Ukubuka Okwezwe

Izifo Ezibulalayo E-Australia

I-Herald Sun yaseMelbourne ibika ukuthi “inani labantu base-Australia ababulawa izifo ezihlobene nengculaza liye lehla okokuqala ngqá kusukela kwagcinwa amarekhodi ngaleli gciwane.” Ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni okukhishwe muva nje yi-Bureau of Statistics yase-Australia, imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi abantu abangu-666 babulawa ingculaza ngo-1995—ukwehla okungamaphesenti angu-13. Inani labantu abafayo kulo lonke lelizwe lehla ngamaphesenti amane, futhi umdlavuza nesifo senhliziyo kuseyizimbangela zokufa ezihamba phambili. Nokho, inani elandayo labantu base-Australia manje libulawa i-Alzheimer’s disease nezinye izifo ezihlobene nokusangana. Ngokukanobhala wezwe lonke we-Alzheimer’s Association Australia, “ukwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu abasanganayo okwabikezelwa kwakuyozibangela ubunzima obukhulu izikhungo ezikhona okuhloswe ukuba zisize abantu abanalesi sifo nalabo ababanakekelayo.”

Imibono Ngesikhathi Esizayo

Njengoba ikhulu lama-21 lisondela, kunemibono eyintilibathwa ngesikhathi esizayo. Kuyinhlolo-vo eyenziwa i-Newsweek e-United States, abantu babuzwa ngalokho abakulindele ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo. Abangamaphesenti angaba ngu-64 babikezela ukuthi abagibeli bemikhumbi-mkhathi bayohamba kuyiplanethi i-Mars. Abangamaphesenti angaba ngu-55 balindele ukuba ekugcineni abantu bahlale kwezinye izindawo endaweni yonke. Abangamaphesenti angu-70 bacabanga ukuthi ososayensi bayolithola ikhambi lengculaza, kanti abangamaphesenti angu-72 babikezela ukuthi ikhambi lomdlavuza liyotholakala. Abangamaphesenti angu-73 kwabangenalo neze ithemba babona ukwanda kwegebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu, kanti abangamaphesenti angu-48 balindele izimpi eziningi kunaseminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Abangamaphesenti angaba ngu-70 bacabanga ukuthi umuntu ngeke akwazi ukuqeda indlala emhlabeni.

Usizi Oluhlasimulisayo

Ngokwe-FDA Consumer, ukusha kabuhlungu kwabantu e-United States kuye kwehla ngokuphawulekayo kuleminyaka engu-20 edlule. Inani elisindayo labantu abashile nalo liye lathuthuka. Isikhulu soMnyango Wokulawula Ukudla Nezidakamizwa, uCharles Durfor, saphawula ukuthi “eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kuya kwengamashumi amane edlule, abantu abaningi abashile babengasindi. Ukuthuthuka kwezokwelapha akuzange kubangele ukusinda kwabantu abashile kuphela, kodwa kuye kwathuthukisa nezinga lokuphila.” Unyaka ngamunye, amaMelika angaphezu kuka-50 000 ayasha futhi kudingeke alaliswe esibhedlela. Ngokwe-American Burn Association, kufa abantu abangaba ngu-5500. I-FDA Consumer ithi: “Ukusha kabuhlungu kungolunye losizi oluhlasimulisayo olungenzeka emzimbeni.”

Ukukhwabanisa ‘Okuqotho’

Izinkampane zomshuwalense e-Argentina zilahlekelwa amaRandi ayizigidi ezingaba ngu-935 unyaka ngamunye ngenxa yokukhwabanisa kwamakhasimende azo. Ngenxa yalokho, umshuwalense wezimoto ubiza imali engamaphesenti angaba ngu-30 ngaphezu kwamanye amazwe amaningi. Ngokwephephandaba i-Ambito Financiero, “ukukhwabanisa okungaba ingxenye kwenziwa yilabo okungathiwa ‘izakhamuzi eziqotho.’” Abantu abanomshuwalense abangamaphesenti angaba ngu-40 kuthiwa baye baxhaphaza izinkampani zabo zomshuwalense. Leli phephandaba liphetha ngokuthi ukukhwabanisa okunjalo kuwukuziphindiselela kohlobo oluthile kwamakhasimende anganelisekile anomuzwa wokuthi aye aphanjwa izinkampani zawo zomshuwalense.

Ulwandle Olushayo

ULwandle Olufile luyasha. I-U.S.-News & World Report ithi: “Njengoba selunamanzi amancane kakhulu eMhlabeni (amafidi angu-1344 [amamitha angu-410] ngaphansi kwezinga elivamile lamanzi ezilwandle emhlabeni), amanzi oLwandle Olufile ayasha kancane kancane.” Ngani? Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yokuhwamuka, izindlela eziningi zokunisela ngenkasa namadamu zichezukisa amanzi avela eMfuleni iJordani, okuwumthombo oyinhloko woLwandle Olufile. Futhi, “amafektri amakhemikhali ampompa amanzi oLwandle Olufile awampompele emachibini anomhwamuko ukuze kukhishwe amaminerali aye akwandisa lokhu kusha kwamanzi.” Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1950, amanzi oLwandle Olufile aye ancipha ngamamitha angaba ngu-20. Esinye isinyathelo sokulungisa lesi simo okusaphikiswana ngaso siwukwakha umsele wamanzi ongamakhilomitha angu-190 ozofaka amanzi asuka oLwandle Olubomvu. Amanzi kuyodingeka ampontshwe enyuke ngamamitha angu-120 abese ehlela oLwandle Olufile ngamamitha angu-530.

Izifungo Eziphuliwe

Bambalwa abangane bomshado abazigcinayo izifungo zabo zomshado eJalimane. I-Nassauische Neue Presse ibika ukuthi umphumela uba ukwanda kwezinga lezehlukaniso nenani elandayo labantwana abahluphekayo ngenxa yalokho. Ngo-1995 kwachitheka imishado engaba ngu-170 000, kwathinteka abantwana abangaba ngu-142 300. Lokhu kuwukwanda ngamaphesenti amahlanu kwabantwana abathintekayo kunangonyaka owandulelayo. Leli phephandaba laphawula ukuthi emishadweni eyaba khona ngo-1950, owodwa kweyishumi wachitheka phakathi neminyaka engu-25. Emibhangqwaneni eyashada ngo-1957, owodwa kweyisishiyagalombili wahlukanisa phakathi neminyaka engu-25. Inani lemishado yango-1965 eyaphela enkathini eyiminyaka engu-25 liyisilinganiso sowodwa kwemihlanu. Phakathi kwalabo abashada kusukela ngo-1970, umbhangqwana owodwa kwemithathu wagcina uhlukanisile.

Ingabe Litholakele Ikhambi?

I-New York Times ibika ukuthi ngokokunye ukuhlola, “ngokokuqala ngqá kuye kwatholakala ukuthi ukudla okunamafutha amancane kodwa okunezithelo nemifino eminingi kuwehlisa ngokushesha umfutho wegazi futhi kuphumelela njengemithi yokwelapha.” UDkt. Denise Simon-Morton, umholi we-Prevention Scientific Research Group e-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, uthi lokhu kuhlola kubonisa ukuthi “ukudla okukodwa kungaba uzifo zonke”—kungasiza ekuvimbeleni isifo senhliziyo, umfutho ophakeme wegazi nezinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza. Lokhu kuhlola kwahlaziya imiphumela yokushintsha ukudla kubantu abadala abaningi ezikhungweni zezokwelapha eziyisithupha kulo lonke lelizwe. Abantu ababehlolwa bahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu. Elinye iqembu lanikezwa ukudla okufana nokudla “okuvamile” kwaseMelika. Elesibili lanikezwa ukudla okunezithelo nemifino eminingi, kodwa konke okunye ukudla kwangashintshwa. Elesithathu lanikezwa ukudla okunezithelo nemifino eminingi, imikhiqizo yobisi enamafutha amancane, i-cholesterol namafutha anqumayo. Iqembu lesibili nelesithathu laba nomfutho wegazi owehle ngokuphawulekayo kwezokwelapha, kodwa ukudla kweqembu lesithathu kwabonisa imiphumela emihle kunayo yonke. Kubantu abahlolwa ababenomfutho ophakeme wegazi, imiphumela yayimihle njengaleyo etholakala ngemithi yokwelapha noma yayimihle nangaphezu kwalokho. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zokudla zazihlanganisa ukudla izithelo nemifino izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye kuya kweziyishumi ngosuku.

Abantu Benza Ibuya EJapane

“Kunoshintsho olukhulu kwezezimboni zaseJapane,” kuphawula umagazini i-Far Eastern Economic Review. “Sekuyiminyaka engamashumi amabili amafektri aseJapane ezimisele ukuphumelela ngokusebenzisa imishini esikhundleni sokusebenzisa abantu. Manje abantu benza ibuya. Empeleni izinkampane ezimbalwa ezinkulu ezenza imikhiqizo zikhipha imishini yokuhlanganisa izinto futhi zisebenzisa abantu esikhundleni sayo.” Ngani? Ngoba abantu banokuthile imishini engenakho—ukuvumelana nezimo. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokwenza ushintsho oluthile lwemikhiqizo, abantu bangavumelana nezimo ngokushesha, kuyilapho kungase kuthathe izinyanga eziningi ukuhlela kabusha imishini. “Ngaphambili, sagcina sesisebenzisa abantu njengemishini,” kusho uTomiaki Mizukami, umongameli wefektri i-NEC. “Kodwa manje kumelwe sisebenzise ukuhlakanipha kwabo. Ukusebenzisa imishini kwakukuhle, kodwa manje sithola ukuthi empeleni ukusebenzisa abantu kuyashesha.” Ngokwesibonelo, kwatholakala ukuthi izisebenzi zakwa-NEC zingahlanganisa izingcingo ngokuphumelela okungamaphesenti angu-45 kunemishini. Futhi abantu basebenzisa indawo encane kunemishini, futhi imishini engeyona inkimbinkimbi idinga omakhenika abambalwa nezindleko zokuyinakekela eziphansi. Lomagazini uthi: “Ngemva kweminyaka emibili noma emithathu yokungayisebenzisi imishini, lezi zinkampane zonga kakhulu futhi umkhiqizo waphakama.”

Imibhoshongo “Emisha” Yokubukwa Engunxa-ntathu

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi izivakashi ezibuka amazwe zithutheleka ziyobona uMbhoshongo Omkhulu Ongunxa-ntathu WaseGiza, owakhiwa iNkosi uKhufu—owaziwa nangokuthi uCheops. Kodwa bambalwa abaye babona imibhoshongo eyashiywa uyise, uSnefru. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi lemibhoshongo yayingabonakali, ifihlwe isikhungo samabutho empi eDahshûr. Kodwa lokho sekushintshile. I-Council of Antiquities ephakeme yaseGibithe manje seyivule lendawo ukuba ibonwe umphakathi. Kulemibhoshongo engunxa-ntathu engu-11 elapho, emithathu yakhiwa uSnefru—wakha emihlanu seyiyonke—futhi ihlanganisa uMbhoshongo Ongunxa-ntathu Obomvu, owokuqala ngqá owakhiwa onezinhlangothi ezibushelelezi. Imibhoshongo engunxa-ntathu eyakhiwa ngaphambili yayinezitebhisi ezinhlangothini. Mhlawumbe ohlaba umxhwele kakhulu uMbhoshongo Ongunxa-ntathu Ogobile, obizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokuthi uhlangothi lwawo olumile lushintsha ngokungazelele engxenyeni ephezulu. Ngokusobala lolu hlangothi lwabadumaza abaphangi betshe, okungase kube yisizathu sokuthi kungani lombhoshongo ongunxa-ntathu unamatshe amahle ngaphezu kwayo yonke eminye imibhoshongo yaseGibithe engonxantathu. Umagazini i-Time uphawula ukuthi nakuba amakhosi angaphambili ayekhulekelwa ngokugcwele lapho esefile, uSnefru “wathi ungunkulunkulu welanga ophilayo uRe. USnefru wangcwatshwa eMbhoshongweni Ongunxa-ntathu Obomvu, emhumeni omuhle onamagumbi amathathu obhekwa njengophambili kunayo yonke eMbusweni Omdala.”