Lokho Okulolonga Impilo Yakho—Lokho Ongakwenza

NGOKUNGAFANI nelayisi noma ufulawa, impilo ayinakulethwa isisebenzi sosizo. Ayitholakali isesikhwameni ngoba ayiyona impahla kodwa iyisimo. I-WHO (World Health Organization) ichaza ukuthi “impilo iyisimo esiphelele ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo nangokwenhlalakahle.” Nokho, yini enquma izinga laleyonhlalakahle?

Indlu kanokusho ingase yakhiwe ngamapulangwe, izipikili, nothayela, kodwa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ngokuvamile zisekelwa ngezinsika ezine ezisemakhoneni. Ngokufanayo, impilo yethu ilolongwa amathonya amaningi, kodwa wonke ahlobene namathonya amane “asemakhoneni.” Lamathonya yilawa (1) indlela yokuziphatha, (2) indawo ezungezile, (3) ukunakekela kwezokwelapha, (4) nokwakheka komuntu. Njengoba ungase uqinise indlu yakho ngokuthuthukisa izinga lezinsika, ngokufanayo ungayenza ibe ngcono impilo yakho ngokuthuthukisa izinga lalezizici ezinethonya. Umbuzo uwukuthi, Kungenziwa kanjani lokho ngezomnotho eziphansi?

Indlela Oziphatha Ngayo Nempilo Yakho

Kulezizici ezine, indlela oziphatha ngayo iyisici ongasilawula kalula. Kungasiza ukuyithuthukisa. Yiqiniso, ubumpofu bulinganisela ushintsho ongalwenza ekudleni nasemikhutsheni yakho, kodwa ngokukhetha ezintweni ezitholakalayo, ungenza umehluko omkhulu. Phawula isibonelo esilandelayo.

Ngokuvamile umama angakhetha ukuthi umntanakhe uzomncelisa ibele yini noma ibhodlela. I-United Nations Children’s Fund ithi ukuncelisa ibele “kuwukukhetha okuhamba phambili, kokubili ngokomzimba nangokomnotho.” Ochwepheshe bathi ubisi lukamama “luwukudla okunempilo ngempela,” lunikeza umntwana “amaprotheni afanele, amafutha, i-lactose, amavithamini, amaminerali nezinye izakhi ezingamakhemikhali ezitholakala ngezinga elincane ezidingeka ekukhuleni kahle.” Futhi ubisi lwebele lunikeza umntwana amaprotheni alwa nezifo, lumnikeze isiqalo esihle sokulwa nezifo.

Ikakhulukazi emazweni ashisayo anezimo ezingahlanzekile, ukuncelisa ibele kungcono kakhulu. Ngokungafani nobisi lwebhodlela, ubisi lwebele alunakuxutshwa namanzi amaningi ukuze kongiwe imali, akunakwenzeka amaphutha lapho lulungiswa, futhi njalo lutholakala esitsheni esihlanzekile. Ngokuphambene, i-Synergy, incwadi ye-Society for International Health yaseCanada, iphawula ukuthi “umntwana onceliswa ibhodlela emphakathini ompofu cishe usengozini ephindwe izikhathi ezingu-15 yokubulawa isifo sohudo futhi usengozini ephindwe izikhathi ezine yokubulawa i-pneumonia kunomntwana onceliswa ibele kuphela.”

Bese kuba khona nenzuzo engokwezomnotho. Emazweni asathuthuka, ubisi oluyimpuphu luyabiza. Ngokwesibonelo, eBrazil ukuncelisa umntwana ibhodlela kungase kudle ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yeholo lanyanga zonke lomkhaya ompofu. Imali eyongiwa ngokuncelisa ibele ingatholela umkhaya wonke ukudla okunempilo—kuhlanganise nomama.

Njengoba kunalezinzuzo, ubungalindela ukuthi ukuncelisa ibele kuchume. Nokho, izisebenzi zezempilo ePhilippines zibika ukuthi ukuncelisa ibele lapho “kusongelwa kakhulu ukuqothulwa,” futhi ukuhlola eBrazil kwabonisa ukuthi esinye sezici eziyinhloko esibangela ukubulawa kwezinsana izifo zemigudu yokuphefumula “ukuntuleka kokuncelisa ibele.” Nokho, usana lwakho lungase luphunyuke kuleyonhlekelele. Kuxhomeke kuwe.

Nokho, ngokuvamile imizamo kamama yokuvikela impilo yomntanakhe ibukelwa phansi ngokuziphatha okungenampilo kwamanye amalungu omkhaya. Ngokwesibonelo cabangela umama othile waseNepal. Uhlala endlini enomswakama nomyeni wakhe nendodakazi eneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Umagazini i-Panoscope uthi lendlwana igcwele umusi wasekhishini nentuthu kagwayi. Lengane inesifo semigudu yokuphefumula. “Angikwazi ukuyekisa umyeni wami ukubhema,” kububula lomama. “Manje ngimthengela ugwayi bese ngithengela umntanami umuthi.”

Ngokudabukisayo, inkinga yakhe iba evamile njengoba abantu abengeziwe emazweni asathuthuka besaphaza iholo labo elidingeka kakhulu ngokubhema. Eqinisweni, ngomuntu ngamunye oyeka ukubhema eYurophu noma e-United States, abantu ababili baqala ukubhema eLatin America noma e-Afrika. Incwadi yesiDashi i-Roken Welbeschouwd iphawula ukuthi kumelwe kusolwe kakhulu izikhangiso ezikhohlisayo. Iziqubulo ezinjengesithi “I-Varsity: ukuze uthole lowomuzwa wokuqabuleka” nesithi “I-Gold Leaf: ugwayi wekhethelo wabantu ababalulekile” ziqinisekisa abampofu ukuthi ukubhema kuhambisana nentuthuko nokuchuma. Kodwa kungokuphambene. Kudla imali yakho futhi konakalise impilo yakho.

Cabangela lokhu. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho umuntu ebhema ugwayi, unciphisa isikhathi sakhe sokuphila ngemizuzu eyishumi andise ingozi yokuhlaselwa isifo senhliziyo nesohlangothi, kanye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu, womphimbo, nowomlomo nezinye izifo. Umagazini i-UN Chronicle uthi: “Ukubhema ugwayi kuwukuphela kwembangela enkulu kunazo zonke enokuvinjelwa yokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi nokukhubazeka emhlabeni.” Siza uphawule ukuthi uthi ‘imbangela enokuvinjelwa.’ Ungakuyeka ukubhema.

Yiqiniso, kunezindlela zokuziphatha eziningi ezithonya impilo yakho. Ibhokisi lalesisihloko elisekhasini 11 linikeza uhlu lwezinye izincwadi ongazifunda emtatsheni wezincwadi eHholo LoMbuso loFakazi BakaJehova. Yiqiniso, ukuzifundisa kudinga umzamo. Nokho, isikhulu se-WHO sithi: “Ngeke kube khona impilo ngaphandle kokuhileleka kwabantu abakhanyiselwe futhi bafundiswa ngesimo sempilo yabo.” Ngakho thatha lesisinyathelo samahhala sokuthuthukisa impilo: Zifundise.

Impilo Nesimo Sasekhaya

Incwadi ethi The Poor Die Young ithi isimo sendawo ezungezile esiyithonya kakhulu impilo yakho ikhaya nomakhelwane bakho. Isimo sendawo ohlala kuyo singaba ingozi yempilo ngenxa yamanzi. Izifo ezithathelwanayo, izifo zesikhumba, isifo sohudo, ikholera, i-dysentery, i-typhoid, nezinye izifo zibangelwa amanzi anganele nangahlanzekile.

Uma kudingeka ukuba uvule umpompi lapho ugeza izandla, kungase kube nzima ukuba uqonde ukuthi singakanani isikhathi abantu abantula amanzi emakhaya abasichitha usuku ngalunye beyowakha. Ngokuvamile abantu abangaphezu kuka-500 basebenzisa umpompi owodwa. Lokho kudinga ukulinda. Incwadi ethi Environmental Problems in Third World Cities iphawula ukuthi abantu abahola imali encane basebenza amahora amaningi, futhi ukulinda “kudla isikhathi esingasetshenziselwa ukuthola inzuzo.” Akumangalisi ukuthi ukuze wonge isikhathi umkhaya wabantu abayisithupha ngokuvamile uya ekhaya uthwele amabhakede amanzi angaphansi kwangu-30 adingwa umkhaya omkhulu kangako ngosuku. Khona-ke kunamanzi amancane kakhulu okuhlanza ukudla, izitsha, nawokuwasha izingubo nawokugeza. Lokhu kuholela ezimweni ezihunga izintwala nezimpukane, ezifaka engozini impilo yomkhaya.

Cabanga ngalesisimo. Uma uthembele ebhayisekilini ukuze ufinyelele kude lapho usebenza khona, ubungakubheka njengokulahlekelwa yini ukusebenzisa isikhathi esithile isonto ngalinye ugcoba iketanga ngamafutha, ulungisa amabhuleki, noma ushintsha isipoki? Cha, ngoba uyaqaphela ukuthi ngisho noma manje ungazuza isikhashana esithile ngokukushaya indiva ukulilungisa, kamuva ungase ulahlekelwe usuku lonke lomsebenzi lapho ibhayisekili lakho lifa. Ngokufanayo, ungase uzuze isikhathi esithile nemadlana isonto ngalinye uma uyeka ukuyokha amanzi anele okunakekela impilo yakho, kodwa kamuva ungase ulahlekelwe izinsuku eziningi nemali lapho impilo yakho iwohloka ngenxa yokungazinakekeli kahle.

Ukukha amanzi anele kungaba umsebenzi womkhaya. Nakuba isiko lendawo lingase libonise ukuthi umama nabantwana yibona okufanele bayokha amanzi, ubaba okhathalelayo naye uyowasebenzisa amandla akhe ngokuthi ayokha amanzi.

Nokho, lapho amanzi esefikile ekhaya, kuphakama inkinga yesibili—indlela yokuwagcina ehlanzekile. Ochwepheshe bezempilo bayeluleka: Ungagcini endaweni eyodwa amanzi aphuzwayo namanzi asetshenziselwa ezinye izinjongo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi yemboza isitsha esinamanzi ngesivalo esivala ngqi. Wayeke okwesikhashana ukuze acwebe. Ungawathinti ngeminwe yakho lapho uwakha, kodwa sebenzisa inkomishi ehlanzekile enesibambo eside. Geza izitsha zamanzi njalo nge-bleach, bese uzihlambulula ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Kuthiwani ngamanzi emvula? Ngokuqinisekile ayinzuzo (uma kuwukuthi liyana!), futhi angasetshenziswa uma ungekho udoti ongena ethangini agcinwa kulo futhi ithangi livikelekile ezinambuzaneni nakwezinye izilwane.

Lapho ungabaza ukuthi amanzi ahlanzekile noma cha, i-WHO isikisela ukuba uwathele ikhemikhali ene-chlorine, njenge-sodium hypochlorite noma i-calcium hypochlorite. Iyasebenza futhi ishibhile. Ngokwesibonelo, ePeru, lendlela ibiza umkhaya ovamile amaRandi angaphansi kwangu-7 ngonyaka.

Impilo Nokunakekelwa Kwayo

Ngokuvamile abampofu babona izindlela ezimbili kuphela zokunakekelwa kwempilo: (1) ezitholakalayo kodwa ezibizayo (2) nezishibhile kodwa ezingatholakali. UDonna Maria, omunye wabantu baseSão Paulo abangaba ngu-650 000 abahlala emafukwini, uchaza indlela yokuqala: “Kithi, ukunakekelwa okuhle kwempilo kufana nempahla enhle ekhangiswe efasiteleni lesitolo sikanokusho. Singayibuka, kodwa asinakuyithola.” (Umagazini i-Vandaar) Ngempela, uDonna Maria uhlala edolobheni elinezibhedlela ezihlinza imithambo yenhliziyo, ezifakela izitho zomzimba, ezisebenzisa izipopolo ze-CAT, neminye imithi yokwelapha yobuchwepheshe obuphakeme. Nokho, kuye lezizinto ziyabiza.

Uma ukunakekelwa kwempilo okubizayo kunjengempahla enhle esitolo, khona-ke ukunakekelwa kwayo okungabizi kunjengempahla eshibhile elwelwa amakhasimende. Umbiko othile wezindaba wamuva nje ezweni laseNingizimu Melika waphawula: ‘Abagulayo bashaya uhide izinsuku ezimbili belinde ukubona udokotela. Azikho izindawo zokulala. Izibhedlela zomphakathi zintula imali, imithi yokwelapha, nokudla. Isimiso sokunakekela impilo sinezinkinga.’

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe impilo ebuthakathaka yabantu abaningi, i-WHO iye yawushintsha kancane kancane umsebenzi wayo ekubeni owokulawula izifo waba owokuthuthukisa impilo ngokufundisa abantu ngokuvimbela nokulawula izifo. I-UN Chronicle ithi izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukunakekela impilo okuyisisekelo, njengokudla okunomsoco, amanzi ahlanzekile, nezindlela zokukhuculula indle eziyisisekelo, ziye zaphumela “ekuthuthukeni okukhulu kwempilo embulungeni yonke.” Ingabe lezizinhlelo ziyakuzuzisa? Kungenzeka olunye lwazo luye lwakuzuzisa. Luphi? I-EPI (Expanded Program on Immunization).

“Umuntu ogomayo uye wathatha isikhundla somuntu ohambisa iposi ngokuba isivakashi esivamile emakhaya nasemadolobhaneni,” kuphawula umbiko othile nge-EPI. Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule, ukugoma kwenziwa kusukela e-Amazon kuya eHimalaya, futhi ngo-1990, i-WHO yabika ukuthi amaphesenti angu-80 ezinsana emhlabeni ayesegonyelwe izifo eziyisithupha ezibulalayo.a Ngonyaka, i-EPI isindisa ukuphila kwezingane ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu. Ezinye ezingaphezu kuka-450 000 ezazingase zikhubazeke ziyakwazi ukuhamba, ukugijima, nokudlala. Ngakho, ukuze bavimbele izifo, abazali abaningi bazinqumela bona ukuthi izingane zabo zigonywe.

Ngezinye izikhathi ngeke usinqande isifo, kodwa ungase ukwazi ukusilawula. Umagazini i-World Health uthi: “Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwempilo okungaphezu kwengxenye kuwukuzinakekela komuntu siqu noma ukunakekelwa umkhaya.” Enye indlela yokuzinakekela ingxube elula, eshibhile kasawoti, ushukela, namanzi ahlanzekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-oral rehydration solution (i-ORS).

Ochwepheshe abaningi bezempilo babheka indlela yokwelapha ngokubuyisela amanzi emzimbeni ngokuwaphuza, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwe-ORS, njengendlela ephumelela kakhulu yokwelapha ukuntuleka kwamanzi emzimbeni ngenxa yesifo sohudo. Uma isetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke ukuze kulawulwe izenzakalo zesifo sohudo eziyizigidi eziyinkulungwane nengxenye ezenzeka unyaka ngamunye emazweni asathuthuka, iphakeshana likasawoti we-ORS elibiza amasenti ayishumi kuphela lingasindisa ukuphila kweningi lezingane eziyizigidi ezingu-3,2 ezibulawa izifo zohudo unyaka ngamunye.

Incwadi ye-WHO ethi Essential Drugs Monitor ithi kungenzeka, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezivimbela izifo zohudo kwamanye amazwe kuseyinto “evamile kune-ORS.” Ngokwesibonelo, kwamanye amazwe asathuthuka, izidakamizwa zisetshenziswa ngokuphindwe kathathu ekwelapheni isifo sohudo kune-ORS. Lencwadi iyaphawula: “Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okungadingekile kumba eqolo.” Imikhaya empofu kungase kudingeke idayise ngisho nokudla ngenxa yalenjongo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ixwayisa ngokuthi akukho siqinisekiso sokuthi izidakamizwa zesifo sohudo zisiza ngokoqobo, futhi ezinye ziyingozi. “Odokotela akufanele batuse izidakamizwa ezinjalo, . . . nemikhaya akufanele izithenge.”

Esikhundleni sokusikisela izidakamizwa, i-WHO inikeza okulandelayo kokwelapha isifo sohudo. (1) Nqanda ukuntuleka kwamanzi emzimbeni ngokunikeza ingane uketshezi olwengeziwe, njengamanzi elayisi noma itiye. (2) Uma ingane iqhubeka intula amanzi emzimbeni, bonana nesisebenzi sezempilo ukuze siyihlole, bese uyiphuzisa i-ORS. (3) Yipha ingane ukudla ngendlela evamile phakathi nangemva kokuklapalata. (4) Uma ingane intula amanzi kakhulu emzimbeni, kufanele abuyiselwe ngemithambo.b

Uma ungenakuyithola i-ORS esilungisiwe, landela ngokucophelela lendlela yokuyenza elula: Hlanganisa ithisipuni likasawoti, amathisipuni angu-8 kashukela, nelitha elilodwa (izinkomishi ezinhlanu ezingamamililitha angu-200 inkomishi ngayinye) lamanzi ahlanzekile. Yiphuzise inkomishi eyodwa isikhathi ngasinye lapho iye yaklapalata, izingane ezincane zinikezwe ingxenye yalokho. Bheka ibhokisi elisekhasini 10 ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngalendaba.

Nokho, kuthiwani ngesici sesine, indlela esakhiwe ngayo? Ingathonyeka kanjani? Isihloko esilandelayo sidingida lowombuzo.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 8, 9]

UKUNAKEKELA IMPILO OKUYISISEKELO—KUSEBENZA KANJANI?

Ukuze ithole impendulo yalombuzo, i-Phaphama! yakhuluma noDkt. Michael O’Carroll, ummeleli we-WHO eNingizimu Melika. Okulandelayo ezinye izingcaphuno.

‘SAZUZA njengefa isimiso sokunakekela impilo esisekelwe endleleni yokwelapha. Uma ugula, uya kudokotela. Uyakhohlwa ukuthi uphuze amabhodlela amabili kagologo. Uyakhohlwa ukuthi awulokothi uvivinye umzimba. Uya kudokotela bese uthi: “Dokotela, ngelaphe.” Khona-ke udokotela ufaka okuthile emlonyeni wakho, ufaka okuthile engalweni yakho, usika okuthile, noma afake okunye. Ngiyazikhulumela nje lapha, njengoba ungase uqaphele, ukuze ngikhanyise iphuzu, kodwa yandile lendlela yokwelapha. Siye senza iphutha ngokubheka izinkinga zomphakathi njengezokwelapha. Ukuzibulala, ukungondleki, nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa sekuyizinkinga zezokwelapha. Kodwa akuzona. Akuzona ngisho nezinkinga zezempilo. Kuyizinkinga zezenhlalo ezinemiphumela yempilo neyezokwelapha.

‘Khona-ke, eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, abantu bathi, “Masingaphamazeli. Siyaphazama. Kudingeka sichaze kabusha ukuthi impilo iyini.” Kwavela ezinye izimiso zokunakekela impilo eziyisisekelo, njengalezi:

‘Kuwubuntu futhi kunciphisa izindleko ukuvimbela isifo kunokuselapha. Ngokwesibonelo, kumelene nalesisimiso ukwakha umtholampilo wokuhlinza inhliziyo uma ungenzi lutho ngezimbangela. Lokho akusho ukuthi awuzelaphi izifo uma zivela. Uyazelapha. Uma emgwaqweni kunomgodi obangela izingozi nsuku zonke, uzokwelapha umuntu owayo aphuke umlenze, kodwa into ewubuntu nenciphisa izindleko ongayenza: Ukuvala umgodi.

‘Esinye isimiso siwukusebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo ingcebo yakho yezempilo. Kumelene nalesisimiso ukuthumela umuntu emtholampilo ngenkinga engasingathwa ekhaya. Noma ukuthumela umuntu esibhedlela esinedumela ukuze kwelashwe inkinga ebinganakekelwa emtholampilo. Noma ukuthumela udokotela, oqeqeshwe iminyaka eyishumi eyunivesithi, ukuba ayogoma kuyilapho umuntu oqeqeshwe izinyanga eziyisithupha engenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Lapho kudingeka ukuba lowodokotela enze umsebenzi awuqeqeshelwe, kufanele atholakale. Yilokhu esikutshelwa ukunakekela impilo okuyisisekelo: Fundisani abantu, vimbelani izifo, futhi nisebenzise ingcebo yenu yezempilo ngokuhlakanipha.’

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 10]

ENYE I-ORS YEKHOLERA

Manje i-WHO itusa ukuba kusetshenziswe i-ORS yamanzi elayisi esikhundleni se-ORS evamile ye-glucose ekwelapheni iziguli ezinekholera. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi iziguli ezinekholera ezazelashwa nge-ORS yamanzi elayisi zinamathuba angaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-33 okuhuda nokuhlaselwa isifo sohudo isikhathi esifushane kuneziguli ezinekholera ezinikezwa i-ORS evamile. Ilitha elilodwa le-ORS yamanzi elayisi lenziwa ngokusebenzisa amagremu angu-50 kuya kwangu-80 amanzi elayisi eliphekiwe esikhundleni samagremu angu-20 kashukela.—Essential Drugs Monitor.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 11]

OKWENGEZIWE ONGAKUFUNDA . . .

Ngendlela yokuziphatha: “Impilo Enhle—Yini Ongayenza Ngayo?” (I-Phaphama! ka-December 8, 1989) “Ugwayi Nempilo Yakho—Ingabe Ngempela Kukhona Ukuhlobana?” (I-Phaphama! ka-July 8, 1989) “Ukusiza Abantwana Ukuba Bahlale Bephila!” (I-Phaphama! ka-October 8, 1988) “Okwenziwa Utshwala Emzimbeni Wakho”—I-Phaphama! ka-September 8, 1980.

Ngesimo sendawo ezungezile: “Ukuhlangabezana Nenselele Yokuhlanzeka” (I-Phaphama! ka-October 8, 1988) “Hlala Uhlanzekile, Hlala Unempilo!”—I-Phaphama! ka-March 22, 1978.

Ngokunakekelwa kwempilo: “Ezinye Izinyathelo Ezisindisa Ukuphila” (I-Phaphama! ka-October 8, 1988) “A Salty Drink That Saves Lives!”—I-Awake! ka-September 22, 1985.

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Ukukha amanzi kuhilela umsebenzi nokulinda

[Umthombo]

Mark Peters/Sipa Press

[Isithombe ekhasini 9]

Amanzi anele ahlanzekile—ayadingeka ukuze ube nempilo enhle

[Umthombo]

Mark Peters/Sipa Press