Kungani Ubugebengu Obunobudlova Sebande Kangaka?

BONKE ubugebengu bubi. Kodwa kunzima nakakhulu ukuqonda ubugebengu obungenangqondo noma obungenanhloso ezwakalayo. Abaphenyi baxakwa iqiniso lokuthi ngokuvamile busuke bungenaso isisusa esiqondakalayo. Njengoba kule minyaka yamuva ezokuxhumana ziya zishesha ngokwengeziwe, ubugebengu obunjalo obunyantisayo baziwa yizigidi noma izinkulungwane zezigidi zabantu ngamahora ambalwa nje. Umbiko owanyatheliswa yi-World Health Organization uthi “ubudlova buthinta wonke amazwekazi, amazwe ngisho nemiphakathi emincane.”

Ngisho nezindawo eminyakeni edlule okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ziphephile uma kuqhathaniswa, muva nje ziye zaba nezigigaba ezandayo zezenzo zobudlova ezingenangqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, eJapane bekunamanani aphansi obugebengu obunobudlova isikhathi eside. Nokho, ngo-June 2001, e-Ikeda, indoda ethile eyayiphethe ummese omkhulu wenyama yangena esikoleni yaqala ukugwaza nokugenca izingane. Ngemizuzu engu-15 yabulala izingane ezingu-8 yalimaza nezinye ezingu-15. Lapho uhlanganisa lokhu neminye imibiko ephuma eJapane, njengaleyo yentsha ebulala izihambi ukuze nje ivukwe amadlingozi, uyophawula ngokucacile ukuthi izinto zishintshile.

Ngisho nasemazweni abelokhu enamazinga aphakeme obugebengu, izenzo ezithile ezingenangqondo ziye zawunyantisa umphakathi. Kwaba njalo lokhu ngemva kokuhlaselwa kwe-World Trade Center eNew York ngo-September 11, 2001. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uGerard Bailes sathi: “Lokhu kwenza umhlaba ube yindawo esingayazi, neyingozi esingeke sakwazi ukubikezela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani kuyo.”

Babenzelani?

Asikho isizathu esisodwa esingasetshenziswa ekuchazeni zonke lezi zenzo ezihlukahlukene zobudlova obungenangqondo. Okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukuqonda ubugebengu obuthile yilokhu kungabi nangqondo kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, kunzima ngokwengeziwe ukuqonda ukuthi kungani umuntu engaya kubantu angabazi afike abagwaze bafe noma ukuthi kungani umuntu engathi ehamba ngemoto amane avulele ngenhlamvu emzini othile noma kunoma ubani amdlulayo.

Abanye bathi ubudlova buyinto abantu abazalwa nayo. Abanye bathi ubugebengu obungenangqondo abunakuchazwa njengesici esingenakugwenywa semvelo yabantu.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Ingabe Ubudlova Buyimvelo Yethu Engenakugwenywa?”

Izazi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi kunendathane yezizathu nezimo eziyizimbangela zokuba abantu bathambekele ekwenzeni izenzo zobudlova ezingenangqondo. Umbiko owanyatheliswa yi-FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) Academy e-United States uze uthi: “Ukubulala umuntu akwenziwa umuntu osangulukile nophilile engqondweni.” Ezinye izazi zingase zingavumelani nendlela le nkulumo ebekwe ngayo. Noma kunjalo, eziningi ziyavumelana nomqondo okuyo. Ngandlela-thile kukhona okungalungile endleleni yokucabanga kwalabo abenza ubugebengu obungenangqondo. Kukhona okuye kwathinta ingqondo yabo ngendlela ebenza benze izinto ezingenakucatshangwa. Yiziphi izici eziwumthelela ezishukumisa abantu ukuba benze izinto ezinjalo? Ake sibheke izici eziningana okungenzeka zibe yizimbangela eziye zaphawulwa yizazi.

Ukuwohloka Kokuphila Komkhaya

UMarianito Panganiban, umkhulumeli we-National Bureau of Investigation ePhilippines, wabuzwa ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! ngesizinda salabo abenza ubugebengu obuxakile. Wathi: “Baphuma emikhayeni ebhidlikile. Bantula ukukhathalelwa nothando. Ubuntu babantu buyawohloka ngoba abanaso isiqondiso bese benhlanhlatha-ke.” Abacwaningi abaningi basikisela ukuthi isici esifanayo ezigebengwini eziningi ezinonya ukuthi ziphuma emikhayeni enobuhlobo obungebuhle nenobudlova.

I-National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime yase-United States yakhipha umbiko obalula izici ongayibona ngazo intsha engase yenze ubudlova obunyantisayo esikoleni. Wahlanganisa izici ezilandelayo zasekhaya: ubuhlobo bomzali nengane obuneziyaluyalu, abazali abangakwazi ukubona lapho izingane zabo zinezinkinga, ukuntuleka kokusondelana, abazali ababeka imingcele embalwa yokuziphatha kwengane noma abangayibeki nhlobo, nezingane eziyigodlayo imizwa yazo, eziphila ukuphila okumbaxambili bese-ke zifihlela abazali bazo olunye uhlangothi lwendlela eziphila ngayo.

Namuhla izingane eziningi ziyizisulu zokuhlukana komkhaya. Ezinye zinabazali abangenaso isikhathi sazo. Izinkulungwane zentsha zikhulele emikhayeni engenazo iziqondiso zokuziphatha ezanele. Ezinye izazi zinomuzwa wokuthi isimo esinjalo singase siholele esimweni sokuba izingane zingabi nawo umuzwa wokusondelana nabanye, okwenza ukuba kube lula ngazo ukwenza ubugebengu kwabanye abantu, futhi kungathi nyaka kunembeza wazo.

Amahlelo Kanye Namaqembu Aqhutshwa Yinzondo

Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi amaqembu athile aqhutshwa yinzondo noma amahlelo athile aye aba ithonya elinamandla ebugebengwini obuthile. E-Indiana, e-U.S.A., ibhungu elinsundu elineminyaka engu-19 lalihamba ngezinyawo lisuka endaweni enoxhaxha lwezitolo liya ekhaya. Emizuzwini engemingaki kamuva, lase lidindilizile eceleni komgwaqo linenhlamvu ebuchosheni. Lalidutshulwe elinye ibhungu elamane lanemba lona. Kungani? Kuthiwa lo mbulali wayefuna ukwamukeleka njengelungu enhlanganweni eyayiqhakambisa abamhlophe athole nomdwebo wasemzimbeni owawufana nobulwembu besicabucabu owawuwuthola uma ubulalé umuntu onsundu.

Ukuhlasela ngesisi esihlasela izinzwa emzileni ohamba ngaphansi komhlaba eTokyo ngo-1995; ukuzibulala kwenqwaba yabantu eJonestown, eGuyana; nokufa kwamalungu angu-69 e-Order of the Solar Temple eSwitzerland, eCanada naseFrance konke kwakugqugquzelwe amahlelo. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ithonya elinamandla amaqembu athile aye aba nalo ekucabangeni kwabantu abathile. Abaholi abanethonya baye benzisa abantu izinto “ezingenakucatshangwa” bebayenga ngokuthi bazothola inzuzo ethile.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nobudlova

Abanye babhekisela ebufakazini obubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezokuxhumana kwanamuhla zingase zikhuthaze ukuziphatha okunonya. Ukuchayeka njalo ebudloveni obuboniswa yithelevishini, amabhayisikobho, imidlalo yama-video, nayi-Internet kuthiwa kuthuntubeza unembeza futhi kugqugquzele ubugebengu obunobudlova. UDkt. Daniel Borenstein, umongameli we-American Psychiatric Association, wathi: “Njengamanje kunezifundo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane ezisekelwe ocwaningweni olwenziwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 ezibonisa ukuthi ubudlova obuvezwa imithombo yezindaba buyathinteka njengembangela yokuziphatha okunonya ezinganeni ezithile.” UDkt. Borenstein wafakaza phambi kwekomiti yeSigele yase-United States wathi: “Siyaqiniseka ukuthi ukuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe ekuzijabuliseni okunobudlova ngazo zonke izinhlobo zako kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomphakathi.”—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Ubudlova Bemidlalo Ye-computer—Umbono Kadokotela.”

Kunezimo eziqondile ezivame ukucashunwa ukuze kufakazelwe lokhu. Endabeni yomuntu owadubula ngokungenaluzwela umbhangqwana owawubukele ukuphuma kwelanga ogwini, okukhulunywe ngawo esihlokweni esandulelayo, abashushisi baveza ubufakazi bokuthi ugqozi lokubulala lwalushukunyiswe ukubukela ngokuphindaphindiwe ibhayisikobho enobudlova. Ekudubuleni okwenzeka esikoleni lapho kwabulawa khona abantu abangu-15, abafundi ababili okuyibona abadubula laba bantu kuthiwa babeye bachitha amahora amaningi usuku ngalunye bedlala imidlalo ye-video enobudlova. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwase kukaningi bebukela nezithombe zama-video ezidumisa ubudlova nokubulala.

Izidakamizwa

E-United States, inani lamacala okubulala enziwa yintsha liye laphindeka kathathu eminyakeni engu-8. Yini ochwepheshe abathi ingenye yezimbangela? Amaqembu ezigilamkhuba, ikakhulukazi amaqembu asebenzisa isidakamizwa i-crack cocaine. Emacaleni okubulala angaphezu kwangu-500 amuva eLos Angeles, eCalifornia, “amaphoyisa athi amaphesenti angu-75 ayehlobene namaqembu.”

Umbiko owanyatheliswa yi-FBI Academy uthi: “Izidakamizwa ziyathinteka esibalweni esikhulu ngokungavamile samacala okubulala.” Abanye abantu abakucabanga kwabo kusuke kuphendukezelwe ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa, babulala abantu lapho zisabadakile. Abanye bavikela umkhuba wabo wokushushumbisa izidakamizwa ngokusebenzisa ubudlova. Kusobala ukuthi izidakamizwa ziyisici esinamandla esithonya abantu ukuba benze izinto ezihlasimulisa umzimba.

Ukutholakala Kalula Kwezikhali Eziyingozi

Njengoba kwaphawulwa esihlokweni esandulelayo, umuntu oyedwa qhwaba wadubula wabulala abantu abangu-35 eTasmania, e-Australia. Walimaza nabanye abangu-19. Lo mlisa wayehlome ngezibhamu zempi zohlobo oluzishintshayo. Lokhu kwaholela abaningi ukuba baphethe ngokuthi ukutholakala kalula kwezikhali ezinjalo kungenye yezimbangela zokudlondlobala kobugebengu obunobudlova.

Omunye umbiko ubonisa ukuthi ngo-1995 kwakunamacala angu-32 kuphela okubulala ngesibhamu eJapane, amaningi ehilela ukubulalana kwamalungu amaqembu entsha. Ngokuphambene, e-United States kwakunamacala angaphezu kuka-15 000 okubulala ngesibhamu. Ubangelwa yini lo mehluko? Abanye baye baphawula ukuthi isizathu salokhu yingoba iJapane yayinemithetho eqinile ngokuba nesibhamu.

Ukungakwazi Kwabantu Ukubhekana Nezinselele Zokuphila

Lapho bezwa ngezenzo ezithile ezesabekayo, abanye bangase basabele ngokuthi, ‘Kumelwe ukuba usangene lowo muntu!’ Nokho, akubona bonke abenza izenzo ezinjalo abasuke besangene. Kodwa-ke, abaningi bakuthola kunzima ukubhekana nezinselele zokuphila. Ochwepheshe babhekisela ezicini ezithile ebuntwini bomuntu ezingase ziholele ezenzweni ezixakile. Ezinye zazo yilezi: ukuntula imfundo nokungakwazi ukuhlalisana nabanye abantu; imiphumela emibi yokunukubezwa ngokobulili nokuxhashazwa emzimbeni; ukungabi nabungane; ukuzonda iqembu elithile, njengabesifazane; ukungabi nawo umuzwa wokuzisola lapho wona; nesifiso sokulawula abanye.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkinga iyini, abanye bagajwa ubunzima babo kakhulu kangangokuba indlela yabo yokucabanga iyashintsha, futhi lokhu kungabaholela ekwenzeni izinto eziyinqaba. Isibonelo salokhu umhlengikazi owayefuna ukunakwa ngendlela exakile. Wajova izinganyana ngomuthi othambisa imisipha owenza ukuba ziyeke ukuphefumula. Wabe esejabulela ukunakwa ayekuthola njengoba “esindisa” ingane ngayinye. Ngeshwa, akakwazanga ukuzisiza zonke ukuba zibuye zikwazi ukuphefumula. Wagwetshelwa icala lokubulala.

Kusobala ngokwalokho okuqeda kushiwo ukuthi kunezici ezihlukahlukene ezenza abantu bathambekele ekwenzeni ubugebengu obunobudlova. Nokho, uhlu lwethu luyobe lungaphelele uma singasicabangelanga esinye isici esibaluleke kakhulu.

Impendulo YeBhayibheli

IBhayibheli lisisiza ukuba sikuqonde lokho okwenzekayo manje nesizathu sokuba abantu benze ngezindlela ezixakile. Lizichaza ngokunembile izimo zengqondo esizibonayo mihla namalanga. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlu olutholakala kweyesi-2 kuThimothewu 3:3, 4 luthi abantu babeyoba “abangenaluthando” nokuthi babeyoba “abangazithibi, abanolaka, abangenalo uthando lobuhle nabanenkani.” Kwenye incwadi yeBhayibheli uJesu wacashunwa ethi: “Uthando lwabaningi luyophola.”—Mathewu 24:12.

IBhayibheli lithi: “Ezinsukwini zokugcina kuyofika izikhathi ezibucayi okunzima ukubhekana nazo.” (2 Thimothewu 3:1) Yebo, lokho esikubonayo kuwubufakazi bokuthi siphila ekupheleni kwesimiso sezinto samanje. Izimo zokuphila, kanye nezimo zabantu zengqondo ziyawohloka. Ingabe singalindela ukuba kutholakale ikhambi maduzane? IBhayibheli liyaphendula: “Abantu ababi nabakhohlisi bayoqhubeka besuka kokubi baye kokubi kakhulu.”—2 Thimothewu 3:13.

Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi isintu sibhekene nomjikelezo ongenakugwenywa wobudlova obunonya nobugebengu obudlondlobalayo? Ake siwuhlole lowo mbuzo esihlokweni sethu esilandelayo.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 6]

INGABE UBUDLOVA BUYIMVELO YETHU ENGENAKUGWENYWA?

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthambekela ebudloveni noma ekubulaleni bekulokhu kuyinto abantu abazalwa nayo. Abantu abasekela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo bathi sivela ezilwaneni zasendle ngakho simane nje sifuze izici zobudlova bazo. Imibono enjalo ingase isho ukuthi sizobhekana nomjikelezo wobudlova ongapheli okungekho themba lokuphunyuka kuwo.

Nokho, kunobufakazi obuningi obuphambene nalokhu. Imibono ekhulunyelwe ngenhla ayichazi ukuthi kungani kunomehluko omkhulu kangaka esibalweni nasezinhlotsheni zobudlova phakathi kwabantu abanosiko-mpilo olungafani. Ayichazi ukuthi kungani abantu bolunye usiko-mpilo besabela ngobudlova njalo, kuyilapho kweminye imiphakathi kubikwa ubudlova obuncane kakhulu, ukubulala kungekho nhlobo. Umhlaziyi wokusebenza kwengqondo u-Erich Fromm waveza amaphutha alo mbono othi sifuze ubudlova bokhokho bethu abayizilwane, ngokubonisa ukuthi nakuba ezinye zazo zisebenzisa ubudlova ukuze zithole izidingo zazo ezingokwenyama noma zizivikele, ngabantu kuphela okwaziwayo ukuthi bayakwazi ukubulalela ukuzijabulisa nje kuphela.

Encwadini yabo ethi The Will to Kill—Making Sense of Senseless Murder, oProfesa James Alan Fox noJack Levin bathi: “Abanye abantu bathambekele kakhulu ebudloveni kunabanye, noma kunjalo basenayo inkululeko yokuzikhethela. Yize isinqumo sokubulala silawulwa izici eziningana ezingaphakathi kumuntu nezingaphandle, sisahlanganisa ukuzikhethela nokuzinqumela, yingakho umuntu elandisa futhi ebekwa icala.”

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 7]

UBUDLOVA BEMIDLALO YE-COMPUTER—UMBONO KADOKOTELA

UDkt. Richard F. Corlin owayengumongameli we-American Medical Association, wanikeza inkulumo eqenjini lodokotela ababethweswa iminyezane ePhiladelphia, ePennsylvania, e-U.S.A. Kule nkulumo wakhuluma ngemidlalo ye-computer ekhuthaza ubudlova. Eminye yale midlalo inomklomelo wamaphuzu athile umdlali awatholayo lapho emgunguluzile nje umuntu, athole amaphuzu engeziwe uma emnembe enyameni, athole amaningi nakakhulu uma emnembe ekhanda. Kutshaza igazi, kusaphazeke ubuchopho.

UDkt. Corlin waphawula ukuthi izingane azivunyelwa ukuba zishayele, azivunyelwa ukuba ziphuze utshwala, azivunyelwa nokuba zibheme lapho zisezincane kakhulu. Wabe esethi: “Kodwa siyazivumela ukuba ziqeqeshelwe ukuba zibe ongoti besibhamu zisezincane zingakakuhlakuleli nakukuhlakulela ukuthiba izifiso zazo futhi zingenakho ukuvuthwa nokuzikhuza okudingekile ukuze zizisebenzise ngendlela ephephile lezi zikhali ezidlala ngazo. . . . Kudingeka sifundise izingane zethu zisuka amadaka ukuthi ubudlova bunemiphumela—imiphumela emibi—ngaso sonke isikhathi.”

Kuyadabukisa ukuthi esikhundleni sokuba izingane zifundiswe ukuthi ubugebengu bunemiphumela, ngokuvamile ziba yizisulu ezingenacala zobugebengu obunobudlova. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi izibhamu zibulala izingane eziyishumi ngosuku e-United States. UDkt. Corlin uthi: “I-United States ihamba phambili emhlabeni—ngezinga izingane zakhona ezifa ngalo ngenxa yezibhamu.” Uphetha ngokuthini? “Ubudlova bezibhamu buwusongo empilweni yomphakathi wezwe lakithi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso.”

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 9]

IZICI EZINOMTHELELA EBUGEBENGWINI OBUNOBUDLOVA

Izazi eziningi zinomuzwa wokuthi izici ezilandelayo zingaba nomthelela ebugebengwini obungenangqondo:

Ukuwohloka komkhaya

Izishisekeli zokuzondwa kwamaqembu athile

Amahlelo ayingozi

Ubudlova kwezokuzijabulisa

Ukuchayeka ebudloveni obungokoqobo

Ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa

Ukungakwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga

Ukutholakala kalula kwezikhali eziyingozi

Izimo ezithile zezifo zengqondo

[Isithombe ekhasini 8]

Enye yezindawo ezinhlanu okwaqhuma kuzo amabhomu abulala okungenani abangu-12 futhi alimaza abangaphezu kuka-80, eQuezon City, ePhilippines

[Umthombo]

AP Photo/Aaron Favila Ngo-December 30, 2000

[Isithombe ekhasini 8]

Abafundi ababili babulala uthisha, nabafundi abangu-12, bazibulale nabo eColumbine High School, eColorado, e-U.S.A.

[Umthombo]

AP Photo/Jefferson County Sheriff’s Department Ngo-April 20, 1999

[Isithombe ekhasini 9]

Ibhomu elicushwe emotweni libulala okungenani abangu-182 kulimale abangu-132 kuyi-“night club” eBali, e-Indonesia

[Umthombo]

Maldonado Roberto/GAMMA October 12, 2002