Ukufuna Ipharadesi Elingenazinkathazo
“SIFUNA nje ukusungula indlela yokuphila elondekile futhi ngokunokwenzeka eyisidala enabantu abanakekelanayo,” kuchaza umbhangqwana othile waseBrithani. Wanquma ukufuna isiqhingi esiyipharadesi futhi ubumbe umphakathi owawuzohlala ndawonye ngokuthula. Akungabazeki ukuthi uyayiqonda indlela owawuzizwa ngayo. Ubani obengeke alijabulele ithuba lokuphila epharadesi elingenazinkathazo?
Ingabe Ikhambi Liwukuzehlukanisa?
Umqondo wokuphila esiqhingini uyabakhanga abantu abaningi abafuna ipharadesi, ngoba ukuzehlukanisa kwenza umuntu alondeke ngandlela-thile. Abanye bakhetha iziqhingi ezingasoGwini lwePacific ePanama noma iziqhingi zaseCaribbean, njengeziqhingi ezingaseBelize. Abanye baphendukela ezindaweni ezinhle ezingokwemvelo ezise-Indian Ocean—ngokwesibonelo, iziqhingi zaseSeychelles.
Kubonakala kunzima ukucabanga izindlela zokusungula umphakathi ozehlukanisile. Ngisho noma kunemali eyanele, imithetho yamanje kahulumeni ingase ithiye ukuthengwa kwendawo ngokushesha. Kodwa ake sithi siyatholakala isiqhingi esihle, ingabe ubuyokujabulela ukuphila kuso? Ingabe ipharadesi ohlala kulo belingeke libe nezinkathazo?
Iziqhingi ezisemajukujukwini ngasogwini lwaseBrithani sezinenani labantu elandayo. Ngokuyinhloko izakhamuzi zakhona ezintsha zingabantu abafuna ukuzehlukanisa nokuthula. Indoda ethile ehlala yodwa esiqhingini sase-Eorsa esingamahektare ayikhulu, ngasogwini lwaseScotland olusentshonalanga, ithi ayinaso isizungu ngoba inomsebenzi omkhulu wokunakekela umhlambi wayo wezimvu eziyikhulu. Abanye abaye bafuna ukuzehlukanisa esiqhingini baba nesizungu ngokushesha. Kubikwa ukuthi abanye baye bazama ukuzibulala kodwa bahlengwa.
Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isiqhingi esihle sasendaweni eshisayo singaba ipharadesi. Kuyabakhanga ukuphila endaweni enesimo sezulu esithokomele esingemakhaza futhi esingashisi ngokweqile. Kodwa abantu abaningi abahlala eziqhingini baye bakhathazwa ukusongela kokufudumala kwembulunga nokwenyuka kwamaza olwandle okuwumphumela. Izakhamuzi zaseziqhingini eziphansi ezisendaweni yaseTokelau eNtshonalanga Pacific kanye naseziqhingini zaseMaldives ezisabalele kuyi-Indian Ocean, okuyiziqhingi eziba ngamamitha angu-1,8 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle lapho kuphakama amagagasi, nazo zizizwa zisengozini.
Cishe ohulumeni abangu-40 abahlukahlukene baye babumba inhlangano i-Small Island Developing States ukuze basize lezi ziqhingi ezisosizini. Nakuba ngokuvamile izakhamuzi zaseziqhingini ezincane ziphila isikhathi eside futhi zinezinga eliphansi lokufa kwezinsana, zisabhekana nezinkinga ezinkulu zendawo ezungezile. Ezomnotho kwezinye iziqhingi zisongelwa ukuchitheka kukawoyela nezilwandle ezingcolisiwe. Ezinye ziba izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu enobuthi elahlwa amazwe amakhulu.
Ngisho nakho ukufiseleka kwalezi ziqhingi njengezindawo zokuhlala zabantu abafuna ipharadesi kuwusongo. Kanjani? Izivakashi ezithutheleka ezingwini zalezi ziqhingi ezithokomele zibangela ukuminyana okukhulu futhi ziqeda imithombo yengcebo eyingcosana. Lezi zivakashi zibhebhethekisa nenkinga yokungcola. Ngokwesibonelo, eCaribbean ingxenye eyodwa eshumini kuphela yendle yezivakashi eziyizigidi ezingu-20 unyaka ngamunye efakwa amakhemikhali.
Kwenzeka okufanayo nakwezinye izindawo ezinhle. Cabanga ngeGoa esogwini olusentshonalanga yeNdiya. I-Independent on Sunday yaseLondon yamemezela: “Ukugcwala kwezivakashi ‘kungcolisa ipharadesi.’” Izibalo zikahulumeni zibonisa ukwanda kwezivakashi kusuka kwezingu-10 000 ngo-1972 kuya kwezingaphezu kwesigidi ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Elinye iqembu lixwayisa ngokuthi isimiso esintekenteke sezinto eziphilayo nempucuko eyingqayizivele yaseGoa kusongelwa abanikazi bamahhotela abahahayo abazimisele ukuzuza imali ngokuthutheleka kwezivakashi. Umbiko kahulumeni waseNdiya uqinisekisa ukuthi kuye kwakhiwa amanye amahhotela ebhishi ngokungemthetho. Kuye kwambiwa isihlabathi, kwagawulwa izihlahla futhi kwahlelenjwa izindunduma zesihlabathi. Indle ichithelwa ebhishi noma igelezele emasimini elayisi aseduze, okusakaza izifo.
Ingabe Lezo Zindawo Azinabugebengu?
Ukudlanga kobugebengu konakalisa ngisho nedumela lezindawo ezinokuthula kakhulu. Esiqhingini esincane saseCaribbean iBarbuda kwavela umbiko onesihloko esikhulu esithi “Ukubulawa Kwabantu Epharadesi.” Lombiko wanikeza imininingwane ehlasimulisayo yokubulawa kwabantu abane emkhunjini kanokusho owawumi ngasogwini lwalesi siqhingi. Izenzakalo ezinjengalesi zandisa ukukhathazeka ngokusakazeka kobugebengu kuyo yonke lendawo.
Ngokuphathelene nezwe elithile laseMelika Ephakathi, i-Sunday Times yaseLondon yayinesihloko esikhulu esithi: “Izidakamizwa Zishoshozela Izimpi Zamaqembu ‘Epharadesi.’” Umhleli wephephandaba lendawo wakhononda ngeqiniso lokuthi ukuthula akusekho, ephawula: “Manje sekuyinsakavukela ukuthola ingane eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala yophe yaze yafa emgwaqweni.”
Labo abafuna ukuphila emphakathini oyipharadesi bathemba ukuthi bazokhanga abantu abayovuma ukuphila ngokuthula. Kodwa amaqiniso abonisani? Ngokushesha kwavuka izimpikiswano endabeni yombhangqwana waseBrithani okukhulunywe ngawo ekuqaleni. Abanye babantu abacela ukuhlanganyela kulomkhankaso ngokusobala babefuna ukuzizuzela imali ngaleli cebo. Umgqugquzeli wathi: “Asibafuni abaholi. Inhloso iwukuba sihlanganise ingcebo yethu ukuze konke kuhambe kahle. Lomphakathi ngiwubiza ngokuthi umphakathi weZwe Lamaphupho.” Lona akuwona neze umkhankaso wokuqala walolu hlobo.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Imizamo Yokubumba Imiphakathi Yasepharadesi.”
Abanye abafuna ipharadesi bakholelwa ukuthi bayofinyelela umgomo wabo ngokuwina umdlalo wemali. Kodwa inzuzo yemali etholwa ngalendlela ayiyilethi injabulo. Ngo-February 1995, i-Sunday Times yabika ukuthi umkhaya womuntu waseBrithani owazuza isizumbulu semali kuze kube manje waba nezingxabano ezimbi; ukuwina kwawenza waba “nenzondo, izimpi futhi wadumazeka.” Lokhu kuvamile ezimweni ezinjalo.
Lapho ehlola ukufuna kwesintu iZwe Lamaphupho, umlobeli wephephandaba uBernard Levin ukhuluma “ngephupho lokuthola ingcebo ngokushesha,” futhi uyaqinisekisa: “Njengasemaphusheni amaningi, iphupho lingaphenduka elisabisayo. Miningi kakhulu imibiko eqinisekisiwe yokuthi ingcebo esheshayo iholela enhlekeleleni (kuhlanganise nokuzibulala) ukuba singayishaya indiva sithi yenzeka ngengozi.”
Kuthiwani Ngamahlelo Amemezela Usuku Lwembubhiso?
Amanye amacebo okufuna ipharadesi aye aba nezinjongo ezingezinhle. Libika ngokuhlaselwa kwendawo yehlelo i-Branch Davidians ngamanxusa kahulumeni angokomthetho eWaco, eTexas, ngo-1993, iphephandaba elithile lakhuluma “ngenhlanganisela eyingozi yezibhamu, ukulutha ingqondo nomprofethi omemezela usuku lwembubhiso” eyaholela kulenhlekelele. Ngeshwa, izenzakalo ezinjalo zivamile.
Abalandeli bakaBhagwan Shree Rajneesh osewashona, owayengumholi ongokomoya waseNdiya, babumba umphakathi e-Oregon kodwa bacasula omakhelwane babo ngokuziphatha kwabo. Ukuceba komholi wabo kanye nokuzitika kwabo ngobulili kwalulaza ukuzisholo kwabo ukuthi bakhe “isiphephelo esihle.”
Amahlelo amaningi aholwa abantu abanamathemba okuthola ipharadesi afuna ukuba abalandeli bawo bagcine amasiko ayinqaba, ngezinye izikhathi aholela ezingxabanweni ezinobudlova. Umlobeli wephephandaba u-Ian Brodie uyachaza: “Amahlelo ayisiphephelo nomphakathi ozinzile kulabo abanomuzwa wokuthi bahlukanisiwe nabanye noma abangakwazi ukubhekana nezingcindezi ezingokoqobo.” Nokho, amazwi akhe afakazela iqiniso lokuthi abantu abaningi bangakujabulela ukuphila epharadesi.
IPharadesi Elingenazinkathazo
Uhlu lwezinkathazo lubonakala lungapheli: ukungcola, ubugebengu, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa, ukuminyana kwabantu, izingxabano zezinhlanga, udweshu lwezombangazwe—ingasaphathwa eyezinkathazo ezivame kubo bonke abantu, izifo nokufa. Isiphetho siwukuthi ayikho indawo kuleplanethi lapho kunepharadesi elingenazo nhlobo izinkathazo. Njengoba uBernard Levin evuma: “Kunesici emlandweni wesintu, futhi kubonakala sengathi besikhona selokhu isintu saba khona. Sibonakala ngokuhluleka kwabantu ukuphila ndawonye ngenjabulo nedlanzana labanye abantu.”
Nokho, liyoba khona ipharadesi lembulunga yonke elingenazo nhlobo izinkathazo. Ukuba khona kwalo kuqinisekiswe amandla angaphezu kwawomuntu. Ngempela, ngisho kwamanje abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisihlanu bayalisebenzela, futhi kakade bajabulela ubunye obuyigugu kanye nesimo esingenazinkathazo phakathi kwabo. Ungabatholaphi? Ungalihlanganyela kanjani ithemba nezinzuzo abazijabulelayo? Futhi lelo Pharadesi elizayo liyohlala isikhathi eside kangakanani?
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 6]
Imizamo Yokubumba Imiphakathi Yasepharadesi
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, idlelandawonye laseFrance u-Étienne Cabet (1788-1856) kanye nozakwabo abangu-280 basungula umphakathi eNauvoo, e-Illinois, owawusekelwe emibonweni yakhe. Kodwa esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka engu-8 kwaphakama izingxabano kulomphakathi kangangokuba wahlukana, njengoba kwaba njalo nangamaqembu afanayo e-Iowa naseCalifornia.
Enye indoda yaseFrance, uCharles Fourier (1772-1837), yasungula amacebo omphakathi wezolimo obambisene owawuzoba nezindima ezishintshayo zawo wonke amalungu awo. Umuntu ngamunye wayezothola umvuzo kuye ngokuphumelela kweqembu lonkana. Kodwa imiphakathi esekelwe kulemibono kokubili eFrance nase-United States yashabalala ngokushesha.
Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, umshoshozeli wezinguquko waseWales uRobert Owen (1771-1858) wahlongoza imizana ebambisene enamakhishi nezindawo zokudlela zomphakathi lapho abantu abangamakhulu babengaphila khona ndawonye. Umkhaya ngamunye wawuzohlala endlini yawo futhi unakekele abantwana bawo baze babe neminyaka emithathu ubudala. Ngemva kwalokho, wonke umphakathi wawuzobanakekela. Kodwa imizamo ka-Owen yehluleka, futhi walahlekelwa ingcebo yakhe eningi.
UJohn Noyes (1811-1886) waba umsunguli walokho i-New Encyclopædia Britannica ekubiza ngokuthi “umphakathi wabashoshozeli bezinguquko ofuna izwe lasemaphusheni ophumelela kakhulu e-United States.” Lapho abalandeli bakhe beyeka ukushada nomuntu oyedwa futhi bevumela ukuhlanganyela ubuhlobo bobulili nanoma ubani abavumelene naye, uNoyes waboshelwa ukuphinga. I-Sunday Times yaseLondon ibika ukuthi iLaissez Faire City, “iZwe Lamaphupho labacebile” eMelika Ephakathi, iwumzamo wamuva nje wokubumba umphakathi onjalo. Lomkhankaso wawudinga abantu abazotshala izimali kuwo. Bekhangwe ithemba lokuphila “edolobheni eliyisimangaliso lekhulu lama-21,” abantu abafuna ipharadesi bacelwa ukuba bathumele amaRandi angu-22 000 futhi bahlanganyele ekuthengiseni ngokubekelela inzuzo, bafune abantu abanomqondo ofanayo nabo ababezotshala imali yabo. Leli phephandaba lithi kubikwa ukuthi yonke lemali ikhokhela ithikithi lendiza lokuyobona lendawo “uma kungenzeka kube nezwe elinganxuswa ukuba liphane ngendawo yokwakha, futhi kwakhiwe ihhotela elincane lapho.” Alikho ithemba eliqinisekile lokusungula “ipharadesi” kuleyo ndawo.
[Isithombe ekhasini 7]
Isiqhingi siyabakhanga abantu abaningi abafuna ipharadesi. Kodwa namuhla ubugebengu bonakalisa ngisho nezindawo ezinokuthula kakhulu