Ukubuka Okwezwe
Izindleko Eziphakeme Zokuntshontshwa Kwezimoto
Ngokwezibalo zamuva nje ezikhishwe i-Statistics Canada, kwantshontshwa inani eliphakeme lezimoto ezingu-146 846 eCanada ngo-1992. Iphephandaba i-Vancouver Sun lathi lokhu kwafinyelela isilinganiso sokuntshontshwa kwezimoto ezingu-8,4 kulezo nalezo ezingu-1 000, kuyilapho isilinganiso sase-United States sasicishe sibe ngu-8,3. Kwakungavamile ukuba izimoto ezintshontshiwe zibuyiswe zisesimweni sazo sakuqala, futhi lombiko waphawula ukuthi “izindleko zokuntshontshwa kwezimoto, izimpahla ezisezimotweni, nokucekelwa phansi kwezimoto zafinyelela kuma-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,6 [amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,1] ngo-1992.” Lezizindleko zinkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingaba ngu-30 kunezokukhwabanisa ngamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti nezokuntshontsha futhi zinkulu cishe ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-500 kunemali elahleka ngokuphangwa kwamabhange. Ukuntshontsha imoto ukuze uzijabulise kwathiwa kuyimbangela evame kakhulu yokuntshontshwa kwezimoto. “Intsha eneminyaka engu-12 kuya kwengu-17 yayakha cishe ingxenye yalabo ababekwa icala lokuntshontsha izimoto,” kunezela i-Sun.
Umadl’ angakhokhi
Umuntu othile waseNew York usengene ejele izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-31 ngenxa yecala elilodwa: ukuntshontsha ukudla. Lendoda eneminyaka engu-36 ubudala ingena endaweni yokudla, i-ode iwayini elimnandi nokudla okwehla esiphundu, bese yehlisa ngekhofi elimnyama. Lapho kufika ipheshana lokukhokha, itshela uweta ukuthi ayinamali bese ilindela ukuboshwa. Kungani yenza kanjalo? Lendoda engenakhaya ithi: “Kunzima ngaphandle.” Ithi ejele kunokuhleleka, kudliwa ngesikhathi, futhi lokho kudla kwehla esiphundu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ayifuni ukuphanga noma ukulimaza abantu; imane nje ifuna ukudla kahle nokuba nombhede ohlanzekile nendawo yokulala ethokomele. Ngakho ngaso sonke isikhathi iyalivuma icala enkantolo bese icela isigwebo esiphelele. Ukuyikhoselisa ejele kubiza abakhokhi bentela ama-dollar angu-162 (R588) ngosuku. Eqinisweni, ukudla kwama-dollar angu-51,31 (R186,25) ekudlile muva nje idonsa ejele isigwebo sayo esiyizinsuku ezingu-90 kubabize ama-dollar angu-14 580 (R52 925). Iye yabiza iNew York ama-dollar angaphezu kuka-250 000 (R907 500) phakathi neminyaka emihlanu edlule. I-New York Times ithi: ‘Abameli be-Legal Aid baye babona inani elincane kodwa elikhulayo labantu abenza amacala awubala ngenjongo yokuyogqunywa ejele ukuze babalekele ubumpofu noma indlala.’
Buza Udokotela Wakho Wamazinyo
Umbono ovezwe muva nje ngethuba lokusakazeka kwegciwane lengculaza ngezindlela zokwelapha amazinyo wenza abantu besabe. Ukuhlola okwenziwa i-American Dental Hygienists’ Association kwembula ukuthi amaphesenti angu-83 abantu abathola ukwelashwa kwamazinyo akhathazwa ukuthi angangenwa yisifo esithathelwanayo lapho elashwa amazinyo. Ngokukamagazini i-American Health, iziguli kufanele ziqiniseke ukuthi izisebenzi zokunakekela amazinyo azifaki amagilavu nezivikelabuso kuphela kodwa ziyakushintsha ngaphambi kokwelapha isiguli esilandelayo. Amathuluzi aphinde asetshenziswe kufanele abiliswe ngemva kwesiguli ngasinye ukuze kubulawe amagciwane. I-American Health iphawula ukuthi “amasu okubulala amagciwane ngamakhaza, njengokuhlanza amathuluzi ngotshwala, awanele.” Lomagazini unezela ngokuthi “uma udokotela wakho wamazinyo engazimisele ukuphendula imibuzo yakho, funa omunye.”
Izivakashi Ezinezifo
I-WHO (World Health Organization) ilinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti aphakathi kwangu-20 nangu-50 abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine abavakasha unyaka ngamunye bangenwa isifo sohudo, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokudla noma amanzi angcolile. Ukukhathala okubangelwa ukuhamba, noma ukushintsha ukudla nesimo sezulu kungase kube nengxenye kulenkinga ngokuthena amandla esivakashi okulwa nezifo. Ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okungenwa isifo sohudo, i-WHO itusa okulandelayo: Qiniseka ukuthi ukudla kuphekisisiwe futhi kusashisa lapho kuphakwa. Uma amanzi okuphuza engase abe angaphephile, wabilise noma ubulale amagciwane ngamaphilisi athembekile atholakala emakhemisi. Gwema ukudla okuluhlaza ngaphandle kwezithelo nezitshalo ezicwecwayo noma ezinamagobolondo. “Khumbula lesisiqubulo,” kusho i-WHO, “Kupheke, ukucwecwe noma ukuyeke.”
Iziphambeko ZamaKatolika
Ngokwe-New York Times, uPapa John Paul II unxusa amaKatolika ukuba ahlawulele iziphambeko zawo azenza kubantu eminyakeni engu-2 000 edlule. Upapa wathi lelisonto kufanele “liziqaphele ngokugcwele izono zabantwana balo.” Ngokobufakazi obutholakalayo leziziphambeko zihlobene nendima eyafezwa amaKatolika phakathi nokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki okwesabekayo eSpain nokuQothulwa Kwesizwe ngamaNazi. I-Times iphawula ukuthi “indaba yokuhlawulela amaphutha amaKatolika ibucayi ngoba ibonisa iphutha lesonto ekuchazeni iqiniso lalo.” Leliphephandaba lanezela ukuthi abanye okhadinali baba nomuzwa wokuthi “kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlola ukuhluleka kwanamuhla kwezimiso zokuziphatha.”
Izibhamu EMelika
Ngokombiko wamuva nje, kunezibhamu ezingaba izigidi ezingu-200 kuwo wonke umphakathi wase-United States. Ngokwesilinganiso, kudutshulwa othile njalo emizuzwini emibili. Kufa othile njalo emizuzwini engu-14 ngenxa yokudutshulwa. Njalo emahoreni ayisithupha ingane noma owevé eshumini nambili uzibulala ngesibhamu. Lombiko uthi nganoma yiluphi usuku, izingane zaseMelika ziza esikoleni ziphethe izibhamu ezingaba ngu-270 000. Umagazini i-Redbook uchaza ukuthi “phakathi kuka-1979 no-1991, izingane ezingaba ngu-50 000 zabulawa ngezibhamu—okucishe kulingane nenani lamaMelika abulawa eMpini yaseVietnam.”
Imibhangqwana YaseNdiya Iyahlaselwa
Umagazini i-India Today uthi eNdiya umshado “uyahlaselwa kulokho okuphendukela ngokushesha ekubeni umphakathi ‘wobumina.’” Imibhangqwana eminingi yabasebasha ithutheleka ezinkantolo ngenxa yezingxabano zayo. Ngokwe-India Today, umeluleki uDkt. Narayana Reddy ubika ukuthi “inani labantu abazofuna iseluleko sobuchwepheshe eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala beshadile liye laphindeka kabili eminyakeni emihlanu edlule.” Eminye imibhangqwana iye yafuna usizo lobuchwepheshe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje ishadile. Ngokuvamile, akukho okusha ngezici ezibangela ukuwohloka kwemishado yaseNdiya: ukuphinga, ukuluthwa utshwala, ukuphikisana ngemali nangempahla, ukungezwani nabasemzini, nezindaba zobulili. Ukucindezeleka “sekuyinkinga engamahlalakhona, engabonakali futhi enonya emakhaya aseNdiya.”
Umsakazo Omelene Nomiyane?
Isiteshi somsakazo esithile sasePoland siye saqala ukusebenzisa indlela entsha yokulwa nalesosinambuzane esidala umiyane. Umagazini wemvelo waseFrance i-Terre Sauvage ubika ukuthi phakathi nenkathi yokuchamusela komiyane ePoland, izinkulungwane zezilaleli zomsakazo zakwazi ukulwa nalezizinambuzane ezicasulayo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane. Zavele zavula isiteshi somsakazo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Radio Zet. Ngokwe-Terre Sauvage, lesisiteshi somsakazo sasakaza amaza omoya anganqamuki, lawo nakuba ayengazwakali kubantu, ayezwakala komiyane. Lawa kwakungamaza ama-electron afana nomsindo ophakeme wamalulwane adla omiyane—anamandla okuxosha noma yimuphi umiyane owezwayo.
Bayanda Abagugayo
Umkhaya wesintu uyaguga. I-World Health, iphephabhuku le-World Health Organization, ichaza ukuthi “nyanga zonke, ingqikithi ekhona yabantu basemhlabeni abayizigidi ezingu-360 abaneminyaka engu-65 nangaphezulu yanda ngabantu abangu-800 000.” Phakathi neminyaka engu-30 ezayo, inani lasebekhulile kulindeleke ukuba lifinyelele izigidi ezingaba ngu-850. I-World Health ithi inani labantu abagugile landa ngokuphawulekayo eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika ngenxa “yenani labazalwayo elilokhu liphansi nokwanda kobude besikhathi sokuphila” kulawomazwe. Lomagazini uphawula ukuthi “iSweden inabantu ‘abadala kunabo bonke’ emhlabeni, njengoba izakhamuzi zakhona ezingaphezu kuka-18% zineminyaka engu-65 noma ngaphezulu.”
Ukudla Nempilo EBrithani
“Abantu baseBrithani baphakathi kwabantu abangondlekile ngempela eYurophu,” kusho umagazini waseBrithani i-Economist. Ukuhlola kwamuva nje kwembule ukuthi cishe ingxenye yabantu abadala baseBrithani “inesisindo esingaphezu kwesivamile noma ikhuluphele—okungase kuchaze isizathu sokuba abantu baseBrithani, abandulelwa amaCzech, babesengozini enkulu yesifo senhliziyo kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe,” kusho i-Economist. IKomiti kahulumeni ye-Medical Aspects of Food Policy seyikhiphe okuningana kokuthuthukisa lesisimo. Ukusikisela kwayo kuhlanganisa ukudla “inhlanzi, isinkwa, imifino namazambane” okwengeziwe nokunciphisa usawoti, ushukela namafutha ekudleni.
Ukuncipha Kwe-ozone
I-OMM (Inhlangano Yezwe Yesayensi Yomkhathi) eGeneva, eSwitzerland, ibikezela ukuthi naphezu kwemizamo yokunciphisa ukonakala kongqimba lomhlaba lwe-ozone, ukuncipha kwalolungqimba oluvikelayo kuzoqhubeka kwanda okungenani kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngokwenkonzo yezindaba i-France-Presse, iziphetho ze-OMM zisekelwe ekuhloleni kososayensi abangu-266 eminyakeni emine edlule emazweni angu-29 ahlukahlukene. Izinyathelo ezithathiwe kuze kube manje zokunciphisa intuthu yasezimbonini eyonakalisa i-ozone ngokusobala seziqala ukuba nemiphumela ehlosiwe. Kodwa umbiko we-OMM wembula ukuthi ‘embulungeni yonke kuncipha ngokuqhubekayo’ ukuqina kongqimba lomhlaba lwe-ozone ku-stratosphere wabe usuxwayisa ngokuthi inkathi ebucayi kunazo zonke “isengaphambi kwethu.”