Indlela Yokwenza Ukudla Kuphephe Kakhudlwana
INGABE ukudla ukudla kuyingozi? Ezinye izibalo zingase zikuholele ekubeni uphethe ngokuthi kunjalo. Ngokwe-World Health Organization (WHO), abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-130 eSifundeni SaseYurophu se-WHO baphathwa yizifo ezibangelwa ukudla unyaka ngamunye. E-United Kingdom iyodwa, ngo-1998 kwabikwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-100 000 ababephethwe yizifo ezibangelwa ukudla okunobuthi—kwafa abangu-200. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi e-United States, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-76 baguliswa izifo ezibangelwa ukudla unyaka ngamunye futhi kubona, abangu-325 000 balaliswa esibhedlela kanti abangu-5 000 bagcina ngokufa.
Kunzima ukuthola izibalo ezinembile zembulunga yonke. Kodwa, i-WHO ibika ukuthi ngo-1998, babalelwa ezigidini ezingu-2,2 abantu ababulawa izifo zohudo—abayizigidi ezingu-1,8 kubo kwakuyizingane. Lo mbiko uyaphawula: “Ingxenye enkulu yalezi zifo ibangelwa ukungcoliswa kokudla namanzi aphuzwayo.”
Lezo zibalo zingase zizwakale zinkulu. Kodwa ingabe izibalo kufanele zikubangele uvalo ngokuphepha kokudla kwakho? Mhlawumbe akunjalo. Cabangela esinye isibonelo. E-Australia, kunabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-4,2 abaphathwa yizifo ezibangelwa ukudla minyaka yonke—noma abangaba ngu-11 500 nsuku zonke! Lokho kungase kuzwakale kuyisibalo esikhulu kakhulu. Kodwa ake ukubheke ngelinye iso. Abantu base-Australia badla izikhathi ezingaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 ngonyaka; kulezo zikhathi, yingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zephesenti elilodwa ebangela ukugula. Ngamanye amazwi, incane kakhulu ingozi ehilelekile ekudleni ngakunye.
Noma kunjalo, ingozi ingokoqobo futhi iyasangulukisa. Yini ebangela ukuba ukudla kugulise, futhi yini engenziwa ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi?
Izimbangela Zokuguliswa Ukudla
Izifo eziningi zingadluliselwa ngokudla—ezingaphezu kuka-200, kusho umagazini i-Emerging Infectious Diseases. Kodwa izinto ezibangela lezo zifo aziziningi kangako. NgokukaDkt. Iain Swadling, umphathi wezindaba zezokudla we-International Food Information Service, cishe amaphesenti angu-90 azo zonke izifo ezibangelwa ukudla abangelwa “cishe [izinhlobo zamagciwane] ezingaphezudlwana kwamashumi amabili.” Zingena kanjani ekudleni izinto ezihlukene ezibangela izifo—amagciwane, ubuthi nokunye?
UDkt. Swadling ubala ezinhlanu zezindlela ezivame kakhulu ukudla okungcoliswa ngazo: “Ukusebenzisa ukudla okuluhlaza okungcolisiwe; abantu abanezifo/noma abagulayo abaphekayo; indawo yokugcina ukudla encane kuhlanganise nokulungisa ukudla kusasele amahora amaningi ngaphambi kokuba kudliwe; ukudlulela kwamagciwane kokunye ukudla lapho kulungiswa; ukungakuphekisisi noma ukungakufudumezi ngokwanele ukudla.” Nakuba lolo hlu lubonakala lukhathaza, lunezinye izindaba ezimnandi. Izifo eziningi ezibangelwa ukudla ziyavimbeleka. Ukuze ubone ukuthi yini ongayenza ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ukudla okudlayo kuphephile, phawula ibhokisi emakhasini 8 no-9.
Ukukhetha Ngokulinganisela
Ngenxa yezingozi nokukhathazeka okuhlukahlukene ngokudla, abanye abantu namuhla bakhetha ukuzinika isikhathi sokuthenga, sokupheka nesokudla ukudla okusha. Uma ukuthanda lokho, funa izitolo noma izimakethe endaweni yakini ezithengisa ukudla okusha, okungashintshiwe. Enye incwadi yokusiza abathengi iyachaza: “Abathengi abaningi baxhumana nabakhiqizi—ezimakethe ezivula masonto onke [lapho kudayiswa khona imikhiqizo yokudla emisha] noma lapho kukhiqizwa khona ukudla—ukuze bathenge ukudla kusekusha futhi babone ukuthi kukhiqizwa kanjani futhi kusukaphi.” Lo mkhuba ungakusiza uma uthenga inyama.
Ngokufanayo, kungase kube ngcono ukuthenga ukudla kwasendaweni ngenkathi yako, ngoba kungase kube kusha. Kodwa qaphela ukuthi uma ubambelela endinganisweni enjalo, ngeke ube nezithelo nemifino okuningi ongakhetha kukho unyaka wonke.
Ingabe kufanele ushintshele ekudleni okukhiqizwe ngezinto zemvelo? Lokho kuyisinqumo somuntu siqu. Baningi abantu abathanda ukudla okukhiqizwe ngezinto zemvelo, abanye akungabazeki ukuthi bashukunyiswa ukungabethembi ubuchwepheshe obusha obusetshenziswa embonini yezokudla. Kodwa akubona bonke abantu abavumayo ukuthi ukulima ngezinto zemvelo kukhiqiza ukudla okuphephe kakhudlwana.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhetha kuphi ukudla, kuhlolisise lokho okuthengayo. “Uma kuziwa ekudleni, umthengi ubheka inani lentengo kuphela,” kukhala omunye uchwepheshe ocashunwe ephephandabeni lamasonto onke i-Zeit. Kuyatuseka ukonga, kodwa hlola nohlu lwezithako. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe isigamu sabantu abathenga ukudla emazweni aseNtshonalanga abaziniki isikhathi sokufunda ukwaziswa ngomsoco okukumalebula. Yiqiniso, kwamanye amazwe akuzona zonke izinto ezifakwa amalebula. Kodwa uma ufuna ukudla okuphephile, khona-ke yenza lokho ongakwenza ukuze uhlole izithako.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wenza ziphi izinqumo mayelana nokudla okudlayo, mhlawumbe kuyodingeka uzimisele ukushintsha ngezinye izikhathi, uvumelane nezimo ezingokoqobo ezweni ohlala kulo. Kubantu abaningi namuhla, kumane nje akunakwenzeka—kubiza kakhulu, kudla isikhathi, futhi kunezinkinga eziningi—ukuqiniseka ukuthi badla kuphela ukudla okuphephile kuzo zonke izici.
Ingabe lokho kuzwakala njengokulahlwa kwethemba ngezwe lanamuhla? Kumane nje kuwukubhekana namaqiniso. Kodwa izindaba ezinhle ziwukuthi ngokushesha izinto zizoshintsha zibe ngcono.
[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 8, 9]
IZINYATHELO ONGAZITHATHA
◼ Geza. Qiniseka ukuthi ugeza izandla ngamanzi ashisayo anensipho ngaphambi kokulungisa ukudla ngakunye. Zigeze njalo ngemva kokuya endlini yangasese, ngemva kokuphipha ingane (njengokuyishintsha inabukeni noma ukuyifinyisa), noma ngemva kokuthinta noma yisiphi isilwane, kuhlanganise nezifuyiwe. Geza noma yiziphi izitsha, izingqoko zokuqobela namatafula ngamanzi ashisayo anensipho ngemva kokulungisa ukudla ngakunye—ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuphatha inyama ebomvu, yenkukhu noma inhlanzi eluhlaza. Umagazini i-Test usikisela ukuba “ugeze izithelo nemifino ngamanzi afudumele,” ukuze ususe izinambuzane nezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane. Ngokuvamile, ukuhluba, ukucwecwa nokubilisa kuyizindlela ezingcono zokuhlanza ukudla. Kulethisi noma eklabishini, susa futhi ulahle amakhasi angaphandle.
◼ Phekisisa. Uma izinga lokushisa kokudla ngaphakathi lingaphezu kuka-70° C., ngisho nesikhashana, cishe wonke amagciwane ayokufa. Inyama yenkukhu kufanele iphekwe ngezinga elingaphezu kwalelo, ngo-80° C. Ukudla okufudunyezwayo kufanele kube ngu-75° C. noma kufanele kushise futhi kushunqe. Gwema ukudla inyama yenkukhu esebomvana ngaphakathi, amaqanda anesikhupha noma ubunwebu obungavuthiwe, noma inhlanzi engakaphaphatheki ongeke uyihlukanise kahle ngemfoloko.
◼ Hlukanisa ukudla. Ngazo zonke izikhathi, inyama ebomvu, yenkukhu noma inhlanzi yihlukanise nokunye ukudla—lapho uyithenga, uyibeka nalapho uyipheka. Ungavumeli amanzi ayo agelezele kwenye noma kokunye ukudla. Futhi ungatheli ukudla okuvuthiwe esitsheni ebesinenyama ebomvu, inhlanzi noma inyama yenkukhu eluhlaza, ngaphandle kwalapho leso sitsha sigezisisiwe ngamanzi ashisayo anensipho.
◼ Gcina futhi uqandise ukudla ngokufanele. Isiqandisi singavimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane ayingozi, kodwa izinga lokubanda kufanele libe ngu-4° C. Isiqandisi esenza iqhwa kufanele sibe ngu-17° C. ngaphansi kwezinga-qhwa. Ukudla okonakalayo kufake esiqandisini engakapheli amahora amabili. Uma ukhipha ukudla ngaphambi kokuba kudliwe, mboza zonke izitsha ukuze kungangenwa yizimpukane.
◼ Qaphela lapho udla ngaphandle. Ezinye izibalo zilinganisela ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-60 kuya kwangu-80 ezifo ezibangelwa ukudla kwamanye amazwe asethuthukile asuka ekudleni okuphekwe futhi kwathengwa ngaphandle kwasekhaya. Qiniseka ukuthi noma isiphi isitolo sokudla odla kuso sihambisana nezindinganiso zempilo ezidingwa umthetho. Thenga inyama ephekisisiwe. Uma kuwukudla okuthenga uhambe nakho, kudle engakapheli amahora amabili kusukela ukuthengile. Uma kudlula isikhathi eside, kufudumeze ezingeni lokushisa elingu-74° C.
◼ Lahla ukudla okusolekayo. Uma ungabaza ukuthi ukudla okuthile kusekahle noma sekonakele, kungcono ukulahle. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi akukona ukuhlakanipha ukusaphaza ukudla okukahle. Kodwa, ukuguliswa ukudla okonakele kungase kube yizindleko nakakhulu.
[Umthombo]
—Kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko kuyi-Food Safety Tips, ekhishwa yi-Food Safety Technology Council e-United States.