Kwenzekeni Kwezokuzijabulisa?
KWAKUNGENZEKA kanjani ukuba amaRoma asendulo, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayenesiko eliphambili, abheke ubuhlungu babanye abantu njengokuzijabulisa? “Kwakubangelwa kuphela ukulangazelela izinto ezintsha nezinamandla ngokwengeziwe ezishukumisa umzwelo,” kubhala uGerhard Uhlhorn kwethi The Conflict of Christianity With Heathenism. “Njengoba base bezitike ngazo zonke izinhlobo zokuzijabulisa, abantu base befuna . . . injabulo ababengasayitholi ndawo.”
Ngendlela efanayo abantu abaningi namuhla babonakalisa “ukulangazelela izinto ezintsha nezinamandla ngokwengeziwe ezishukumisa umzwelo.” Kuyavunywa, bangase bangahlangani ngenjongo yokuba babukele ukuchithwa kwegazi noma ukuziphatha ngokobulili okungenakuzithiba. Kodwa uhlobo lwezokuzijabulisa abalukhethayo lwembula ukuhuheka okufanayo ngobudlova nobulili. Cabangela ezinye izibonelo.
Amabhayisikobho. Eminyakeni yamuva nje abenzi bezithombe zamabhayisikobho baye “bakhetha okuphendukezelwe,” kugomela umhlaziyi wamabhayisikobho uMichael Medved. “Isigijimi samabhayisikobho,” enezela, “kubonakala siwukuthi ukuboniswa konya nokusangana kufanele kunikezwe ukunakekela okukhulu, kuhlonishwe kakhulu kunanoma yimiphi imizamo yokubonisa ukuziphatha okuhle noma ubuhle.”
Ukuncintisana nethelevishini kuye kwaphoqelela abenzi bezithombe zamabhayisikobho ukuba benze noma yini ukuze bahehele abantu ezindaweni zamabhayisikobho. “Kudingeka amabhayisikobho ashukumisayo, anonya, avelele kunazo zonke izinhlelo abantu abazibuka kuyi-TV,” kusho usihlalo wendawo ethile yokuqopha amabhayisikobho. “Akusho ukuthi sigxile ekuboniseni ukuchithwa kwegazi nolimi [olungcolile], kodwa yilokho okudingekayo namuhla ukuze wenze isithombe sebhayisikobho.” Ngempela, abaningi abasethuswa ngisho nawubudlova obuyingcaca basebhayisikobho. “Abantu sebebuthuntu,” kusho umqondisi wamabhayisikobho u-Alan J. Pakula. “Inani labantu abafayo liye laphindeka kane, amandla ezinto eziqhumayo anda ngokuphawulekayo, futhi abantu abakushayi mkhuba lokho. Abasaneliswa izinto ezinonya.”
Ithelevishini. Ukuboniswa kobulili ngokuyingcaca kuyi-TV manje sekuyinsakavukela emazweni amaningi emhlabeni, kuhlanganise naseBrazil, eJapane naseYurophu. Umuntu ovamile obuka i-TV eMelika ubuka izigcawu eziphathelene nobulili ezingaba ngu-14 000 ngonyaka owodwa. “Ukwanda kwezihloko ezinobulili nokuba ingcaca kwazo akubonisi zimpawu zokuncipha,” kubika iqembu elithile labacwaningi. “Izihloko ezazenqatshelwe ngaphambili njengobuhlobo bobulili nesihlobo, ukuthola injabulo ngokuzwisa abanye ubuhlungu nokuba nobuhlobo bobulili nesilwane ziye zangenisa izindodla zemali ngesikhathi abantu abaningi ababuka ngaso ithelevishini.”
Ngokwencwadi ethi Watching America, kunesizathu sokuba kube nokuyekelela kuthelevishini. Ithi: “Ubulili bungenisa imali. . . . Njengoba iziteshi nezinkampane ezikhiqiza izinhlelo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi zijabulisa izibukeli eziningi kunalezo ezizicasulayo, ziye zakwandisa kancane kancane ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yazo ngokuvumela ukuba izinto eziningi ezazenqatshelwe zivezwe ngendlela eyingcaca.”
Imidlalo Yama-video. Inkathi kaPac-Man noDonkey Kong eyayingenakho ukonakala uma kuqhathaniswa iye yadedela inkathi entsha yemidlalo enonya olwesabekayo. UProfesa Marsha Kinder uchaza ukuthi lemidlalo “mibi kune-TV noma ibhayisikobho.” Idlulisela “isigijimi sokuthi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokunqoba ukuba nobudlova.”
Ngenxa yokukhathazeka komphakathi, inkampane ethile ephambili e-United States manje isebenzisa isimiso sokuhlaziya imidlalo yayo yama-video. Uphawu oluthi “MA-17”—olubonisa ukuthi lomdlalo “wabantu abavuthiwe” awubafanele labo abaneminyaka engaphansi kuka-17—lungase luhlanganise ubudlova obushubile, ubulili nenhlamba. Nokho, abanye besaba ukuthi lolu phawu luyomane lwenze umdlalo ukhange ngokwengeziwe. “Ukube bengineminyaka engu-15 ubudala bese ngibona uphawu oluthi MA-17,” kusho osemusha othanda lemidlalo, “bengiyowufuna ngabomvu lowo mdlalo.”
Umculo. Umagazini ohlaziya izosha zomculo othandwayo uthi ekupheleni kuka-1995, ama-albhamu omculo ayishumi kuphela kwangamashumi amane adl’ubhedu ayengenayo inhlamba noma ukubhekisela ezidakamizweni, ebudloveni, noma ebulilini. “Umculo izingane eziwulalelayo uyashaqisa, iningi lawo liphika zonke izimiso ezikhona,” kubika i-St. Louis Post-Dispatch. “[Umculo] okhanga enye intsha ugcwele intukuthelo nokungabi nathemba futhi ukhuthaza imizwa yokuthi izwe nomuntu owulalele baya ekubhujisweni.”
Umculo onesigqi esinamandla, i-rock ye-“grunge” ne-rap “egcwele ulimi lwasemgwaqweni” ubonakala ugcwele ubudlova. Futhi ngokombiko we-San Francisco Chronicle, “abahlaziyi bezokuzijabulisa abaningi babikezela ukuthi amaqembu asabeka kakhulu aphokophele eqophelweni eliphakeme.” Amaculo aphakamisa intukuthelo nokufa aseyathandwa e-Australia, eJapane naseYurophu. Yiqiniso, amanye amaqembu aye azama ukuba nesigijimi esizothile. Nokho, i-Chronicle iyaphawula: “Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi awuthengiswa kahle umculo omsulwa.”
Ama-computer. Lawa amathuluzi amahle anezinzuzo ezinhle eziningi. Nokho, abanye abantu baye bawasebenzisa futhi ukuze basakaze ukwaziswa okuphendukezelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umagazini i-Maclean’s ubika ukuthi lokhu kuhlanganisa “izithombe nezincwadi ezikhuluma ngazo zonke izinto kusuka ezithombeni eziyinqaba ezikhulekelwayo kuya ebufebeni nasekunukubezeni abantwana ngokobulili—ukwaziswa okungabashaqisa abantu abadala abaningi, ingasaphathwa eyabantwana babo.”
Izincwadi. Izincwadi eziningi ezithandwayo zigcwele ubulili nobudlova. Imfashini yamuva e-United States naseCanada kuye kwaba yilokho okuthiwa “indaba eqanjiwe ekhexisa umlomo”—izindaba ezisabekayo ezihloselwe intsha eneminyaka engaba ngu-8. UDiana West, ebhala kuyi-New York Teacher, uthi lezi zincwadi “zibulala unembeza wezingane, zishafisa ukusebenza kwengqondo ngaphambi kokuba iqale ngisho nokusebenza.”
Izincwadi eziningi zamahlaya ezinyatheliswa eHong Kong, eJapane nase-United States “zinempi yonya olukhulu, ubuzimu, ukunqunywa amakhanda, ukukhulekelwa kukaSathane, ukudlwengula nenhlamba,” kubika ukuhlola kwe-National Coalition on Television Violence (NCTV). “Ukuxhaphaka kobudlova nokwaziswa kobulili okonakalisayo kulabomagazini kuyashaqisa,” kusho uDkt. Thomas Radecki, umqondisi ongumcwaningi we-NCTV. “Kubonisa indlela esiye savuma ngayo ukuba sibe buthuntu.”
Isidingo Sokuqapha
Ngokusobala, ubulili nobudlova buyakhanga namuhla, futhi bubonakala kwezokuzijabulisa. Isimo siyefana naleso esachazwa umphostoli uPawulu ongumKristu: “Zingasenawo nhlobo umuzwa wokuziphatha okuhle, zazinikela ekuziphatheni okuxekethile ukuze zisebenze zonke izinhlobo zokungahlanzeki ngokuhaha.” (Efesu 4:19) Ngokunengqondo abaningi namuhla bafuna okuthile okungcono. Ingabe nawe wenza kanjalo? Uma kunjalo, uyokujabulela ukwazi ukuthi ungazithola ezokuzijabulisa ezakhayo, njengoba isihloko esilandelayo sizobonisa.
[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 5]
Ithelevishini Ingaba Ingozi
UMPHAKATHI wase-United States wabona ithelevishini okokuqala ngqá embukisweni womhlaba wonke wango-1939 eNew York. Omunye umlobeli wephephandaba owayekhona wagxeka ikusasa lalomshini omusha. Wabhala: “Inkinga yethelevishini ukuthi abantu kumelwe bahlale bayigqolozele; umkhaya ovamile waseMelika awunaso isikhathi sayo.”
Yeka ukuthi wayephambuke kanjani! Ngempela, kuthiwa ngesikhathi umuntu ovamile waseMelika ephothula esikoleni, uyobe esechithe isikhathi esiningi ngamaphesenti angu-50 ebuka i-TV kunesikhathi asichithe efunda esikoleni. “Izingane ezibuka ithelevishini kakhulu zinolaka kakhulu, ziphelelwa ithemba kakhulu, zinesisindo esiphakeme, azikwazi ukusungula izinto, azinalo uzwela, futhi azinalo ikhono njengezinye izingane ezifunda nazo eziyibuka kancane,” kusho uDkt. Madeline Levine, encwadini yakhe ethi Viewing Violence.
Siyini iseluleko sakhe? “Izingane kudingeka zifundiswe ukuthi ithelevishini, njenganoma yimuphi omunye umshini endlini, inomsebenzi othile. Umshini wokomisa izinwele siyawucima lapho izinwele zethu sezomile, nomshini wokugazinga siyawucima lapho sesiqedile ukugazinga. Siyayazi imisebenzi yalemishini futhi siyazi ukuthi kufanele siyicishe nini. Izingane zethu kudingeka zifundiswe okufanayo ngethelevishini.”
[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 7]
Ezokuzijabulisa Emhlabeni Wonke
I-Phaphama! yacela abalobeli bayo emazweni ahlukahlukene omhlaba ukuba bachaze izinto ezithandwayo zokuzijabulisa ezindaweni zangakubo. Okulandelayo, okunye kokukhulumela kwabo.
EBrazil: “Izinhlelo ze-TV ziwohloka ngokuqhubekayo. Kodwa njengoba abazali abaningi besebenza, ngokuvamile izingane zisala zizijabulisa nge-TV. Ayathandwa ama-CD-ROM akhuluma ngokulumba nemidlalo yama-video enobudlova obuyingcaca.”
ECzech Republic: “Selokhu kwawa ubuKhomanisi, lelizwe liye lagcwala ezokuzijabulisa ezingakaze zibonwe lapha ngaphambili, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo ze-TV zaseNtshonalanga nezitolo zezincwadi zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Intsha ayipheli ema-disco, ezindaweni zokudlala i-billiard nasezinkantini. Ukukhangisa okwandile nokucindezela kontanga ngokuvamile kunethonya elinamandla kuyo.”
EJalimane: “Ngeshwa, abazali abaningi bakhathele kakhulu ukuba bahlelele izingane zabo ezokuzijabulisa, ngakho ngokuvamile intsha ithembele kwenye ukuze izijabulise. Enye iyazihlukanisa idlale imidlalo yama-computer. Enye iya emidansweni edonsa ubusuku bonke enomculo oklabalasayo, lapho kuxhaphake khona izidakamizwa.”
EJapane: “Intsha nabantu abadala bathanda ukuzilibazisa ngezincwadi zamahlaya, kodwa ngokuvamile nazo zigcwele ubudlova, ukuziphatha okubi nolimi olungcolile. Ukugembula nakho kuyinsakavukela. Omunye umkhuba omubi othandwayo ukuthi amanye amantombazanyana ashayela ucingo ezikhungweni zezingcingo ezikhangiswa kabanzi ezinakekela izifiso zabesilisa abanezinjongo zokuziphatha okubi. Amanye ashaya ucingo ukuze azijabulise nje, kuyilapho amanye efinyelela eqophelweni lokuphola nabo ukuze athole imali, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ebufebeni.”
ENigeria: “Izindawo zama-video ezingalawulwa ziyasakazeka kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Afrika. Kulemijondolo yokuciciyela kungena noma ubani, kuhlanganise nezingane. Kuboniswa ama-video ezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nama-video ahlasimulisa umzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izithombe zebhayisikobho ezenziwa endaweni eziboniswa kuyi-TV ngokuvamile zinokusetshenziswa kwemimoya.”
ENingizimu Afrika: “Imidanso yobusuku bonke enomculo oklabalasayo iyachuma lapha, futhi ngokuvamile izidakamizwa zixhaphakile kulemidanso.”
ESweden: “Izinkantini nama-nightclub kuyachuma eSweden, futhi ngokuvamile izigebengu nabashushumbisi bezidakamizwa bathuthelekela kulezi zindawo. Ezokuzijabulisa zethelevishini nama-video zigcwele ubudlova, ukusetshenziswa kwemimoya nokuziphatha okubi.”