Ukuphakama Nokuwa Kwezentengiselwano Zomhlaba

Ingxenye 4—Inguquko Yezezimboni—Iye Yaholelaphi?

INGUQUKO yezezimboni yaqala ekhulwini le-18 leminyaka futhi yaguqula umhlaba njengoba izinto ezimbalwa zazenzile ngaphambili. Ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe, imali eyanele, ukutholakala kwemicebo yomhlaba, nokukwazi ukuyithutha kanye nemikhiqizo ngendlela eshibhile—lezi kanye nezinye izimfuneko zentuthuko yezezimboni manje zahlanganisa neNgilandi. Lokhu kwaqalisa ukwanda okwakungazange kubonwe nokusheshayo ekukhiqizweni kwempahla.

Nokho, izenzakalo ezazenzeke ngaphambidlana zacaba indlela. Amalahle, atholakala kalula eBrithani, aqala ukusetshenziswa njengesivuthela-mlilo. Futhi, nakuba iZwekazi laseYurophu lalidwengulwa izimpi zenkolo, ngokuqhathaniswa iNgilandi yayijabulela ukuthula. Lelizwe lalinesimiso samabhange esiphakeme. Ngisho nokwehlukana kwalo neSonto LamaRoma Katolika kwakungokuphawulekayo, njengoba ubuProtestani babugcizelela inhlala-kahle yezomnotho esheshayo, njengokungathi babuzama ukudala izulu lasemhlabeni.

Kusukela ngawo-1740, inani labantu eBrithani lanyuka. Izimboni kwadingeka zithole izindlela ezintsha zokuhlangabezana nesidingo esandile. Ukuthambekela okuvamile ngokusobala kwakuwukuthola imishini eyengeziwe nengcono. Njengoba isimiso samabhange sasixhasa ngokwezimali ukumiswa kwamabhizinisi amasha, izixuku zezisebenzi zathutheleka emafekthri agcwele imishini. Izinyunyana zezisebenzi, ezazenqatshelwe esikhathini esidlule, zavunyelwa ngokomthetho. Izisebenzi zaseBrithani, zingavinjelwe izimiso zezinhlangano njengoba kwakunjalo ngezisebenzi zaseZwekazini laseYurophu, zazikhokhelwa ngokwalokho ezikukhiqizayo. Lokhu kwazinikeza isisusa esengeziwe sokuthola izindlela ezingcono zokukhiqiza impahla ngokushesha.

IBrithani futhi yayinezisebenzi eziqeqeshwe kahle. Uprofesa Shepard B. Clough uthi “amayunivesithi aseGlasgow nase-Edinburgh ayengenakuqhathaniswa ezindabeni zokuphenya okungokwesayensi nokuhlola ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili leminyaka.” Ngaleyondlela, ngokuhola kweBrithani, inguquko yezezimboni yasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseUnited States. Emazweni asathuthuka isaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.

Izinhlangothi Ezimbi

Ngenxa yalezintuthuko, kusho iColumbia History of the World, “ukuchuma okukhulu kwafika emadolobheni aseNgilandi, kubonakala ezindleleni zokuphila ezithuthukile, empucukweni yezifunda echumayo, nasekuziqhenyeni okukhulayo nokuzethemba.” IBrithani yaze ngisho “yafinyelela isikhundla sokuba yingqongqo ngokwezempi, ikakhulukazi ngemikhumbi, naso esayinikeza amandla amakhulu ‘kosomaqhinga.’” Ukuchwephesha ezinqubweni ezithile zezimboni kwanikeza lelozwe amandla angokwezimali angaphezu kwawezimbangi zalo. Izimfihlo zalo ezingokwezimboni zaziyigugu kangangokuthi kwashaywa imithetho yokuzivimbela ekubeni zaziwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uSamuel Slater ehamba eBrithani ngo-1789, wazifihla ukuthi ungubani ngoba izisebenzi zendwangu zazingavunyelwe ukuba zifuduke. Wabalekela imithetho enqabela ukuyiswa kwamasu okwenza indwangu kwamanye amazwe ngokugcina ekhanda konke ukuma komshini waseBrithani wokwenza indwangu. Lokhu kwamenza wakwazi ukwakha ifekthri kakotini yokuqala ngqá eUnited States.

Isimiso sokuvikela izimfihlo zohwebo sisekhona. Umagazini iTime uthi “izinkampani namazwe kuphishekela izimfihlo zezinye izinkampane njengoshaka beyaluza ngesikhathi sokudla.” Ukweba amakhono othile kunganciphisa iminyaka eminingi yokucwaninga nezindleko ezingenakubalwa. Ngakho “kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhiqizo uwumuthi noma izinkwa, izinkampani zimatasa ngokwengeziwe kunanini ngaphambili ngokuthola izindlela zokuvikela izimfihlo zazo zohwebo.” Ofuna abantu abazoqashwa embonini yama-electronic uyavuma: “Kunobugovu obukhulu laphaya. Uma ungangena esikhundleni esikahle, uba usozimali ngokushesha.”

Imboni yendwangu ibonisa olunye uhlangothi olubi lwentuthuko engokwezomnotho. Lapho izinqubo ezintsha zokweluka zenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza ngomshini impahla eyenziwe ngokotini, isidingo sikakotini sakhula. Kodwa kwakudingeka isikhathi esiningi kakhulu sokuwulungisa ngesandla kangangokuthi umkhiqizo wawungakwazi ukuhambisana nesidingo. Khona-ke, ngo-1793, uEli Whitney wasungula umshini wokucola ukotini. Phakathi neminyaka engu-20 isivuno sikakotini saseU.S. saphindeka ka-57 kunalokho esasiyikho! Kodwa njengoba uProfesa Clough ebonisa, okwasungulwa uWhitney kwabangela futhi “ukwandiswa kwesimiso sokulima nesobugqila bamaNegro.” Ngakho nakuba wawuwusizo, kuchaza uClough, umshini wokucola ukotini “waba nengxenye enkulu ezingxabanweni ezaba khona phakathi kwamazwe aseNyakatho nawaseNingizimu, ekugcineni okwaholela eMpini phakathi kwawo.”

Inguquko yezezimboni yasiza ekudaleni isimiso samafekthri amakhulu ezandleni zabacebile. Abacebile kuphela ababekwazi ukuthenga imishini ebizayo, ebukhulu nesisindo sayo kwakudinga ukuba ifakwe ezakhiweni ezihlala njalo, ezakhiwe kahle. Lezakhiwo zakhiwa lapho amandla ayetholakala kalula khona nalapho imikhiqizo engakenziwa lutho yayingadilivwa khona ngamanani aphansi. Ngakho amabhizinisi athambekela ekugxileni ezikhungweni ezinkulu zezimboni.

Ukusebenzisa ngokonga amandla—ekuqaleni amanzi futhi kamuva isitimu—ayedingeka ekusebenziseni imishini kwakudinga ukuba eminingana yayo isebenze ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngakho amafekthri akhula ngobukhulu. Futhi lapho ekhula ngokwengeziwe, kwakuba yilapho engasaphathwa khona ngokwengeziwe abantu. Abaqashwa babengasasebenzeli abantu; babesebenzela izinkampani.

Lapho ibhizinisi lilikhulu ngokwengeziwe, kuba yilapho inkinga yokulixhasa ngokwezimali iba inkulu khona. Ukubambisana kwezebhizinisi kwanda, kwakusunguleka nezinkampane zamasheya, ezaqala okokuqala ekhulwini le-17 leminyaka. (Bheka ibhokisi.) Kodwa lezi zasiza ekugxiliseni amandla ezandleni zabambalwa, njengoba abafaki bezimali, noma abathengi bamasheya, babengakulawuli ukuphatha. Osomabhizinisi ababesebenza ngokubambisana njengabaqondisi bezinkampane ezimbalwa noma amabhange babenamandla amakhulu. UClough ukhuluma “ngesigungu sabaqondisi” okwakungenzeka ngaso ukuba “iqembu elincane linqume umzila wokuboleka owawungatholwa amabhizinisi, lenqabe ukuboleka izimbangi, futhi likwazi ukuzuza amandla amakhulu kangangokuthi lalinganquma izinkambiso zohulumeni futhi ligumbuqele ngisho nokugumbuqela imibuso engavumelani nalo.”—Omalukeke sizenzele.

Ngakho-ke, inguquko yezezimboni yanikeza izwe lezomnotho amandla engeziwe. Ingabe ayeyosetshenziswa ngendlela enengqondo?

Ukuhweba Ngokukhululekile Noma Ezomnotho Ezilawulwayo?

Isimiso sokuzisebenzela sachuma ngokugcwele eNgilandi. Njengoba sasaziwa futhi ngokuthi isimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile noma ezomnotho zezimakethe, isimiso sokuzisebenzela siye saveza osozimali abaningi kanye namazinga aphakeme kakhulu okuphila emlandweni.

Nokho, ngisho nabasekeli besimiso sokuzisebenzela abaqine kakhulu bayavuma ukuthi sinobuthakathaka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhula kwezomnotho ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuzisebenzela akunakwethenjelwa. Ukuntengantenga kwaso ngezikhathi ezithile kudala ukwenyuka nokwehla kwezomnotho, ukudlondlobala kwezamabhizinisi nokucindezeleka kwezamabhizinisi. Ukwehla nokwenyuka ngaphambili okwakubangelwa izici ezingaphandle njengezimpi noma isimo sezulu kungadalwa isimiso sezomnotho ngokwaso.

Ubuthakathaka besibili buwukuthi nakuba sikhiqiza izinto ezinhle, isimiso sokuzisebenzela ngokuvamile siveza imiphumela emibi eseceleni—intuthu, ukungcola okunobuthi, noma izimo zokusebenza ezingenampilo. Inguquko yezezimboni yenza lokhu kwaba sobala kakhulu, inikela kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukushisa okubabazekayo kanye nemiphumela yakho engafunwa.a

Okunye okwesithathu okubi ukuthi isimiso sokuzisebenzela asiqinisekisi ukwabiwa ngokulunga komcebo noma imikhiqizo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela iUnited States. Ngo-1986 ingxenye yesihlanu yabampofu kakhulu bemikhaya yakhona yayihola amaphesenti angaphansi kwamahlanu ayo yonke inzuzo yalelozwe, kuyilapho ingxenye yesihlanu yabacebe kakhulu yayihola cishe amaphesenti angu-45.

Njengoba isimiso sokuzisebenzela sakhula ngokugcwele ngenkathi yenguquko yezezimboni, ubuthakathaka baso abuzange bungaqashelwa. Amadoda anjengoKarl Marx asilahla, efuna ukuba sithathelwe indawo ezomnotho ezilawulwayo noma ezihlelwa uhulumeni. Asekela ukuba uhulumeni amise imigomo yokukhiqiza, alawule amanani entengo, futhi kube nguyena ophethe amabhizinisi kungabi umuntu ngamunye. Kodwa namuhla, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka okuzama eSoviet Union naseMpumalanga Yurophu, lesimiso asisakhangi. Ukuhlela kukahulumeni kusebenza kangcono kakhulu lapho kudingeka ukuhlela okusheshayo, njengasekulweni izimpi noma ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zokuya emkhathini. Emakethe yansuku zonke, yezinto eziyisidingo, kusilela ngokungathi sína.

Nokho, abasekeli besimiso sokuzisebenzela bayovuma, njengoba kwenza uAdam Smith, okuyizimfundiso zakhe kakhulu lesimiso esisekelwe kuzo, ukuthi ukuhileleka kukahulumeni kwezomnotho akunakugwenywa ngokuphelele. Ukuze izinkinga ezinjengokwehla kwamandla emali nokungatholakali kwemisebenzi zisingathwe ngempumelelo ethile, kumelwe zisingathwe uhulumeni. Ngakho-ke, amazwe amaningi anesimiso sokuhweba ngokukhululekile aye aqhela esimisweni sokuzisebenzela sangokoqobo aya esimisweni esixubile noma esishintshiwe.

Ngalokhu kuthambekela i1990 Britannica Book of the Year iyabikezela: “Kubonakala kunokwenzeka kakhulu . . . [ukuthi] izimiso zezomnotho zingase zilahlekelwe okunye kokwehluka okuwujuqu okuye kwaziphawula esikhathini esidlule futhi esikhundleni salokho zisikisele isimiso esifanayo leso izici zemakethe nokuhlela zikhona khona zombili ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Imiphakathi enalesimiso esifanayo ingase iqhubeke izibiza ngokuthi eyesimiso sokuzisebenzela nangokuthi eyesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, kodwa cishe iyokwembula izici eziningi ezifanayo emakhambini ezinkinga zayo zezomnotho njengoba namanje zingase zibonise ukwehluka okubalulekile.”

Kudala Izinkinga

Ngo-1914, kwaqala iMpi Yezwe I. Lapho iqala, ezomnotho ezinobugovu zase zilungele ukulungiselela izibhamu, ombayimbayi, nezindiza okwakudingwa amazwe alwayo nokuye kwenziwa kwaba nokwenzeka inguquko yezezimboni.

IColumbia History of the World iphawula ukuthi nakuba “ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kuye kwasiza ekuxazululeni eziningi zezinkinga zomuntu ezingokwenyama,” kuye futhi “kwaba nengxenye ezinkingeni zezenhlalo ezinesisindo esikhulu neziyinkimbinkimbi.”

Namuhla, eminyakeni engu-78 ngemva kuka-1914, sinezizathu ezengeziwe kunanini ngaphambili zokuvumelana nalamazwi. Ngokufanelekile, isihloko esilandelayo kuloluchungechunge kuyoba esithi “Amabhizinisi Amakhulu Aqinisa Ithonya Lawo.”

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 18]

Imakethe Yamasheya—Isiqalo Nesiphetho

Ekhulwini le-17 leminyaka, kwakuwumkhuba ovamile ukumisa amabhizinisi amasha ngokuhlanganisa imali yabafaki bezimali abaningana. Amasheya ebhizinisi ayenikezwa ngenani elimisiwe. Lelilungiselelo lamasheya liye labizwa ngokuthi okunye okwasungulwa okubaluleke kakhulu kunanini okwenziwe ekuhlelweni kwezebhizinisi. AmaNgisi enza imizamo enjalo eminingana maphakathi nawo-1500, kodwa yasakazeka kabanzi ngemva kokubunjwa kwe-English East India Company ngo-1600.

Njengoba inani lezinkampani zamasheya lalikhula, kwaba njalo futhi nangesidingo sabathengi bamasheya. Ekuqaleni kwakuhlanganwa nabathengi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ngezinye izikhathi ezindlini zokudlela. Kamuva, kwamiswa izikhungo zokunikeza indawo eqondile yokuphatha amasheya. IStock Exchange yaseLondon yamiswa ngo-1773. Kodwa endala kunazo zonke emhlabeni kungenzeka ukuba yileyo eseAmsterdam, abanye abathi yavulwa ngo-1642, noma ngokunokwenzeka leyo eseAntwerp, abanye abathi ihlehlela emuva ku-1531.

Izinkampani zamasheya zinezinzuzo ezinjengezilandelayo: zinikeza imali eningi yokuphatha amabhizinisi amakhulu; zinikeza iningi ithuba lokufaka ngisho nezimali ezincane ukuba zisebenze; zinciphisa imali noma imuphi umfaki wezimali angalahlekelwa yiyo uma kungaba nokwehluleka; zivumela abathengi bamasheya ukuba bathole imali abangayisebenzisa ngokuthengisa wonke noma amanye amasheya abo; futhi zivumele amasheya ukuba adluliswe njengefa.

Nokho, ukwehla nokwenyuka okungalindelwe kwamanani amasheya kungase kusho inhlekelele. Futhi, njengoba amahlazo amuva aseWall Street ebonisa, lemakethe ingaphathwa ngokungemthetho, ngokunokwenzeka ngokuthengisa ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo, okuwumkhuba owandayo. Abantu ngabanye basebenzisa noma bathengise ukwaziswa okuphambili okubalulekile—mhlawumbe ulwazi ngokuhlangana kwezinkampani ezimbili osekuseduze—ngaleyondlela benze inzuzo ngokuhambisa amasheya alawomafemu. Umngane womunye umuntu owayebekwe icala lalomkhuba ngo-1989 wathi kungukuhaha. Nakuba emazweni amaningi kunesinyathelo sokunqabela ukuthengiswa kokwaziswa okuyimfihlo, umagazini iTime wathi: “Imithetho iyodwa ngeke yanele ekuxazululeni lenkinga.”

Ngosuku lokwahlulela lukaJehova olusondela ngokushesha, lenkinga iyoxazululwa phakade. Isiliva negolide ngeke kusebenze, futhi amasheya namabhondi kuyomane kube amaphepha. UHezekeli 7:19 uthi: “Bayakuphonsa isiliva labo ezitaladini, igolide labo libe-yinto engcolileyo.” UZefaniya 1:18 uthi futhi: “Nasiliva labo nagolide labo akuyikuba-namandla okubophula ngosuku lwentukuthelo lukaJehova.”

[Isithombe ekhasini 17]

Ukusungulwa komshini wokucola ukotini kwaholela ekwandeni kokuqashwa kwezigqila

[Umthombo]

The Old Print Shop/Kenneth M. Newman