Ukuhlolisisa Uhulumeni
Ingxenye 4—“Thina Bantu”
Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi: Uhulumeni obusa ngabantu, ophatha ngokuqondile noma ngabameleli abakhethiwe.
“THINA bantu baseUnited States . . . sikhetha futhi simisa loMthetho-sisekelo.” Lamazwi okuqala enkulumo eyisethulo soMthetho-sisekelo waseU.S. afanelekile, njengoba abasunguli baso babehlose ukuba iUnited States ibuswe ngentando yeningi. Igama lesiNgisi elinomsuka wesiGreki, elithi “democracy” lisho “umbuso wabantu,” noma njengoba uAbraham Lincoln, umongameli we-16 waseUnited States, elichaza: “uhulumeni wabantu, obusa ngabantu, obusela abantu.”
IGreece yasendulo, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi indawo eyasungula ukubusa ngentando yeningi, iziqhayisa ngokuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwakusetshenziswa emazweni edolobha layo, ngokuphawulekayo eAthene, kusukela emuva lé ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka B.C.E. Kodwa ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngalesosikhathi kwakungenjengoba kunjalo namuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhamizi ezingamaGreki zazihileleke ngokuqonde ngokwengeziwe enqubweni yokubusa. Zonke izakhamizi zesilisa zazingamalungu esigungu esasihlangana unyaka wonke ukuze sixoxe ngezinkinga zangalesosikhathi. Ngokuvota okulula kweningi, isigungu sakhetha ezombangazwe zezwe ledolobha, noma umphakathi.
Nokho, abesifazane, izigqila, kanye nezakhamizi ezivela kwamanye amazwe babekhishwa inyumbazane ekujabuleleni amalungelo angokombangazwe. Ngaleyondlela, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseAthene kwakuwuhlobo lukahulumeni ophethwe abanobugovu obusa ngentando yeningi ongowabantu abambalwa abanelungelo. Ingxenye eyodwa kuya ezingxenyeni ezine kwezinhlanu zenani labantu ngokunokwenzeka zazingenazwi nhlobo ezindabeni zezombangazwe.
Nokho, lelilungiselelo layithuthukisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, njengoba izakhamizi ezivotayo zanikezwa ilungelo lokuveza imibono yazo ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izinqumo. Isikhundla esingokombangazwe sasivulekele zonke izakhamuzi ezingabantu besilisa, singalinganiselwe kwabambalwa abavelele. Isimiso sokulawula saklanyelwa ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla ezombangazwe ngasengxenyeni yabantu ngabanye noma amaqembu.
Isazimlando uD. B. Heater sithi: “Abantu baseAthene babeqhosha ngohulumeni wabo obusa ngentando yeningi. Babekholelwa ukuthi wawuyisinyathelo esiseduze nokuphila okwanelisekile nokuphelele kunohulumeni wamakhosi noma wabanobugovu.” Ngokusobala uhulumeni wentando yeningi waqalisa kahle kakhulu.
Uhulumeni Wentando Yeningi Udlondlobale Ngaphezu Kwesiqalo Sawo
Uhulumeni obusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile, noma ngokumsulwa awusekho ngaphandle kwalokho okwenziwa ngesilinganiso esincane eNew England, imihlangano yasedolobheni laseU.S.A. futhi ngokwesilinganiso esincane nakwezinye zezindawo zaseSwitzerland. Uma kucatshangelwa ubukhulu bamazwe anamuhla kanye nezigidi zezakhamuzi zawo, ukubusa ngalendlela bekungabanzima ngempela. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kulelizwe lanamuhla elimatasa kangaka zingaki izakhamizi ebezingaba nesikhathi esidingekile sokuzinikela kuyinkulumo-mpikiswano engokombangazwe ethatha amahora amaningi?
Uhulumeni wentando yeningi usuye waba umuntu omdala okuphikiswana ngaye—onobuso obuningi. Njengoba umagazini iTime uchaza: “Kunzima ukuhlukanisa izwe ngokucacile phakathi kwezingxenye ezibusa ngentando yeningi nezingenjalo. Phakathi kwemibuso okuthiwa eyentando yeningi, inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ihlukaniswa ngokwezigaba, ukuba nezikhundla ezingaphezu kwesisodwa njengoba nje kunamazinga angefani okucindezela emibusweni yomashiqela.” Nokho, abantu abaningi balindela ukuthola izinto ezithile ngaphansi kohulumeni ababusa ngentando yeningi, njengenkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukulingana, ukuhlonipha amalungelo omuntu, kanye namalungelo omuntu, kanye nokwahlulela ngokulunga ngomthetho.
Ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile kwayizolo sekube ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuwummeleli wanamuhla. Imikhandlu yabashaya umthetho, enesigungu esisodwa, noma ezimbili, yakhiwa abantu abakhethwe abantu—noma ngaphandle kwalokho abakhethwe—ukuba babamelele futhi benze imithetho, okucatshangelwa ukuba izuzise bona.
Lesisimo kuhulumeni wentando yeningi owummeleli saqala eNkathini Ephakathi. Ekhulwini le-17 nele-18 leminyaka, izinhlangano zangekhulu le-13 leminyaka, ezinjengeMagna Charta kanye nePhalamende yaseNgilandi, kanye nemibono engokombangazwe ngokuphathelene nokulingana kwabantu, amalungelo angokwemvelo, kanye nobukhosi babantu, kwase kuqapheleka kakhudlwana.
Ngengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-18 leminyaka, amagama athi “ukubusa ngentando yeningi” ayesesetshenziswa kakhulu, nakuba ayebhekwa ngokungabaza okuthile. INew Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Ngisho nabasunguli boMthetho-sisekelo waseUnited States ngo-1787 babengakhululekile ngokuhilela abantu bonke enqubweni yezombangazwe. Omunye wabo, uElbridge Gerry, wabiza ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuthi ‘ukonakala okubi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukonakala kwezombangazwe.’” Nakuba kunjalo, amadoda anjengoJohn Locke oyiNgisi ayaqhubeka ephikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni uncike ekuvunyelweni abantu, abamalungelo abo angokwemvelo angcwele kakhulu.
Ama“Republic”
Imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi ingamarepublic, okungukuthi ohulumeni banondunankulu wezwe ngaphandle kwenkosi, manje ngokuvamile okungumongameli. Enye yamarepublic okuqala omhlaba kwakuyiRoma yasendulo, nakuba ukubusa kwayo ngentando yeningi kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu. Nokho, umbuso werepublic obusa ngentando yeningi ngokwengxenye wahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-400 ngaphambi kokuba udedele imibuso yamakhosi kanye noMbuso waseRoma.
Njengamanje amarepublic awuhlobo lukahulumeni oluvame kakhulu. Kohulumeni abangu-219 nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezisohlwini lwencwadi yezikhombo yango-1989, abangu-127 basohlwini lwamarepublic, nakuba kungesibo bonke abayimibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi engabameleli. Eqinisweni, uhide lwezinhlobo zohulumeni bamarepublic lukhulu.
Amanye amarepublic ayizimiso ezibumbene, okungukuthi, alawulwa uhulumeni oyinhloko ophethe onamandla. Ezinye izimiso ezokuhlukanisa amandla okubusa phakathi kukahulumeni ophethe nezinye izinhlangano, okungukuthi kukhona ukwehlukaniswa kokulawula phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili zikahulumeni. Njengoba negama libonisa, iUnited States of America inalesimiso esaziwa ngokuthi ifederalism. Uhulumeni wesizwe unakekela izithakazelo zesizwe sisonke, kuyilapho ohulumeni bezwe bebhekana nezidingo zendawo. Njengoba kulindelekile, kulamagama anencazelo ebanzi kunokungafani okuningi.
Eminye imibuso yerepublic iba nokhetho olukhululekile. Izakhamuzi zayo zinganikezwa futhi amaqembu amaningi ezombangazwe kanye nabantu abangenele ukhetho abangakhetha kukho. Eminye imibuso yerepublic icabangela ukhetho olukhululekile njengolungadingekile, iphikisa ngokuthi intando yeningi yabantu ingafezwa ngezinye izindlela, ezinjengokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela izindlela zokukhiqiza. IGreece yasendulo injengesandulela, njengoba ukhetho olukhululekile lwalungaziwa nakhona. Abaphathi babekhethwa umgwamanqa futhi ngokuvamile babevunyelwa ukukhonza nje isikhathi esisodwa noma izikhathi ezimbili eziwunyaka owodwa. UAristotle wayemelene nokhetho, ethi babeqalisa indlela yokubusa kwabanobugovu yokukhetha “abantu abangcono kakhulu.” Nokho, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwakucatshangelwa njengohulumeni wabo bonke abantu, hhayi nje “abangcono kakhulu.”
Ingabe Ungcono Ngokuqhathaniswa Kuphela?
Ngisho naseAthene yasendulo, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwakuyimpikiswano. UPlato wayengabaza. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwakucatshangelwa njengokubuthakathaka ngenxa yokuthi kwakusezandleni zabantu abangenalwazi ababephambukiswa kalula amazwi emizwelo alabo ababengaba amaphekula. USocrates wathi ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwakumane nje kungukubusa kwabantu abaningi. Incwadi iHistory of Political Theory ithi, noAristotle, ongowesithathu kulabantu abathathu abavelele bezazi zefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo, waphikisa ngokuthi “lapho umbuso wentando yeningi ubusa ngayo ngokwengeziwe, kuba yilapho uthambekela ngokwengeziwe ukuba ubuswe isixuku, . . . izinga lawo lehle ube ubushiqela.”
Abanye abantu baye bezwakalisa ukungabaza okufanayo. UJawaharlal Nehru, owayengumongameli waseNdiya, wathi ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuhle, kodwa-ke wabe esenezela amazwi achazayo: “Lokhu ngikusho ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izimiso zimbi kakhulu.” Futhi uWilliam Ralph Inge, isikhulu sesonto esiyiNgisi nesiwumlobi, sake sabhala: “Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuwuhlobo lukahulumeni olungavikelwa ngokunengqondo, hhayi ngoba kulungile, kodwa njengokungekubi kangako kunokunye.”
Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kunobuthakathaka obuningi. Okokuqala, ukuze kuphumelele abantu kufanele bazimisele ukubeka inhlalakahle yabaningi ngaphambi kwezithakazelo zabo. Lokhu kungasho ukusekela imithetho yentela noma eminye imithetho engase ingathandeki ngokomuntu siqu kodwa edingekile ukuze kuzuze isizwe sonke. Isithakazelo esinjalo esingenabugovu kunzima ukusithola, ngisho nasemazweni “amaKristu” abuswa ngentando yeningi.
Obunye ubuthakathaka batholwa uPlato. NgokweHistory of Political Theory, wahlasela “ukungabi nalwazi namakhono kwezazi zezombangazwe, okuyisiqalekiso esikhethekile emazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi.” Izazi zezombangazwe eziningi ezikufundele ziyadabuka ngenxa yobunzima bokuthola abantu abafanelekayo nabanamakhono ukuba basebenze kuhulumeni. Ngisho nezikhulu ezikhethiwe zingafana nje nezimfunda-makhwela zezombangazwe. Futhi kulenkathi yethelevishini, ukubukeka okuhle komuntu ongenele ukhetho kanye nokuba kwakhe nogazi kungamzuzela amavoti abengeke awazuze ngamakhono akhe okuphatha.
Okunye okubi ngokusobala ngokubusa ngentando yeningi ukuthi kuthatha kancane. Umbusi owumashiqela uvele nje akhulume, bese kwenziwa! Intuthuko ekubuseni ngentando yeningi ingalitshaziswa izinkulumo-mpikiswano ezingapheli. Yiqiniso, ukuzidingida kahle izindaba eziyimpikiswano kungaba nezinzuzo eziqondile. Nokho, njengoba uClement Attlee, owayengumongameli waseBrithani ake aphawula: “Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kusho uhulumeni wokuxoxisana kodwa kuphumelela kuphela uma ungase ukwazi ukuthulisa abantu abakhulumayo.”
Ngisho nangemva kokuba ukukhuluma sekunqamukile, ukuthi izinqumo ezenziwe zikumelela ngokwezinga elingakanani ngempela lokho “abantu” abakushoyo kuyangabazeka. Ingabe abameleli bavotela imibono yeningi lalabo ababamelele noma ngokuvamile kakhulu, bavotela eyabo siqu? Noma ingabe bamane nje bagunyaze inkambiso engokomthetho yeqembu labo elingokombangazwe?
Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi sokuba nesimo sokuhlola nokulawula ukuze kuvinjelwe ukonakala sicatshangelwa njengesiwumqondo omuhle kodwa akuvamile ukuba siphumelele. Ngo-1989 umagazini iTime wakhuluma “ngokonakala kukahulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga,” ubiza uhulumeni oholayo obusa ngentando yeningi ngokuthi “umdondoshiya onyanyekayo, ongenakhono, nongenalusizo.” Usihlalo weqembu elisebenzayo elamiswa maphakathi nawo-1980 ukuba lihlole ukuxhaphaza komunye uhulumeni washukumiseleka ukuba adabuke: “UHulumeni ubuswa ngendlela embi.”
Ngenxa yalezizathu kanye nezinye eziningi, ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngeke neze kuthiwe kungohulumeni abahle. Iqiniso elisobala, njengoba lavezwa uJohn Dryden, imbongi eyiNgisi yekhulu le-17 leminyaka, liwukuthi “abaningi bangona kakhulu njengoba nje kungona abambalwa.” UHenry Miller, umlobi waseMelika, washo amazwi ahlabayo kodwa ayiqiniso, lapho ephawula ngokuhlakanipha: “Impumputhe ihola impumputhe. Indlela yokubusa ngentando yeningi.”
Ingabe Kuya Ekufeni?
Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuye kwamukelwa kakhulu kulelikhulu leminyaka kunanini ngaphambili. Izibhelu zamuva ezingokombangazwe eMpumalanga Europe ziyakufakazela lokhu. Nokho, “ukubusa ngentando yeningi okukhululekile manje kusenkingeni enkulu emhlabeni,” kwabhala intatheli yezindaba uJames Reston eminyakeni ethile edlule. UDaniel Moynihan waxwayisa ngokuthi “ukubusa ngentando yeningi okukhululekile akuwona umqondo obusayo” nokuthi “imibuso yentando yeningi ibonakala inyamalala.” Isazimlando saseBrithani uAlexander Tyler sathi uhulumeni obusa ngentando yeningi ngeke uhlale phakade ngoba “njalo uyawa ngenxa yenkambiso engahlelekile yezezimali.” Yiqiniso, umbono wakhe ungavusa impikiswano.
Kunoma ikuphi, ukubusa ngentando yeningi ukuqhubeka okusobala komkhuba owaqala e-Edeni, lapho abantu benquma ukwenza izinto ngendlela yabo, hhayi ekaNkulunkulu. Kubalulekile ekubuseni komuntu, njengoba kufika yonke indawo, okungenani ngokombono, ukuze kufinyelele wonke umuntu enqubweni yokubusa. Kodwa isisho sesiLatin esithi Vox populi, vox Dei, “izwi labantu liyizwi likaNkulunkulu,” singamanga. Kanjalo, labo abasekela ukubusa komuntu ngentando yeningi kufanele bazimisele ukuhlanganyela icala lezenzo zakho.—Qhathanisa neyoku-1 Thimothewu 5:22.
Leliqiniso liye laba ngelingathi sína ngokwengeziwe kusukela ngo-1914. Ngalowonyaka wenhlekelele, ukubusa kwaphezulu kwaqala ukusebenza ngendlela eyingqayizivele. UMbuso kaNkulunkulu wobuMesiya manje usumi ngomumo ukuba ulawule ngokuphelele izindaba zomhlaba. Zonke izinhlobo zokubusa komuntu—kuhlanganise nezinhlobo ezibusa ngentando yeningi—zibekwe esilinganisweni. Ngokwezinga esizisekela ngalo, nathi sibekwe esilinganisweni kanye nazo.—Daniyeli 2:44; IsAmbulo 19:11-21.
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“Akukuyo indoda ukuba ihambe, iqondise izinyathelo zayo.”—Jeremiya 10:23
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“Kukhona indlela ebonakala sengathi ilungile kumuntu, kepha ekugcineni iholela ekufeni.”—IzAga 14:12, “New International Version”
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Labo abasekela ukubusa ngentando yeningi komuntu kufanele bazimisele ukuhlanganyela icala lezenzo zakho
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U.S. National Archives photo