Ukubuka Okwezwe
Ingculaza Nentuthuko
Embulungeni yonke, umqedazwe wengculaza uye wathiya intuthuko yabantu ngeminyaka engu-1,3, kusho umbiko wamuva we-United Nations Development Programme. Amazwe athinteke kakhulu amazwe athile ase-Afrika—iZambia iye yalahlekelwa iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi yentuthuko yabantu; iTanzania, iminyaka engu-8; iRwanda, iminyaka engu-7; iCentral African Republic, iminyaka engaphezu kweyisithupha. Ingculaza iye yanciphisa nobude besikhathi sokuphila esilindelekile. ENyakatho Melika naseYurophu, ingculaza isiyimbangela ephambili yokufa kwabantu abadala abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-45 ubudala. Emhlabeni wonke, abantu abangu-6000 usuku ngalunye bangenwa i-HIV, umuntu oyedwa njalo emizuzwaneni engu-15. Abangamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-85 ababulawa ingculaza abantu abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-20 nengu-45 ubudala.
Amakhono Okufunda Namathuba Omsebenzi
Ngokwephephandaba i-Vancouver Sun, umbiko we-Statistics Canada uthi “abangamaphesenti aphakathi kwangu-56 nangu-64 abantu baseCanada abangasebenzi banamakhono okufunda angemahle.” Ukuhlolwa okuthile kwango-1995 kwamakhono okufunda ulimi, izincwadi nezinombolo kwembula ukuthi abaseCanada abangamaphesenti angu-36 babenobunzima kulezi zici zontathu. “Ezimbonini ‘ezindala,’ njengezolimo, izimayini, ezokwenziwa kwezinto nezokwakha, . . . ikhono lokufunda libonakala liphansi kakhulu,” kusho i-Sun. Njengoba amathuba emisebenzi encipha kulemikhakha, izisebenzi ezinamakhono emfundo angemahle zisengozini enkulu yokudilizwa nokuxoshwa emsebenzini. UJohn O’Leary, umongameli wenhlangano yezokufunda, waphawula ukuthi “ukuba nemfundo engeyinhle ngo-1996 kubangele ukunqatshelwa amathuba amaningi omuntu siqu nawobuchwepheshe.”
Ukungezwani Namaphela
Ngokwe-University of California at Berkeley Wellness Letter, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abaphakathi kwezigidi eziyishumi neziyishumi nanhlanu e-United States abezwani namaphela. Lapho enqwamana namaphela, umuntu ongezwani nawo angase “aqubuke isikhumba, abe nemfiva, noma abe nesifuba somoya.” Leli pheshana laphawula ukuthi “amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 azo zonke izingane ezinesifuba somoya awezwani namaphela.” Amaphela awalona uphawu lwekhishi elingcolile. Ngisho “nekhishi elingahlalwa mpukane lingaba nawo,” kusho i-Wellness Letter. Kuye kwalinganiselwa ukuthi ngalelo nalelo phela elitholakalayo, kungase kube namaphela angu-1000 afihlekile akhasa kuyo yonke indlu. Umbhangqwana owodwa wamaphela ungazala abantwana abangaba ngu-100 000 ngonyaka owodwa kuphela.
Ukwanda Kobumpofu
Inani labantu emhlabeni wonke manje abaphila ngobubha—abachazwa njengabahola imali engaphansi kuka-R1730 ngonyaka—lingaba izigidi ezingu-1300, cishe ingxenye yesine yenani labantu emhlabeni. Iningi lihlala emazweni asathuthuka. Ngokuvamile, laba bantu abanakho ukudla okwanele, amanzi ahlanzekile, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, izindlu ezifanele, imfundo nemisebenzi. Ezimweni eziningi, babukelwa phansi emiphakathini abaphila kuyo futhi abanawo amandla okushintsha izimo zabo. Ngokwe-United Nations Development Programme, inani labantu abaphila ngobubha landa cishe ngezigidi ezingu-25 unyaka ngamunye.
Ukuluthwa Izidakamizwa EYurophu
Inhlangano yaseYurophu entsha ehloselwe ukubhekisisa ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa muva nje inyathelise umbiko wayo wokuqala waminyaka yonke. Ngokwephephandaba lansuku zonke laseFrance i-Monde, ukuhlola kwayo kwembula ukuthi kunemilutha ye-heroin “ephakathi kuka-500 000 nesigidi” e-European Union. Nakuba ukuluthwa i-heroin kubonakala kungandi noma ngisho kuncipha emadolobheni amakhulu aseYurophu, kuyanda emadolobheni amancane. Imikhiqizo eyizithombo enjengensangu kuseyizidakamizwa ezisetshenziswa kabanzi eYurophu. Ochwepheshe bakhathazekile ngokuthandwa okwandayo kwalokho okuthiwa ingxube, okuwukuxutshwa kwezidakamizwa nemithi notshwala. ENyakatho Yurophu, ama-amphetamine, i-Ecstasy (eyenziwa nge-methamphetamine) ne-LSD kuthandwa ngokwandayo phakathi kwentsha.
‘Ubushiqela Bokuzaca’
Ngaphansi kwesihloko esikhulu esithi “Ukulwa Nobushiqela Bokuzaca,” i-Irish Times iyabika: “Amanani ashaqisayo amantombazane asakhula angenwa isifo sokuntuleka kwegazi ngenxa yezimfashini zokudla.” Odokotela baye bazwakalisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngalomkhuba. Kwezinye izimo imboni yezezimfashini iyamangalelwa “ngenxa yethonya layo elibhubhisayo entsheni ethonyeka kalula.” Lombiko uthi esizukulwaneni esidlule umkhangisi wezezimfashini ovamile wayenesisindo esingaphansi kwesowesifazane ovamile ngamaphesenti angu-8. Kulezi zinsuku singaphansi ngamaphesenti angu-23. I-Irish Times ithi: “Izitho ezizacile ziyimfashini, kanti ukuba uDasi—ukuphaphatheka, ukuba mncane, ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla . . . —manje sekubhekwa njengomkhuba ovamile.” Njengoba engaphansi kokucindezelwa ukuba avumelane nalomkhuba, amantombazane amaningi asakhula, njengoba efuna ukuzaca, adla ukudla okungenakho okusansimbi okusemqoka, amaprotheni namavithamini.
Isithakazelo Esingalindelekile EBhayibhelini
“Kuye kwakhishwa amakhophi ayingxenye yesigidi eTestamente Elisha ngesiDanish [inguqulo yemiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki]—imikhaya ngaminye yaseCopenhagen engamaphesenti angaba ngu-98 yanikezwa ikhophi eyodwa,” kubika i-ENI Bulletin. Lokhu kwenziwa njengengxenye yokugubha indima yeCopenhagen njengeNhloko-dolobha Yezempucuko YaseYurophu Ka-1996. Abaningi babebikezele ukuthi amaphesenti aphakathi kwayishumi nangamashumi amabili emikhaya yaseCopenhagen ayezosenqaba lesi sipho. Nokho, ngokukaMorten Aagaard, unobhala-jikelele weNhlangano YeBhayibheli YaseDenmark, “imikhaya eyiphesenti elilodwa noma amabili kuphela” eyasenqaba lesi sipho. Kuhlelwa ukwabiwa okufanayo eStockholm, eSweden, ngo-1998.
Umngane Omkhulu
EJalimane, abantu abayisishiyagalolunye kwabayishumi bathi banomngane omkhulu, kubika i-Nassauische Neue Presse. Lokhu kwembulwa ukuhlola kwe-Empirical Scientific Social Research, eyaxoxa nabantu abangaphezu kuka-1000 abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-16 nengu-60 ubudala. Ukukhulumisana nokwethembeka kwakubhekwa njengokusemqoka phakathi kwezici zobungane obuhlala isikhathi eside. Cishe bonke abantu okwaxoxwa nabo bavuma ukuthi ukungathembeki nokukhashelwa kungabuqeda ngokuqinisekile ubungane obunjalo. Ngokwaleli phephandaba, “bangamaphesenti angu-16 kuphela abalindele ukuthi umngane omkhulu [ababoleke] imali ezimweni eziphuthumayo.” Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani elikhulu lalibheka ukusekelwa umngane lapho ligula njengokubaluleke kakhulu.
Yidla Isithelo Nsuku Zonke
Ukudla isithelo nsuku zonke kuhlobene nokuncipha kwengozi yesifo senhliziyo, ngokokuhlolwa kwabantu abangu-11 000 okuthathe iminyaka engu-17, okwanyatheliswa kuyi-British Medical Journal. Phakathi kwalabo abahlolwa ababedla isithelo nsuku zonke, kwakunenani elingaphansi ngamaphesenti angu-24 lababulawa isifo senhliziyo kanye nenani elingaphansi ngamaphesenti angu-32 lababulawa isifo sohlangothi. Kulabo ababedla isithelo nsuku zonke, kwafa abangaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-21 uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo ababengazidli njalo izithelo. Ukudla okungenazo izithelo kungase kubangele ukwanda kwezifo zemithambo yegazi njengokufa uhlangothi nesifo senhliziyo emiphakathini ethile, kuphawula iqembu lososayensi baseBrithani nabaseSpain. Ukuze umuntu azuze kakhulu empilweni, abacwaningi manje batusa ukudla okungenani imifino nezithelo kahlanu ngosuku. Ngokwe-British Medical Journal, uma izithelo nemifino emisha kungatholakali, khona-ke izithelo nemifino okuqandisiwe kungaba nezinzuzo ezifanayo.
Ukunakekela Abanesifo Sokusangana
“Idokwe elishisayo, umculo opholile nendawo eklanywe ngokucophelela akuzona izinto ezintsha kwezokwelapha, kodwa kushintsha indlela asebekhulile abanakekelwa ngayo,” kusho i-Globe and Mail yaseCanada. Ukwenza ushintsho olulula nolungabizi endleleni abagulayo abagezwa futhi baphiwe ngayo ukudla kunciphisa ukudideka nokukhathazeka kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, lombiko waphawula ukuthi ukuletha ukudla okukodwa okuhlukile ngesikhathi lapho kudliwa kukhulula ogulayo emthwalweni wokunquma ukuthi yini okufanele ayidle kuqala, ngokuvamile okumdidayo umuntu onesifo sokusangana. Ukuzimisela ukuzama amacebo amasha kuye kwabangela ngisho nokuncipha okuphawulekayo ekusebenziseni kwabagulayo imithi elawula imizwa.
Kuyingozi Kunokubhema?
Ngokwe-Statistics Canada, “ukungawuvivinyi umzimba kuyingozi ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili empilweni kunokubhema ugwayi,” kubika i-Medical Post. Nakuba abaseCanada abangaba izigidi ezingu-7 cishe beyoba nezinkinga zempilo ezingathi sína futhi bafe ngokushesha ngenxa yokubhema ugwayi, abaphakathi kwezigidi ezingu-14 nezingu-17 babhekene nezingozi zempilo ezifanayo ngenxa yokungawuvivinyi umzimba. Ukungabi naso isikhathi, ukuntula amandla nokuzimisela kubalwa njengezici eziyinhloko ezithiya ukuvivinya umzimba njalo. Futhi abantu abangawuvivinyi umzimba cishe badla amafutha kakhulu kunezithelo nemifino. “Umgomo wamanje ukuze inhliziyo izuze kakhulu uwukukhuthaza abantu ukuba bavivinye umzimba okungenani njalo ngemva kosuku olulodwa okungenani imizuzu engu-30 ngesineke noma ngomfutho,” kusho i-Post.