Ukubuya Kwenyoni Enkulu Emhlophe
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EJAPANE
AMADODA ayephethe izinduku ayehlose ukushaya ngayinye yezinyoni ezinhle ezimhlophe ize ife. Lezi zinyoni kwakungama-albatross. Amadoda: UHanemon Tamaoki nalabo ayephume nabo inqina. Indawo: ETorishima, isiqhingi esiqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-600 eningizimu yeTokyo. Unyaka kwakungu-1887.
Kwase kuyiminyaka uTamaoki ekuhlela lokhu. Izimpaphe ezithambile zokwenza omatilasi zazidingeka kakhulu kokubili ezweni lakubo nakwamanye amazwe, futhi iTorishima yayiyisiqhingi esikude lapho izinkulungwane zama-albatross ezazifika njalo zizozalela zazizihlalela zodwa khona. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona i-albatross enesisila esifushane, uTamaoki ayeyithanda kakhulu. Kwakuyinyoni yasolwande enkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Cabanga nje ukuthi ziningi kangakanani izimpaphe ezimboze isibukuthu somzimba onesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-8 namaphiko angamamitha angaphezu kuka-2,5 uma evulekile! Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoni yayithobile futhi ayizange izame ukubaleka ngisho noma yayisengozini.
UTamaoki weza nezisebenzi ezingaba ngu-300 esiqhingini ezazizosiza ekubulaleni nasekuchutheni lezi zinyoni. Bakha idolobhana nojantshi omncane wokuthutha izinyoni ezifile. Lo msebenzi waphumelela kakhulu kangangokuthi uTamaoki wanotha ngokushesha—ngokufa kwezinyoni ezibalelwa ezigidini ezinhlanu. Zaziqothulwe kakhulu kangangokuthi ngesikhathi kuqhuma intaba-mlilo yasesiqhingini ngo-1902, ibhubhisa idolobhana nazo zonke izakhamuzi zalo, abanye bakubheka “njengesiqalekiso ngenxa yokubulawa kwama-albatross.” Ngisho noma kunjalo, ngonyaka olandelayo afika futhi amanye amadoda, ezofuna izinyoni ezazisasele.
Cishe endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-1500 oLwande oluseMpumalanga yeChina eziqhingini ezingahlali muntu nezinamadwala phakathi kweTaiwan ne-Okinawa, indoda egama layo linguTatsushiro Koga yayiqhubeka naleli bhizinisi elinemali. NjengoTamaoki, uKoga naye wathola ukuthi izinyoni zisheshe ziphele. Ekugcineni, wasishiya lesi siqhingi ngo-1900—eseqothulé ama-albatross abalelwa esigidini.
Umphumela Odabukisayo Wobugovu
Lokho kuqothulwa okukhulu kwezinyoni kwaba inhlekelele enemiphumela edabukisayo. Ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zama-albatross, ezintathu zihlala eNorth Pacific, zinezindawo zokuzalela eziyinhloko eziqhingini ezaphangwa uTamaoki noKoga. Enye yazo, i-albatross enesisila esifushane (Diomedea albatrus), ngokusobala yayingenayo enye indawo ezalela kuyo eyaziwayo emhlabeni.
I-albatross yake yesatshwa amatilosi lapho ephakathi nolwandle. Izinsumansumane nezinkolelo zakudala ngolwandle zithi ingumbikezeli wesivunguvungu nenkungu. Nokho, akuyona insumansumane ukuthi amaphiko amade ngokungavamile ale nyoni enkulu emhlophe ayenza ikwazi ukuntweza iwele ulwandle ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, ezikhathini eziningi ithwelwe umoya futhi yelule amaphiko sengathi awanyakazi. Ikhono layo lokuntweza nokuba solwandle isikhathi eside alinakuqhathaniswa.
Nakuba kuthakazelisa ukuntweza kwe-albatross emoyeni, uma ihamba phansi ihamba kancane futhi ayihambi kahle. Amaphiko ayo amade nomzimba oyisibukuthu kuyenza ingasuki ngokushesha lapho indiza. Lokhu, kanye nokungabesabi abantu kuye kwenza le nyoni yaba isisulu esibambeka kalula. Ngenxa yalokho abantu baye bayetha amagama anjengathi i-gooney bird noma i-mollymawk.a
Abantu abangenandaba ababekholelwa ukuthi ama-albatross afile enza imali baqhubeka bewaqothula ngenjabulo. Ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi ngo-1933, kwakunezinyoni ezingaphansi kuka-600 eTorishima. Ephelelwe ithemba, uhulumeni waseJapane wavimbela abantu ukuba baye kulesi siqhingi. Kodwa abantu abangenanembeza baphuthuma kulesi siqhingi babulala izinyoni eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kuvinjelwa kuqale. Ngokwesinye isazi, ngo-1935 kwase kusele izinyoni ezingamashumi amahlanu kuphela. Ekugcineni, i-albatross enesisila esifushane yayisiqothuliwe. Yeka ukuthi ubugovu bomuntu bunemiphumela eyinhlekelele kanjani! Kodwa kukhona isimanga esasisazokwenzeka.
Iqala Ukubuya
Ngobunye ubusuku ngo-January 1951, indoda eyayigibela emadwaleni aseTorishima yethuswa ukukhala okungazelelwe. Yazithola igqolozele i-albatross! I-albatross enesisila esifushane yayiye yasinda ngandlela-thile, yayisizalela eTorishima futhi. Nokho, manje izinyoni zase zakha izidleke zazo endaweni engumthambeka okungelula ngabantu ukuba bayifinyelele. Futhi kwabonakala sengathi zase zibaxwaya manje abantu. Yeka indlela okumelwe ukuba bajabula ngayo abathandi bemvelo!
Uhulumeni wamaJapane wathatha isinyathelo ngokushesha. Watshala utshani obude ukuze inhlabathi iqine izidleke zihlale kahle wabe esenqabela abantu ukuba baye eTorishima. I-albatross kwathiwa iyingcebo yesizwe futhi yaba inyoni evikelwa umhlaba wonke.
Kusukela ngo-1976, uHiroshi Hasegawa waseToho University yaseJapane, ubehlola izinyoni futhi manje uvakashela lesi siqhingi kathathu ngonyaka ukuze ayozihlola. Watshela i-Phaphama! ukuthi ngokufaka uphawu onyaweni lwenyoni ngemibala ehlukene unyaka ngamunye, uye wathola ukuthi i-albatross enesisila esifushane ibuyela kwelakubo iyozalela kanye kuphela eminyakeni emithathu noma emine. Ziqala ukuzalela lapho zineminyaka eyisithupha futhi zizalela iqanda elilodwa kuphela ngesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nakuba ziphila iminyaka engu-20, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuba zande. Emaqandeni angu-176 azalelwa eTorishima phakathi nobusika buka-1996/97, angu-90 kuphela achamuselwa.
Isikhathi esiningi ama-albatross asuke enzani? UHasegawa uthi akwaziwa. Ngokuqinisekile ayayigwema indawo enabantu. Ingabe ama-albatross ayayilandela imikhumbi futhi ahlale phezu kwayo? NgokukaHasegawa, lokho insumansumane engenabufakazi obuyisekelayo. Uthi uyaqiniseka ukuthi “ama-albatross aseJapane awahlali phezu kwemikhumbi.” Kodwa unezela ngokuthi kwenye indawo emhlabeni, “ezinye izinyoni zingase zihlale isikhashana uma ziphiwa ukudla.” Isikhathi esiningi enza lokho akwazi ukukwenza kahle kakhulu—ukuthwalwa umoya odlulayo okahle abese entweza phezu kolwandle olubanzi. Uma esekhathele, antanta phezu kolwandle. Adla ama-squid, izinhlanzi ezindizayo, izinkalankala nezimfanzi. Izinyoni ezafakwa uphawu uHasegawa zibonakala njalo oLwandle iBering naseGulf of Alaska. Futhi ngo-1985 ukubonakala kwe-albatross enesisila esifushane eduze kogu lwaseCalifornia—okokuqala cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu—kwaletha enkulu injabulo kubabuki bezinyoni lapho.
Kuthiwani Ngekusasa?
Okuhle ukuthi ama-albatross anesisila esifushane ayanda kancane kancane. Ngo-May odlule, uHasegawa walinganisela ukuthi ‘kwakunangaphezu kuka-900 kuhlanganise namaphuphu.’ Wanezela: “Ngonyaka ka-2000 siyobe sesinezinyoni ezingaphezu kuka-1000 eTorishima iyodwa, kuzalwa amaphuphu angaphezu kuka-100 unyaka ngamunye.” Okuthakazelisayo futhi ukuthi ngo-1988, ngemva kweminyaka engu-88, zabonakala sezizalela futhi oLwandle oluseMpumalanga yeChina. Izinyoni ziye zakhetha indawo ekude engamadwala, ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi zivikelekile kubantu okwesikhashana.
Izinto ezonakaliswa eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule ziyalungiswa kancane kancane. Noma ingabe kunjalo? Abacwaningi bavame ukuthola ukuthi lapho bebamba izinyoni ukuze bazifake uphawu, zingenwa ingebhe futhi zihlanze. Eziswini zazo kuphuma izicucu zopulasitiki, izinto zokokhela ugwayi, nezinye izinto abantu abazilahla ngokunganaki olwandle, lapho zidla khona.
Ingabe umuntu ngokungacabangi uyophinde abeke ukuphila kwale nyoni engozini?
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a “Elithi ‘gooney’ ekuqaleni lalithi ‘goney,’ okuyigama lesiNgisi Esidala elisho umuntu oyisiwula . . . Elithi ‘mollymawk,’ nelithi ‘mollyhawk,’ noma nje ‘molly,’ livela kwelesiDashi elithi ‘mallemok,’ elisho inyoni yasolwandle eyisiwula.” (Birds of the World, ka-Oliver L. Austin, Jr.) NgesiJapane igama elithi ahodori, elisho ukuthi “inyoni eyisiphukuphuku,” langena esikhundleni segama elidala elalisho ukuthi “inyoni enkulu emhlophe.”
[Isithombe ekhasini 16]
Amaphiko amade, amancane e-“albatross,” ayenza ibe yingqongqo yomhlaba ekuntwezeni
[Isithombe ekhasini 16, 17]
ITorishima, ikhaya le-“albatross” enesisila esifushane
[Isithombe ekhasini 17]
I-“albatross” enesisila esifushane isibuyile eTorishima