Ukushintsha Kwezindinganiso Njengoba Umlando Uqhubeka
“ISIMISO semithetho umuntu ayilandelayo (noma okumelwe ayilandele) ekuphileni kwakhe siqu nasekuphileni kwakhe okungokwenhlalo.” Yileyondlela iEncyclopædia Universalis echaza ngayo igama elithi “ukuziphatha.”
Lencazelo ngempela isebenza kuwo wonke umuntu. Ihlanganisa ikholwa elilandela izimiso zenkolo yalo kanye futhi nomuntu onganamatheli kunoma isiphi isimiso sezindinganiso zokuziphatha noma inkolo kodwa onezimiso ezithile eziqondisa ukuphila kwakhe. Ngisho nephekula, “elithi alinaNkulunkulu noma inkosi,” liye lakhetha izindinganiso zalo, uma nje kuphela linelungelo lokuzenzela izinqumo zalo siqu.
Kodwa siyini isisekelo salezindinganiso? Lokho kuzikhethela okungokokuziphatha kusekelwe phezu kwani? Ingabe ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izindinganiso Ezihlukahlukene Esikhathini Esidlule
“USpartan” igama elisetshenziswa ezilimini eziningi ukuchaza ukungakhululeki. Leligama libhekisela ezimweni eziyindluzula izakhamuzi ezingabasha basedolobheni lamaGreki asendulo laseSparta ezazifundiswa ngaphansi kwazo. Zihlukaniswe nabazali bazo kusukela ziseyizingane, kwakumelwe zifunde ukulalela ngokuphelele. Injongo yalemfundo kwakuwukuzenza ukuba zibe amabutho ayisibonelo.
Abanye abantu balandela izindinganiso ezihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, uIsrayeli wasendulo wayenesimiso semithetho uNkulunkulu ayeyinikeze uMose. Leyomithetho yayihlanganisa imithetho enqabela ukudla okuthile, indlela okumelwe umzimba uphathwe ngayo, ukuziphatha, nengokomoya. AmaIsrayeli kwakumelwe akhulekele uJehova uNkulunkulu yedwa.
Ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kobulili, uMthetho kaMose wawukwenqabela ngokuqinile ukuhlobonga, ukuphinga, ubungqingili, nokuhlanganyela ubulili nezilwane. Injongo yalokhu kwakuwukwenza amaIsrayeli ahluke, hhayi ngokwenkolo kuphela kodwa futhi nangokokuziphatha komakhelwane bawo. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi abantu abaningi ababezungeze uIsrayeli babenza ukukhulekela kobulili okonakalisayo nokulimazayo, kuhlanganise nobufebe besilisa nobesifazane basethempelini. Abanye babeze ngisho banikele ngezingane zabo siqu njengemihlatshelo konkulunkulu babo bamanga.
Ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka C.E., umthetho owanikezwa umkhandlu wabaphostoli abangamaKristu nabadala eJerusalema wayala amaKristu ukuba alandele ngokuyinhloko indinganiso yokuziphatha okungokobulili efanayo neyamaJuda, uwatshela ukuba ‘adede ebufebeni.’ NgokweDictionnaire de la Bible kaVigouroux, lesiyalo sasiwusizo kakhulu, njengoba ukuhlobonga kwakuwumkhuba ovamile phakathi kwamaqaba ngalesosikhathi.—IzEnzo 15:29.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezindinganiso zokuziphatha zaqhubeka njalo kuwo wonke umlando, ngezikhathi ezishiyanayo zokuyekelela nezemithetho yokuziphatha eqinile. Ubungqingili obalahlwa ngokuqinile Enkathini Ephakathi, babungalahlwa phakathi nenkathi yeNguquko eYurophu. ESwitzerland, lapho uCalvin ezinza eGeneva phakathi nenkathi yeNguquko, wasungula inkathi yokuqina kokuziphatha okungayekeleli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eminyakeni engu-200 kamuva, iNguquko yaseFrance yazenza zemukeleka ngokomthetho izindinganiso ezazenqatshelwe ngaphambili. Yaveza “inkululeko yokuziphatha” entsha futhi yenza kwaba lula ukuthola isehlukaniso.
Izindinganiso Zanamuhla Ezihlukayo
Namuhla, ngisho nasemphakathini ofanayo, abantu banezindinganiso ezingefani zokuziphatha. Kunalabo abaphakamisa imithetho eqinile yokuziphatha, kuyilapho kukhona nalabo abaphakamisa “inkululeko” yokuziphatha.
Izimiso zokuziphatha ziye zashintsha ngokushesha. “Kubantu abaningi baseFrance, ukuphinga akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi isho ukuthini. Kuphambene futhi kumelene nokuziphatha okuhle,” kusho incwadi yaseFrance iFrancoscopie. Nokho, umthombo ofanayo uphawula ukuthi kwabaningi “ukungathembeki emshadweni akusabhekwa njengokubaleka kodwa njengelungelo, ilungelo okungamelwe lithandabuze uthando umbhangqwana ongase ube nalo komunye nomunye, kodwa ngokuphambene, kumelwe lilucebise futhi liluqinise.”
Ukukhipha isisu kungenye indima izindinganiso zokuziphatha eziye zashintsha ngokushesha kuyo. Nakuba ukukhipha isisu kuseyicala kwamanye amazwe, kuyabekezelelwa—futhi ngisho kuphoqelelwe— kwamanye. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi iNhlangano Yezokwelapha YaseFrance yayibheka ukukhipha isisu njengecala kwaze kwaba yilapho kwamukelwa ngokomthetho ngo-1974. Namuhla, abantu abaningi baseFrance bakubheka njengokwamukelekayo ngokokuziphatha.
Nokho, ukuziphatha okunjalo kusekelwephi? Ingabe izindinganiso zethu zokuziphatha kumelwe nje zivumelane nabathile futhi ziguquke ngokuvumelana nezimo?
Umuntu Uye Wamisa Izindinganiso Zakhe Siqu Zokuziphatha
Kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka adlule, izazi zefilosofi ziye zasongoza imibono eminingi ukuze zizame ukuphendula imibuzo enjalo. Ezinye ziye zasongoza ‘isimiso semithetho yokuziphatha sendawo yonke’ kodwa azivumelani ngokuthi ekabani incazelo yokuziphatha okumelwe ibe indinganiso.
Abanye baye baba nomuzwa wokuthi ukukhathalela umakhelwane kumelwe kuqondise ukuziphatha komuntu. Kodwa lokho omunye umuntu akucabangela njengokukhathalela abanye okufanelekile kungase kungabhekwa ngaleyondlela omunye umuntu. Njengesibonelo, emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka abanikazi bezigqila abaningi bakubheka njengokukhathalela okufanelekile ukondla nokunikeza izigqila zabo izindawo zokuhlala, kodwa izigqila zazinomuzwa wokuthi ukukhathalela okufanele kwakumelwe kuphumele ekukhululweni kwazo ebugqilini.
Akungabazeki ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemibono engqubuzanayo njalo izazi zefilosofi eziye zaba nayo ngokuphathelene nezindinganiso zokuziphatha ziye zadida abantu abaningi. Imibono yazo ayizange iveze noma iyiphi indinganiso yokuziphatha efanayo, futhi ukusungula kwabo amafilosofi akuzange kuholele umkhaya wesintu ekuthuleni nasebunyeni. Kunalokho, uma kukhona eye yakufeza, imibono yabo eminingi neshayisanayo iye yaholela inani elandayo labantu ukuba liphethe ngokuthi indinganiso yokuziphatha yomuntu siqu cishe iyefana ‘neyezazi.’
Yingakho abaningi namuhla beye bamukela umbono wesazi sefilosofi saseFrance uJean-Paul Sartre, owaba nomuzwa wokuthi umuntu kumelwe abe umahluleli wakhe siqu ezindabeni zokuziphatha. Lendlela yokucabanga iye yemukelwa ngisho nangabantu abaningi abaya esontweni. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zamaKatolika, zikhathazekile ngenxa yokuthi amaKatolika amaningi awasazilandeli izimfundiso zesonto ezindabeni eziphathelene nobulili futhi asebenzisa izinto zokuvimbela inzalo ezinqatshelwe isonto.
Isifundo somlando siwukuthi izimiso ezihlukahlukene zokuziphatha ziye zamiswa ngabantu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izimiso ezinjalo ziye zathandabuzwa, zashintshwa, noma zakhohlwa. Nokho, izimiso zeBhayibheli ezichazwe ngaphambili kulesihloko azisekelwe emicabangweni yezazi zefilosofi noma imiphakathi eguqukayo. Zinakubaluleka kuni izimiso zeBhayibheli ezinjalo namuhla? Ingabe kungenzeka ukuzilandela?
[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 7]
“UKUNGATHEMBEKI EMSHADWENI AKUSABHEKWA NJENGOKUBALEKA KODWA NJENGELUNGELO”