqopha nge-video isicabucabu esiyiduna i-wolf base besusa uboya obusemilenzeni yaso nge-computer. Lapho bedlala le video phambi kwesensikazi, samane saphelelwa yisithakazelo. Bafundani? Kusobala ukuthi izinsikazi zezicabucabu ama-wolf zikhangwa kuphela ezingamaduna ezivayizisa imilenze enoboya!
Ukukhuluma Ngephunga
Izilwane eziningi zikhuluma ngokukhipha amakhemikhali anamandla okuthiwa ama-pheromone, ezivame ukuwakhipha ngezindlala ezikhethekile, ngomchamo noma ngendle. Njengoba nje indawo yomuntu ibonakala ngothango kanye nebhodi elinegama lakhe, ama-pheromone aphawula imingcele yendawo yezilwane ezithile, kuhlanganise izinja namakati. Nakuba ingabonakali, le ndlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuphawula imingcele isiza izilwane zohlobo olufanayo ukuba ziqhelelane ngebanga elifanele.
Kodwa ama-pheromone awagcini nje ngokuphawula indawo. Anjengebhodi lezaziso elibhalwe ngamakhemikhali ezinye izilwane “ezilifunda” ngesasasa elikhulu. Incwadi ethi How Animals Communicate ithi ukuphawula indawo ngephunga “cishe kunikeza nokunye ukwaziswa ngesilwane esihlala lapho, njengobudala baso, ubulili, amandla omzimba namanye amakhono, [kanye] nokuthi sikulungele yini ukukhwelwa ngaleso sikhathi. . . . Iphunga lesilwane linjengomazisi isilwane esizibonakalisa ngaye.” Yingakho ezinye izilwane zinesikhwele kangaka ngephunga lazo—okuyinto abayazi kahle abanakekeli bezilwane base-zoo. Ngemva kokukhuculula amahhoko noma izibaya zezilwane, abanakekeli baye baphawula ukuthi izilwane eziningi ziphawula indawo yazo kabusha ngokushesha. Yebo, “ukungabi khona kwephunga laso kubangela ukucindezeleka futhi kungase kuvuse ukuziphatha okungafanele, kubangele ngisho nobunyumba,” kusho incwadi engenhla.
Ama-pheromone anendima ebalulekile nasezinambuzaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-pheromone asebenza njengenhlabamkhosi aqondisa ukufuduka kwezinambuzane ngamaqulo noma ukuhlasela kwazo. Ama-pheromone azibiza ukuba zibuthane adonsela izinambuzane ekudleni noma endaweni efanele yokwakha isidleke. Ahlanganisa ama-pheromone obulili, ezinye izinambuzane ezizwelayo kuwo. Amabhu angamaduna ama-silkworm anezimpondomizwa ezimbili ezinde ezifana namaqabunga amancane, antekenteke enkomankomane. Lezi zimpondomizwa zibukhali kakhulu kangangokuba zingezwa ingqamuzana elilodwa le-pheromone yobulili bensikazi! Kudingeka amangqamuzana angaba ngu-200 ukuze iduna liqale ukuthungatha insikazi. Nokho, ukukhulumisana ngamakhemikhali akugcini ezilwaneni.
Izimila “Ezikhulumayo”
Bewazi yini ukuthi izimila zingakhulumisana zodwa zize zikhulumisane nezilwane ezithile? Umagazini i-Discover ubika ukuthi abacwaningi baseNetherlands baqaphela ukuthi lapho uhlaselwa yizimbuzane, umzumbe ukhipha ikhemikhali yokucindezeleka ekhanga ezinye izinambuzane ezidla izimbuzane. Ngokufanayo, ummbila, ugwayi nezitshalo zikakotini, lapho zihlaselwa amacimbi, zikhiphela emoyeni amakhemikhali abiza iminyovu—izitha ezinkulu zamacimbi. Umcwaningi othile wathi: “Izitshalo azimane nje zithi, ‘Yebo, ngiyalimala,’ kodwa zisho ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani ozilimazayo. Yisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi nesimangalisa ngempela.”
Ukukhulumisana kwezimila nakho kumangalisa ngendlela efanayo. Ngokwe-Discover, abacwaningi baye “belamela umnyezane, ubhabhulini, izihlahla ze-alder neze-birch zilalele ezinye zohlobo lwazo kanye nezithombo zebhali zilalele ezinye izithombo zebhali. Esimweni ngasinye, izimila ezilimele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zidliwe amacimbi, zinesikhunta noma impushana yesikhunta, [noma] zihlaselwe yizimbuzane, . . . zazikhipha amakhemikhali okwakubonakala sengathi akhuthaza ezinye izimila eziseduze ezingakalimali ukuba zizivikele.” Ngisho nezimila ezingahlobene ziye zasabela ezixwayisweni zamakhemikhali.
Lapho sihlaselwa noma sixwayiswa ngengozi, isimila siqala inqubo yokuzivikela. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukukhipha ubuthi obubulala izinambuzane noma amakhemikhali athiya amandla omhlaseli okugaya leso simila. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo kulo mkhakha othakazelisayo lungase lwembule izinto ezintsha ezengeziwe ezimangalisayo, ezinye ezingase zizuzise ngisho nezolimo.
Ukukhulumisana Ngokukhanya Kwe-‘Morse Code’
Esihlokweni esikhuluma ngokhanyikhanyi, isazi semvelo uSusan Tweit sabhala: “Izibani zabo ezincane ezikhanya emoyeni, ezazibenyezela ngaphambi kokuphuma kwezinkanyezi, zénza indawo yedolobha lakithi yaba nempilo yaba nobuhle obuyisimangaliso.” Lezi zinambuzane zomkhaya wamabhungane zisebenzisa ulimi lokukhanya “olusukela ekukhanyeni okuvamile okuyisixwayiso kuya ekucwazimuleni okuyinkimbinkimbi okudlulisa umyalezo phakathi kwezithandani,” kusho uTweit. Umbala wokukhanya kwazo usukela koluhlaza okotshani kuya kophuzi nosawolintshi. Ngenxa yokuthi izinsikazi azivamile ukundiza, okhanyikhanyi abaningi esibabonayo bangamaduna.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Ukukhanya Okubandayo Kukakhanyikhanyi.”
Uhlobo ngalunye kwezingu-1 900 zokhanyikhanyi, ababizwa nangokuthi izimfinyezi, lunokukhanya okuhlukile. Kungase kube ukubaneka okuthathu, okushiyana cishe ngomzuzwana, noma uchungechunge lokubaneka okunezikhawu nobude okungafani. Lapho lithungatha umngane, iduna liyandiza lishela ngokukhanyisa. “Insikazi ibona izikhawu zokukhanya,” kusho umagazini i-Audubon, bese “isabela ngokukhanya okuthi ‘Sondela’ okunezikhawu ezivumelana nohlobo lwayo.” Iduna liyasiqaphela isimemo sayo esithule bese lindizela ngakuyo.
Izingcweti Zokucula Ezinezimpaphe
Encwadini yakhe ethi The Life of Birds, uDavid Attenborough uthi: “Akukho okunye ukucula kwanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane okungafana nokucula kwenyoni ngobude, ngokuhlukahluka nangokuba yinkimbinkimbi.” Izinyoni aziculi ngomphimbo kodwa zisebenzisa isitho okuthiwa i-syrinx, esisekujuleni kwesifuba senyoni lapho ipayipi lomoya lihlukana khona ngaphambi kokuba lingene emaphashini.
Ukucula kwezinyoni ngokwengxenye kuyisici sofuzo kanti ngokwengxenye kufundwa kubazali. Ngenxa yalokho, izinyoni zingacula ngisho nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngendawo. I-Life of Birds ithi: “Izinyoni ezimnyama ezavela kulezo ezayiswa e-Australia phakathi nekhulu le-19 ukuyojabulisa izifiki ezivela eYurophu ngezingoma zasekhaya, manje sezicula ngendlela yezinyoni zase-Australia.” Ukucula komzwilili oyiduna, okuthiwa kungokumnandi nokuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni, kufundwa cishe ngokuphelele kwezinye izinyoni. Eqinisweni, imizwilili inekhono elihle kakhulu lokulingisa kangangokuthi ingalingisa noma yimuphi umsindo ewuzwayo—kuhlanganise nezinsimbi zomculo, ukukhonkotha kwezinja, izinhlabamkhosi, ukugawula kwembazo ngisho nokushintsha kwekhamera lapho ithwebula isithombe! Kodwa-ke, konke lokhu kulingisa kwenziwa ngokuyinhloko ukuze kukhangwe umngane.
Iziqophamithi, ezivame ukusebenzisa uqhwaku ukuze zimbe ukudla, zingabashayi bezigubhu abakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni, zikhuluma nezinye izinyoni ngokuqhofoza isiqu esigwedekile esinkenenezayo noma igatsha. Ezinye zingaze “zisebenzise amathuluzi amasha athakazelisayo . . . , uphahla lukathayela noma ushimula wensimbi,” kusho u-Attenborough. Izinyoni zikhuluma nangezimpawu ezibonakalayo, buthule noma kuhambisane nomculo. Ngokwesibonelo, zingase zikhulume ngokuveza izimpaphe zazo ezinemibala emihle.
Lapho ebonisa ubukhulu bendawo yakhe, upholi oyiduna i-palm cockatoo wase-Australia ugila imikhuba—uyaqhofoza, ucule, udanse futhi ubukise ngezimpaphe. Uhlephula igatshana elifanele, ulibambe ngonyawo, bese ucangcatha ngalo isiqu somuthi owomile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uvula amaphiko, uphakamise isiqhova, unqekuzise ikhanda, bese uyaklewula—okuwumbukwane ngempela!
Ezinye izilwane ziyakwazi ukukhala kwezinyoni ezithile. Cabanga ngenhlava, inyoni etholakala kakhulu e-Afrika. Inhlava, ekhala ngendlela eyingqayizivele, iholela insele esihlahleni esinesidleke sezinyosi. Lapho le nyoni ihlala phezu kwalesi sihlahla noma eduze kwaso, ikhala ngendlela ehlukile ethi, “Kunoju!” Insele iyasifuna isithole isihlahla, ivule isiqu ngamazipho, bese izitika ngamakhekheba.
Ukukhulumisana Ngaphansi Kwamanzi
Kusukela kwaba khona ama-hydrophone, imishini yokulalela ngaphansi kwamanzi, abacwaningi baye bamangaliswa yimisindo eminingi evela ngaphansi kolwandle. Njengoba isukela ekuvungazeleni kuya ekunyawuzeni ngisho nokuklewula, le misindo miningi kangangokuba amatilosi emikhumbi-ngwenya aye ayisebenzisa ukuze afihle imisindo yemikhumbi-ngwenya yawo. Kodwa imisindo yezinhlanzi iyahlukahluka. Encwadini yaso ethi Secret Languages of the Sea, isazi sezinto eziphila olwandle uRobert Burgess sithi: “Nakuba enye inhlanzi ingase ‘ibhodle, ikukuzele, futhi ihohoze,’ bese iyiphinda ncamashí leyo misindo, enye ingase ‘iqhebeze futhi imekleze,’ bese iphinda ngokwenza umsindo ozwakala ‘njengokuphala nokukhuhla.’”
Njengoba zingenamisipha yephimbo, izinhlanzi ziyenza kanjani imisindo? UBurgess uthi ezinye zisebenzisa imisipha “enamathele olwelwesini lwamashubhu okubhukuda anjengebhaluni ukuze zinyakazise lolo lwelwesi kuze kube yilapho la mashubhu” enkeneneza njengezigubhu. Ezinye izinhlanzi ziququda amazinyo azo noma zivule futhi zivale izimbobo zokuphefumula ngomsindo osholo phansi noma oqhumayo. Ingabe lokhu “ukucevuza” nje okungenanjongo? Cha. Njengezilwane ezihlala ezweni, izinhlanzi zenza imisindo ukuze “zikhange ezobulili obuhlukile, zithole indlela eya ekhaya, zizivikele ezitheni, nokuba zikhulumisane futhi zesabise ezinye izilwane,” kusho uBurgess.
Izinhlanzi futhi zinezindlebe ezibukhali. Eqinisweni, izinhlobo eziningi zinezindlebe zangaphakathi kanye nomugqa osohlangothini lomzimba wamangqamuzana asheshayo ukuzwela. Lo mugqa wamangqamuzana, okuthiwa i-lateral line, ungathungatha amaza okuhamba komsindo emanzini.
Izidalwa Ezikhulumisana Ngendlela Evelele Emhlabeni
Uprofesa wesayensi yezilimi uNoam Chomsky wabhala: “Lapho sihlola ukukhuluma komuntu, sisuke sisondela kulokho abanye abangase bakubize ngokuthi ‘ukuvelela komuntu,’ izimfanelo eziyingqayizivele zengqondo, ezitholakala kumuntu kuphela ngokolwazi esinalo.” UBarbara Lust, uprofesa wesayensi yezilimi nokuthuthuka kwabantu, wathi: “Ngisho nezingane ezineminyaka emithathu ubudala zinolwazi olukhulu ngokwakheka kolimi nohlelo lwamagama oluyinkimbinkimbi nolunembe kakhulu kangangokuba awukho umbono ophathelene nekhono lokufunda ongachaza indlela lolu lwazi olutholakala ngayo.”
Nokho, iBhayibheli linikeza incazelo enengqondo ngesimangaliso sokukhuluma komuntu. Lithi lesi sipho sivela kuMdali, uJehova uNkulunkulu, owenza isintu “ngomfanekiso” wakhe. (Genesise 1:27) Kodwa izimfanelo zikaNkulunkulu zibonakala kanjani emakhonweni ethu olimi?
Ake ucabange ngokwethiwa kwabantu amagama. Uprofesa wezokuxhumana ngenkulumo uFrank Dance wabhala ukuthi abantu “bawukuphela kwezidalwa ezikwazi ukwetha amagama.” ImiBhalo ikwenza kucace ukuthi lena yimfanelo kaNkulunkulu. Zisuka nje ekulandiseni kwendalo, iBhayibheli lisitshela ukuthi uNkulunkulu wabiza “ukukhanya ngokuthi iMini, kodwa ubumnyama wabubiza ngokuthi uBusuku.” (Genesise 1:5) Ngokuka-Isaya 40:26, kusobala ukuthi uNkulunkulu wetha inkanyezi ngayinye igama—okuyisenzo esimangalisa ngempela!
Ngemva kokuba uNkulunkulu edale u-Adamu, omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala amnika yona kwakuwukuba ethe izilwane amagama. Kumelwe ukuba leso sabelo salivivinya ngempela ikhono lika-Adamu lokuqaphela nokusungula izinto! Kamuva, u-Adamu wetha umkakhe ngokuthi u-Eva. Yena-ke wetha indodana yabo eyizibulo ngokuthi uKhayini. (Genesise 2:19, 20; 3:20; 4:1) Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abantu baye benza wonke umzamo wokwetha yonke into ongayicabanga igama—konke lokhu bekwenza ngenjongo yokukhulumisana. Yebo, cabanga ukuthi bekuyoba nzima kangakanani ukukhulumisana ngokuhlakanipha ngaphandle kwamagama.
Ngaphandle kokuthi banekhono nesifiso sokwetha izinto amagama, abantu banamanye amakhono amaningi okukhulumisana, okungewona wonke ahilela inkulumo. Yebo, cishe akunamkhawulo kulokho esingabelana ngakho, kusukela emicabangweni eyinkimbinkimbi kuya ekuvezeni imizwa ejulile. Noma kunjalo, kunolunye uhlobo lokukhulumisana olubaluleke ngaphezu kwazo zonke lezi, njengoba sizobona.
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UKUKHANYA OKUBANDAYO KUKAKHANYIKHANYI
Isibani esikhipha ukushisa silahlekelwa amandla aso angamaphesenti angu-90 aphuma njengokushisa. Ukukhanya kukakhanyikhanyi, okubangelwa yingxube yamakhemikhali eyinkimbinkimbi, kukhanya ngamandla angamaphesenti angu-90 kuya kwangu-98, futhi cishe awekho nhlobo aphuma ngokushisa. Kubizwa ngokufanele-ke ngokuthi ukukhanya okubandayo. Ingxube yamakhemikhali abangela ukukhanya yakheka emangqamuzaneni akhethekile okuthiwa ama-photocyte. Izinzwa yizo ezikhanyisa futhi zicime la ma-photocyte.
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John M. Burnley/Bruce Coleman Inc.
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AMACEBISO AWUSIZO OKUTHUTHUKISA AMAKHONO AKHO OKUKHULUMISANA NABANYE
1. Lalela ngesithakazelo lapho abanye bekhuluma, futhi ungalawuli ingxoxo. Abantu ngeke bakunake ukushelela kolimi, kodwa ngeke bamthande umuntu okhulumela futhi kodwa ongalaleli. IBhayibheli lithi: ‘Shesha ukuzwa, wephuze ukukhuluma.’—Jakobe 1:19.
2. Yiba nesithakazelo ekuphileni nasezintweni ezikuzungezile. Funda izinto ezihlukahlukene kodwa ukhethe. Lapho uxoxa ngalokho okufundile, xoxa ngesizotha nangokuthobeka.—IHubo 5:5; IzAga 11:2.
3. Yandisa amagama owaziyo—kodwa nezela amagama awusizo, hhayi amatemu adonsela amehlo kokhulumayo. Abantu bathi ngoJesu: “Akekho omunye umuntu owake wakhuluma kanje.” (Johane 7:46) Nokho, ngisho nabantu “abangafundile nabavamile” babeyiqonda ngokugcwele inkulumo kaJesu.—IzEnzo 4:13.
4. Khuluma ngokucacile, futhi uphimisele kahle. Kodwa gwema ukuzwakala ucophelela ngokweqile noma ubukisa. Uma sikhuluma ngokucacile futhi sigwema ukudonsa amagama noma ukuwagwinya, senza inkulumo yethu ihlonipheke futhi sibonisa ukuthi siyabacabangela abasilalele.—1 Korinte 14:7-9.
5. Qaphela ukuthi amakhono akho okukhulumisana nabanye ayisipho esivela kuNkulunkulu. Lokhu kuyokushukumisela ukuba usebenzise lawo makhono ngenhlonipho efanele.—Jakobe 1:17.
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Amabhu ama-“silkworm” anezimpondomizwa ezizwela kakhulu
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Courtesy Phil Pellitteri
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Isiqophamithi
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I-“bird of paradise”
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© Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS
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Upholi i-“palm cockatoo”
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Roland Seitre