Abantu Bafuna Amakhambi
“ISIMISO SEMAD [Ukubhubhisana Ngezikhali Okuqinisekile] sonakele. Kunokuthile okwethusayo, nokubi kakhulu ekusekeleni ukulondeka kwethu ekhonweni lethu lokubulala abesifazane nabantwana baseRashiya. Futhi kusoleka ngisho nangokwengeziwe—uma lokho kungenzeka—ukwandisa ngamabomu ukungavikeleki kwabantu bethu siqu ekubhubhiseni kwenuzi ukuze nje sigcwalise okufunwa yilokho okusengqondweni, umqondo ongalungile ongaqinisekanga ngokomlando.” Lamazwi, akhulunywa uSigele waseU.S. uWilliam Armstrong, abonisa uvalo abantu baseMelika abanalo ngokuzivikela okusekelwe ekhonweni lokuziphendiselela.
Njengokuthile okuhlukile, ngoMarch 1983, uMongameli uReagan waseU.S. wahlongoza iSDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi iziMpi Zasemkhathini. Wathi: “Emphakathini ongokwesayensi owasinikeza izikhali zenuzi ngithi mawuguqule iziphiwo zawo ezinkulu ngenxa yesintu nokuthula kwezwe: usinikeze izinto zokwenza lezikhali zenuzi zingabi namandla futhi zingasebenzi.”
UReagan wacabanga ngokwenziwa kwezikhali zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme, eziyingqayizivele—amaX-ray lasers, izibhamu ezivimbelayo ezinogesi onamandla okulandelela, izinqola ezinamandla amakhulu okubulala, izikhali ezikhipha ukukhanya okunezinhlayiya ezibulala amandla ezinye izikhali—ezingavikela iMelika nemibuso esizana nayo ngokudubula ngokushesha okunjengonyazi izikhali zenuzi zesitha ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele ezisulwini zazo.
Nokho, kusukela ekuqaleni kuye kwaphikiswana kabanzi futhi nangokunamandla ngeSDI. Abamelene nayo bathi ngokwezobuchwepheshe akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenziwe ‘isambulela’ esingavuzi ngokumelene nokuhlasela okuhlosiwe—futhi ‘isambulela’ esivuzayo asisizi ngalutho ngokumelene nezikhali zenuzi. Liningiliza okunye ukugxeka, ilungu lesishaya-mthetho saseU.S. ngokubhuqa lathi “ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi isimiso seSDI singase sihlaselwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, sinqotshwe, sehlulwe ngokuhlakanipha, ukuthi ngeke siqondiswe abantu kodwa amacomputer kuphela, ukuthi siyokwaphula izivumelwano eziningana zokunqandwa kokwanda kwezikhali nokuthi singase sibangele ukugqashuka kwempi yenuzi eshisayo, . . . ayisona isimiso esibi.”
ISoviet Union nayo iphikisana ngokuqinile neSDI. Ithi iMelika imane nje ifuna ukuzivikela ukuze isebenzise izikhali. Izikhulu zaseU.S. nazo zibeka abaseSoviet icala lokwakha ngasese isimiso sabo siqu esiklanyiwe sokuzivikela.
Kunoma yiliphi izinga, kungaba okubiza ngokwedlulele ukwakha nokuhlela iSDI. Ukulinganisa kusukela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-126 ukuya ezigidini eziyizigidi eziyi-1,3 zamadollar. Ngokuqhathaniswa, uMgwaqo Omkhulu Odabula Phakathi Kwamazwe waseU.S. wakhiwa ngezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-123 zamadollar! Nakuba kunjalo, izigidi zezinkulungwane zamaRandi seziye zabekelwa eceleni kakade yiSishaya-mthetho saseU.S. ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlolwa kweSDI.
Ithemba Lokubekwa Phansi Kwezikhali
UPhiko Lwezokuvikela lwaseSoviet luthi: “Abantu baseSoviet bakholelwa ukuthi ukubekwa phansi kwezikhali zenuzi kuyisiqinisekiso esinokwethenjwa kakhulu sokuthi inhlekelele yenuzi iyovinjelwa.” Nakuba kuyizifiso eziphakeme, ukuncintisana ngezikhali kuqhubeka ngejubane elikhulu kakhulu.
Siyini isithiyo esiyisisekelo ekubekweni phansi kwezikhali? Siwukuntula ukwethembana. Incwadi yoMnyango Wezokuvikela waseU.S., iSoviet Military Power 1987, ibeka iSoviet Union icala ‘lokufuna ukubusa izwe.’ IWhence the Threat to Peace, eyakhishwa uPhiko Lwezokuvikela lwaseU.S.S.R., ikhuluma “ngesifiso sokubusa izwe’ sase-U.S.”
Nakuba izingxoxo zokunqanda ukwanda kwezikhali zenziwa, zombili izinhlangothi zibekana icala lokuba nezisusa zobugovu. Ngakho incwadi ecashunwe ngenhla yaseSoviet ibeka iUnited States icala ‘lokuvimbela intuthuko maqondana nokubekwa phansi kwezikhali kuzo zonke izindawo’ emzamweni ‘wokuqondisa izindaba zomhlaba ngesimo samandla.’
IUnited States iphikisa ngokuthi ukunqanda ukwanda kwezikhali kumane nje kuyicebo leSoviet lokugxilisa ‘impumelelo engokwezempi ekhona. . . . Ngaphezu kwalokho,
[iMoscow] ibeka izingxoxo zokunqandwa kokwanda kwezikhali njengendlela yokuthuthukisa imigomo yezempi yeSoviet nokululaza ukusekela kweningi izimiso nezinhlelo zezokuvikela zaseNtshonalanga.’—Soviet Military Power 1987.
Isivumelwano samuva sokuqeda izikhali zenuzi ezicitshwayo zezinga eliphakathi sibonakala siyinqubekela phambili enkulu. Yisivumelwano sokuqala ngqá sokunciphisa ngokoqobo—hhayi ukuzenza zibe sesilinganisweni nje kuphela—izikhali zenuzi. Nokho, nakuba isivumelwano esinjalo siyingqopha-mlando, siyehluleka ukuqeda zonke izikhali zenuzi.
Inkinga Yokuqinisekisa
Nokho, ake sithi imibuso enezikhali zenuzi ivumile ngempela ukuzibeka phansi izikhali ngokuphelele. Yini ebiyovimbela zonke izizwe ukuba zikhohlise—zihluleke ukulahla zonke izikhali ezivinjelwe noma zizikhiqize ngasese?
UKenneth Adelman, owayengumqondisi woPhiko Lokubekwa Phansi Nokunqandwa Kokwanda Kwezikhali, wathi: “Ukuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi bekuyodinga isimiso sokufikela ngokuzuma sezinga eliphakeme kakhulu sokuhlola indawo umuntu angase asicabange. . . . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokho bekuyosho ukungavikeleki ekungeneni kwelinye izwe ngokungazelele okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili engxenyeni yazo zonke izizwe.” Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi noma yisiphi isizwe besiyomisa isimiso esikhululeke kanjalo.
Kodwa ake kuthiwe izizwe ngandlela-thile zizinqobile zonke lezithiyo ezisabekayo futhi zabeka izikhali phansi. Ubuchwepheshe besayensi nolwazi oludingekile ukuze kwakhiwe ibhomu kuyoqhubeka kukhona. Uma kugqashuka impi, ibingase ikhule ize ifinyelele ezingeni lapho izikhali zenuzi zenziwa kabusha—futhi zisetshenziswa.
UHans Bethe, ongomunye wezazi zesayensi yemvelo ezasebenza ukuze zakhe ibhomu leathomu lokuqala, muva nje wathi: “Sasicabanga ukuthi sasingalilawula ibhomu. Alibange lisalawuleka, kodwa kwakunezizathu ezinengqondo zokucabanga ukuthi sasiyolilawula. Manje ngiyazi ukuthi lokhu kwakuwukuzikhohlisa.”
[Isithombe ekhasini 23]
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuzivikela ekuhlaseleni kwenuzi kuphakeme kunokuziphindiselela ngemva kokuhlasela