Izimoto, Zakudala Nezanamuhla
KUSUKELA endulo, umuntu ubelokhu enesithakazelo kwezokuthutha. Ekuqaleni, wayesebenzisa izilwane ukuze akwazi ukuhamba. Kodwa kwakudingeka izindlela ezingcono zokuhamba. Isici esiyinhloko kwakungamasondo, abangela ukuba kwenziwe izinqola namakalishi adonswa amahhashi. Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yekhulu le-19 yashintsha ezokuthutha ngezindlela ezazingakaze zicatshangwe ngaphambili.
Izinjini Ezithuthukisiwe
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, umJalimane okuthiwa uNikolaus August Otto wenza injini yegesi enama-piston enza imijikelezo emine, eyagcina ithathe isikhundla sezinjini zamalahle nezikagesi. UCarl Benz noGottlieb Daimler baseJalimane babeyizingqalabutho ezibalulekile ekuklameni izimoto eYurophu. Ngo-1885, uBenz wahamba ngemoto enamasondo amathathu eyayinenjini enama-piston anemijikelezo emibili ne-cylinder eyodwa eyayizungeza izikhathi ezingu-250 ngomzuzu. UDaimler wayelokhu akha izinjini zegesi ezingaxhunyiwe kusukela ngo-1872. Eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi kamuva, enoWilhelm Maybach, wakha injini esheshayo ephehla amandla ngaphakathi eyayine-carburetor eyayisebenzisa uphethiloli.
Ngokushesha uDaimler noMaybach benza injini eyayizungeza izikhathi ezingu-900 ngomzuzu. Kamuva bakha injini yesibili, abayibeka phezu kwebhayisikili bayisebenzisa ngokokuqala ngqá ngo-November 10, 1885. Ngo-1926 inkampani yakwaDaimler neyakwaBenz zahlangana futhi zaqala ukuthengisa imikhiqizo yazo ngaphansi kwegama elithi Mercedes-Benz.a Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi lawo madoda awazange azane ubuso nobuso.
Ngo-1890 amaFulentshi amabili—u-Emile Levassor noRené Panhard—eshabhu labo bakha imoto enamasondo amane eyayinenjini eyayibekwe maphakathi nendawo emotweni. Ngonyaka owalandela, babeka injini engxenyeni engaphambili yemoto, lapho yayivikeleke khona othulini nasodakeni lwemigwaqo engenatiyela.
Ukwenza Izimoto Zitholakale Kalula
Izimoto zokuqala zazimba eqolo, ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi babengenamali yokuzithenga. Kodwa lokhu kwashintsha ngo-1908, lapho uHenry Ford eqala ukukhiqiza efektri imoto i-Model T, eyagcina yaziwa ngokuthi i-tin lizzie. Le moto yashintsha imboni yezezimoto. Yayishibhile, isebenziseka ngezindlela eziningi, futhi kulula ukuyinakekela. Ngisho nabantu abavamile babengazitholela yona.b Ngokwencwadi ethi Great Cars of the 20th Century, i-Model T “yavula indlela yokuba abaseMelika—kanye nomhlaba wonke ekugcineni—bakwazi ukuhamba ngezimoto.”
Manje, cishe ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu, abaningi babheka imoto njengesidingo hhayi uphawu lokunethezeka. Empeleni, ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ephephandabeni lansuku zonke laseLondon i-Independent lubonisa ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi abantu basebenzisa izimoto ngisho nalapho behamba ibanga elingaphansi kwekhilomitha.
Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ayilethanga nje isivinini esikhulu kodwa nokuphepha okungcono. Yebo, eminyakeni yamuva nje izingozi ezidlula nemiphefumulo ziye zancipha emazweni amaningi. Lapho bethenga imoto abanye abantu babheka ukuphepha kwayo esikhundleni sobuhle bayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izingxenye zemoto ezifahlaka kalula zenza ukuba izingxenye ezithile zomzimba wemoto kube yizona ezilimalayo lapho izimoto zingqubuzana, kanti izinsimbi eziqinile ezizungeze umshayeli nabagibeli ziba igobolondo eliphephile. Amabhuleki abamba ngokushesha avumela umshayeli ukuba ayilawule kangcono imoto emgwaqweni oshelelayo. Amabhande aboshelwe ezingxenyeni ezintathu abopha isifuba kanye nezinqulu, kuyilapho ama-air bag evikela ikhanda lingashayiseki esondweni lokuqondisa noma kuyi-dashboard lapho kungqubuzana izimoto.c
Yiqiniso, akukho okungathatha indawo yemikhuba emihle yokushayela. I-Economista yaseMexico City ithi: “Akusizi ngalutho ukwenza izimoto eziphephile uma singashayeli ngendlela efanele; ngisho nobuchwepheshe obuphambili bezokuphepha ngeke busivikele uma seqa imithetho ethile ebekiwe.”
Ezinye zezimoto zanamuhla azihlukile komahamba-nendlwana. Eziningi zinomshini wokudlala ama-compact disc, ithelevishini, ucingo ngisho nezinkinobho ezihlukene ngaphambili nangemuva zokulawula umsakazo nezinga lokushisa. Kukhona nezimoto ezinesimiso sokuqondisa esisebenza ngeziphuphutheki, esisiza abashayeli ukuba bathole indlela engcono kakhulu yokufinyelela endaweni abaya kuyo. Ezinye izimiso zinikeza ukwaziswa kwamuva ngezinkinga zomgwaqo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukuba nemishini yamuva nemoto yesimanje sekuwuphawu lokuvelela kubantu abaningi—ukuthambekela abaklami nabakhangisi abasizakala ngako.
Njengoba sibonile, izimoto sezithuthuke kakhulu kusukela zaqala ukuba khona eminyakeni engaphezu kweyikhulu edlule. Uma zisetshenziswa ngokuhluzeka kwengqondo nangokuphepha, zingaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokufeza imisebenzi yezebhizinisi noma yokuzijabulisa.
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a U-Emil Jellinek, owayengumtshali omkhulu wezimali kwaDaimler, wasikisela ukuba lezi zimoto zethiwe ngendodakazi yakhe uMercedes. Wayenovalo lokuthi igama likaDaimler, elalizwakala liyisiJalimane, lalingeke lidayise kahle eFrance.
b Ekuqaleni i-Model T yayibiza u-$850, kodwa ngo-1924 umuntu wayengathenga imoto yakwaFord entsha ceke ngo-$260. I-Model T yaqhubeka ikhiqizwa iminyaka engu-19, futhi phakathi naleyo nkathi kwenziwa ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15.
c Ama-air bag angaba yingozi uma esetshenziswa njengawukuphela kwethuluzi lesivikelo, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni nakubantu abasebasha.
[Ishadi/Izithombe ekhasini 22-25]
Iminyaka enikeziwe ibonisa inkathi ezakhiqizwa ngayo
Ngo-1885 I-Benz Motor Car
Imoto yokuqala esebenzisekayo emhlabeni
Ngo-1907-25 I-Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost
Yayinesivinini, inamandla, inenjini engenamsindo, inethezekile futhi inokwethenjelwa
Ngo-1908-27 I-Model T yakwaFord
Yakhiqizwa ngobuningi; kwadayiswa izimoto ezingaphezu kuka-15 000 000
Ngemuva: Ifektri yokukhiqiza izimoto zakwaFord
Ngo-1930-7 I-Cadillac V16 7.4-L
Imoto yokuqala emhlabeni enenjini enama-“cylinder” angu-16 eyaba nempumelelo enkulu
Ngo-1939 kuze kube namuhla I-Volkswagen Beetle
Kwakhiqizwa ezingaphezu kuka-20 000 000. I-Beetle entsha (ngezansi kwesokunxele) yakhishwa ngo-1998
Ngo-1941 kuze kube namuhla I-Jeep
Kungenzeka iyimoto eyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni
Ngo-1948-65 I-Porsche 356
Yaklanywa kuthathelwa kuyi-Volkswagen Beetle; yalethela i-Porsche impumelelo enkulu
Ngo-1952-7 I-Mercedes-Benz 300SL
Eyethiwa ngokuthi i-Gullwing, kwakuyimoto yokuqala eyakhiwe ngezinsimbi ezixubile futhi inenjini engenayo i-“carburetor”
Ngo-1955-68 I-Citroën DS 19
Yayinesondo lokuqondisa namabhuleki asheshayo, injini enamagiya amane kanye nezipilingi ezizishintshashintshayo
Ngo-1959 kuze kube namuhla I-Austin Mini
Le moto ephambili nethandwayo yayiphumelela kakhulu nasemijahweni yezimoto
Ngo-1962-4 I-Ferrari 250 GTO
Imoto enenjini eyi-V 12 enamandla angama-“kilowatt” angu-224, yayiyimoto enhle kakhulu emijahweni
Ngo-1970-3 I-Datsun 240Z
Imoto yomjaho enokwethenjelwa nengabizi kakhulu
Ngo-1970 kuze kube namuhla I-Range Rover
Ibhekwa njengemoto ephambili emhlabeni esebenziseka nomaphi edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo
Ngo-1984 kuze kube namuhla I-Chrysler Minivan
Yavula indlela yokuklanywa kwamaveni amancane
I-Thrust SSC
Ngo-October 15, 1997, yanqamula ugwadule lwaseBlack Rock, eNevada, e-U.S.A., yaqopha umlando ngesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-1 228 ngehora
[Imithombo]
Benz-motorcar: DaimlerChrysler Classic; background: Brown Brothers; Model T: Courtesy of VIP Classics; Rolls-Royce: Photo courtesy of Rolls-Royce & Bentley Motor Cars
Jeep: Courtesy of DaimlerChrysler Corporation; black Beetle: Courtesy Vintage Motors of Sarasota; yellow Beetle: VW Volkswagen AG
Citroën: © CITROËN COMMUNICATION; Mercedes Benz: PRNewsFoto
Chrysler Minivan: Courtesy of DaimlerChrysler Corporation; Datsun: Nissan North America; Thrust SSC: AP Photo/Dusan Vranic