‘Kwase Kuba Ukuwa Kodonga’

“UBANI owayeyokukholelwa?” “Angikaze neze ngicabange ukuthi ngangiyokubona esikhathini sokuphila kwami!” Yini eyabangela lezinkulumo? Ukubhidlizwa koDonga lwaseBerlin olunedumela elibi nakho konke olwalukumelela, okwaqala ngoNovember 1989.a Abantu baseMpumalanga Berlin batheleka eNtshonalanga Berlin, abanye ukuze bajabulele izinjabulo ezibizayo zesimiso sokuzisebenzela kanti abanye ukuze bahlangane futhi njengemikhaya.

Lokho kubhodlozwa kodonga kwavulela ukuthutheleka. Abaningi babenomuzwa wokuthi iMpumalanga Yurophu yayingasayikuphinde ibe njengakuqala.

Impi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo Iphelile?

Okuphawuleka kakhulu kunokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin bekuwukubhidlika kodonga olungokwengqondo olwaluhlukanisa iMpumalanga neNtshonalanga. Ngokuphazima kweso cishe ayisekho iMpi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo. Njengoba isikhulu seButho leMpi laseU.S. esesathatha umhlala-phansi uDavid Hackworth sabhala kuyiNewsweek: “Impi yokubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo isidlulile. Ngisho nabantu abanenzondo enkulu ngababulali bamaKhomanisi bayavuma ukuthi ayisekho.”

Ngokwephephandaba laseJalimane iStuttgarter Zeitung, ngisho neNATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), emhlanganweni owawubanjelwe eLondon ngoJuly 1990, yakuqaphela ukuphela kweMpi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo. Ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi “INhlangano YaseAtlantic Iyivalelisa Okokugcina Inkathi Yempi Yokubhekana Ngeziqu Zamehlo,” iGerman Tribune icaphuna iphephandaba leStuttgart lithi: “Ngemva kweminyaka engu-41 yokubhekana [nezizwe ezakha iSoviet] abaholi abangu-16 beNato bavulela isu elisha indlela futhi bavalelisa inkathi yempi yokubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo okokugcina. . . . Ubutha babuzothathelwa indawo ubudlelwane. . . . Ukulondeka nokusimama . . . kwakungasezukuqinisekiswa ngokuyinhloko ngezindlela zempi kodwa ngesimiso sokulinganisela, ukuxoxisana nokubambisana kwabo bonke abaseYurophu.” Inkundla yempi esongela ukuthula manje isiye yasuka eYurophu yathuthela eMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Kunentengo Yakho

Ukubusa ngentando yeningi, okubizwa ngokuthi inkululeko yokuzikhethela kwabantu, kuyimfashini yamuva kakhulu yezombangazwe. Futhi cishe bonke abantu babonakala bekhangwa yikho. Kodwa kunentengo okumelwe ikhokhwe. Ubudlelwane obufudumele phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga nokubusa kwayo ngentando yeningi yokuzisebenzela akuzi kalula. Esinye isihloko sephephandaba iAsiaweek saphawula: “Amazwe alokho manje okungasenakubizwa ngokuthi amazwe aseSoviet asobishini olungokomnotho . . . Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kunentengo yakho. . . . Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kunezinzuzo eziningi, kodwa ukusimama okuphelele akukho phakathi kwazo.” Obani abakhokha intengo yalokhu kushintshela emphakathini okhululeke kakhulu, obusa ngentando yeningi, njengoba ubizwa kanjalo?

Izigidi ePoland, empumalanga yeJalimane, nakwezinye izindawo zithola ukuthi ukusuka esimisweni sezomnotho esilawulwa uhulumeni ukuya esimisweni sokuhweba ngokukhululekile ekuqaleni kuletha ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi nokuhlupheka. Njengoba izimboni zizama ukuziphucula futhi ziba ezincintisana ngokwengeziwe, kuba khona ukuphela kwemisebenzi. Eminye imikhakha yomphakathi nayo ithinteka ngokungathi sína​—⁠imboni yezempi neyezikhali. Kwenzeka kanjani kanjalo?

Njengoba ukwesabana nobutha phakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga kuphela, ngakho isidingo samabutho amakhulu siyancipha. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane amasosha nemikhaya yawo manje kuyodingeka azivumelanise nempilo yokuba izakhamuzi ezivamile kanye nakho konke ukucindezela kwayo. Izimali ezisetshenziselwa ukuzivikela zingase zinqanyulwe. Ama-oda enziwa ezimbonini zezikhali angase anciphe, futhi abenzi bazo kungase kudingeke ukuba benze izikhali ezihlukahlukene. Izisebenzi kungase kudingeke ukuba zifudukele kwezinye izindawo futhi zifunde amakhono amasha.

Lenguquko okunzima ukuyikholelwa neyindida eMpumalanga Yurophu iye yakha isimo esisha ngokuyisisekelo esithinta indawo yonke. Kwenzeka kanjani konke lokhu?

Amagama Amakhulu, Izinguquko Ezinkulu

Ubukhulu balezinguquko buye babangela isimo sengqondo esibuyekezwe kabusha sokuzehlukanisa esaboniswa iSoviet Union. Esikhathini esidlule ukubonakala kokuhlasela kweSoviet iHungary (1956) neCzechoslovakia (1968) kwavimbela amabutho okuvukela aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Kodwa okuhlangenwe nakho kwePoland ngawo-1980 kokubhekana nenselele yenhlangano yoBunye kanye nokuqhubeka kancane kancane kwesizwe siqhubekela embusweni wentando yeningi kwabonisa ukuthi isimiso sesikhathi esidlule saseSoviet sokungenela kwezempi sasishintshile. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwasePoland kwabonisa ukuthi izimfa esimisweni esihlelekile sobuKhomanisi zazikhona nokuthi inguquko enokuthula eyenzeka kancane kancane yayingase ifinyelelwe, ngentengo. Kodwa yini eyenza konke lokhu kwaba nokwenzeka?

Ngokwabanye abakhulumeli bezombangazwe, okuyisisekelo sazo zonke izinguquko eMpumalanga Yurophu bekuyisimiso esiwusizo sobuholi eSoviet Union ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamongameli waseU.S.S.R., uMikhail Gorbachev. NgoFebruary 1990 wathi: “IQembu LobuKhomanisi LaseSoviet laqalisa iperestroika [ukuhlelwa kabusha komphakathi] futhi laveza umqondo nesimiso salo. Izinguquko ezinkulu ezihlanganisa zonke izici zokuphila nazo zonke izigaba zomphakathi luye lwaqaliswa kulesisekelo kulelizwe. . . . Izinguquko ezisheshayo, ezingavamile ngokubonakala nangemvelaphi, ziyenzeka ngaphakathi kwalesimiso seperestroika.”

Njengoba iAsiaweek yaphawula: “Namuhla, naphezu kwezithiyo ezithile, imikhankaso [kaGorbachev] yeglasnost (ukuvuleka) neperestroika (ukuhlela kabusha) iye yakhuthaza abavukeli eHungary, ePoland nakuwo wonke amaZwe aseSoviet.” Lamagama amabili amakhulu aseRashiya, elithi glasnost nelithi perestroika, aye angena ohlelweni lolimi lomhlaba kusukela uGorbachev athatha umbuso eSoviet Union ngo-1985. Aye amelela isimo sengqondo esisha ngakuhulumeni ezweni lobuKhomanisi.

Umkhulumeli wezombangazwe uPhilippe Marcovici, ebhala ephephabhukwini laseFrance elingokwesiko iQuotidien de Paris maqondana nezinguquko eCzechoslovakia, wathi okunjalo kuye kwenzeka “ngenxa yeMoscow, ngoba kunento eyodwa esobala: Abantu baseSoviet abazange nje babangele ukuba yenzeke; baqiniseka ukuthi iCzechoslovakia, njengokubusa kwabanye abantu ngentando yeningi, yayiyogqashula kozankosi eyayiboshwe ngabo. . . . Kokubili ePrague naseMpumalanga Berlin, ukubhikisha kwezixuku kwasheshisa ushintsho; abantu ababetheleka ezitaladini baphoqelela iziphathimandla ukuba ziyeke ukumelana nabo futhi zihambe.”

Umphumela uye waba ukuthi, njengokuqhuma kweNtaba engokombangazwe iSt. Helens, ukubusa ngentando yeningi nokuzibusa kwavumbuka kulo lonke ibalazwe laseMpumalanga Yurophu ezinyangeni nje ezimbalwa​—⁠ePoland, eMpumalanga Jalimane, eHungary, eCzechoslovakia, eBulgaria, naseRomania.

Ukuhlangana Futhi KweJalimane—Isibusiso Noma Isiqalekiso?

Lowo umbuzo abaningi manje eYurophu abawucabangelayo. Womabili lamazwe aseJalimane aqalisa ubunye obungokomnotho ngoJuly 1990 futhi afinyelela ubunye obungokombangazwe ngo-October. Nakuba lokhu kwajabulisa izigidi, kwaqhaqhazelisa abaningi futhi eYurophu. Lokho kuhlanganisa nabanye empumalanga yeJalimane okungase kudingeke ukuba bashiye izindlu zabo bazinikeze abanikazi bazo bangaphambili basentshonalanga yeJalimane. Naphezu kokugodlelana okwaboniswa abanye abaholi baseBrithani, esinye isihloko esiphambili sephephandaba laseBrithani saphawula: “Kuzomelwe Nje Silethembe IJalimane Elisanda Kuzalwa.”

Njengoba yaba isisulu sokuhlaselwa okwesabekayo nokwathatha ukuphila okuningi ezandleni zikaNapoléon (1812) noHitler (1941), ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II iSoviet Union yafuna ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwayo ngomngcele owahlukanisayo eMpumalanga Yurophu. Ngakho, amazwe aseSoviet ahlanganisa amazwe obuKhomanisi ayisishiyagalombili aseMpumalanga Yurophu akhiwa phakathi neminyaka embalwa kusukela ngo-1945.b Manje iSoviet Union izizwa ingasongelwe iJalimane noma iUnited States, futhi ukucindezela kwayo okunjengokwensimbi amazwe ayengaphansi kwayo kuye kwaxega. Kubonakala njengokungathi iKhethini Lensimbi, elamenyezelwa uChurchill ngo-1946, liye lancibilika, livumela ukukhanya okusha ukuba kungene.

Indlela Lezinguquko Ezingakuthinta Ngayo

Kakade siye sayiphawula imiphumela engokomnotho yalezinguquko emazweni amaningi​—⁠imisebenzi emisha, isimo esisha, namakhono amasha kwabanye. Kwabanye abaningi kuzoba nokuswelakala komsebenzi nokukhandleka. Lokho kuwumphumela oseceleni wefilosofi yezwe elihweba ngokukhululekile​—⁠ukusinda kwabanamandla.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushintshela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kuvumela ukuhamba kwabantu ngenkululeko. Futhi lokho kusho ukuvakashelwa abantu abavela ezizweni zonke. Njengoba amanye amazwe (ngokwesibonelo, iSpain neItaly) eye athola eminyakeni engu-30 edlule, ukuvakashelwa abantu bakwamanye amazwe kungenza umehluko omkhulu enkingeni yokulinganiswa kwezimali ezikhokhwayo zanoma yimuphi uhulumeni. Izigidi eNtshonalanga zinesifiso sokuvakashela amadolobha ayingqopha-mlando aseMpumalanga Yurophu, amadolobha amagama awo akhumbuza inkathi yodumo eyadlula​—⁠iBudapest, iPrague, iBucharest, iWarsaw, neLeipzig, uma sibala ambalwa. Abantu bafuna futhi ukukwazi ukuvakashela ngenkululeko iLeningrad, iMoscow, neOdessa. Ngokufanayo, abantu baseMpumalanga Yurophu bafuna ukuvakashela iNtshonalanga. Ngokuqinisekile, ukuvakashelwa abantu abavela ezizweni zonke kubhidliza imingcele yobandlululo nokungazi. Njengoba izivakashi eziningi ziye zathola, ukuhlanganyela ibhishi nalabo okuthiwa babeyizitha ngokushesha kungase kwenze ubutha buncibilike.

Kunesinye futhi isici soDonga oluwile esikhanga izigidi zabantu​—⁠ukuba nokwenzeka kokuhlangana ngokukhululekile namakholwa angokwenkolo abakanye nawo akwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuyoba nokwenzeka ngezinga elingakanani? Yiziphi izinguquko ezenzekayo emkhakheni wezenkolo eMpumalanga Yurophu? Isihloko esilandelayo siyocabangela lemibuzo kanye neminye.

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