Wedzero
Zvapupu zvaJehovha—Denho Yokuvhiya/Yetsika
Yakatsikirirwazve nebvumiro yeAmerican Medical Association ichitorwa muThe Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), November 27, 1981, Volume 246, No. 21, mapeji 2471, 2472. Maruramiro okutsikirira a 1981, eAmerican Medical Association.
Vanachiremba vanonangana nedenho chaiyo mukurapa Zvapupu zvaJehovha. Mitezo youku kutenda ine zvitendero zvorudzidziso zvakasimba zvinorwisana nokugamuchira ropa romumwe munhu kana kuti ropa rose rako umene, maRBC [“red blood cells” (masero matsvuku eropa)], maWBC [“white blood cells” (masero machena eropa)] akaunganidzwa, kana kuti maplatelet. Vazhinji vachabvumira kushandiswa kwomuchina (usina kutanga kushandisa ropa) unoshanda somwoyo namapapu, unochenura ropa, kana kuti zvishandiso zvakafanana kana kutenderera kweropa riri kunze kwomuviri kusingadzongonyedzwi. Vashandi vezvokurapa havadikanirwi kuva vanoitira hanya pamusoro pokuva nemhaka, nokuti Zvapupu zvichaita nhano dzakafanira dzapamutemo dzokusunungura kuva nemhaka pamusoro pokuramba kwazvo ropa kwakavakirwa pazivo. Zvinogamuchira mvura dzokutsiva nadzo dzisina ropa. Vachishandisa idzodzi uye humwe unyanzvi hwokungwarira, vanachiremba vari kuita kuvhiya kukurusa kwamarudzi ose pavarwere vari Zvapupu vakuru navaduku. Nokudaro mupimo wokurapa unowirirana nedzidziso yokurapa “munhu akakwana” wakasimudzirwa. (JAMA 1981;246:2471-2472)
VANACHIREMBA vanonangana nedenho inowedzera iri nhau huru youtano. MuUnited States mune Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinopfuura hafu yemirioni zvisingagamuchiri kuisirwa ropa. Chiverengero cheZvapupu naavo vanosonganirana nazvo chiri kuwedzera. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga, vanachiremba vazhinji navakuru vakuru vapazvipatara vairangarira kuramba kuisirwa ropa sechinetso chapamutemo ndokutsvaka kubvumira kwedare kuti vapfuurire kuita sezvavaidavira kuti kwakanga kuri kuchenjera mune zvokurapa, mabhuku ezvokurapa azvino uno anozivisa kuti chinjo yakatanhamara muchimiro chendangariro iri kuitika. Iyoyi ingava muuyo woruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakawanda rwokuvhiya kunoitwa pavarwere vane mwero yakaderera zvikuru yehemoglobin uye ingaratidzirawo kuzivikanwa kunowedzera kwenheyo yapamutemo yebvumiro yakavakirwa pazivo.
Zvino, zviverengero zvikuru zvezvinoitika zvokusakurumidzira zvokuvhiya nezvokukuvara zvinobatanidza vose vari vari Zvapupu zvakura nezviduku zviri kutarisirwa pasina kuisira ropa. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, vamiriri veZvapupu zvaJehovha vakasangana navashandi vokuvhiya navanotarisira nzvimbo dzezvokurapa hurusa munyika yacho. Iyi misangano yakavandudza kunzwisisa uye yakabetsera kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro pokuchengetwa kweropa, kuisirwa mitezo yavamwe vanhu, uye kudziviswa kwekakavadzano dzezvokurapa/dzapamutemo.
CHIMIRO CHECHAPUPU PAMUSORO POMUTOO WOKURAPA
Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinogamuchira mutoo wokurapa nemishonga nowokuvhiya. Kutaura idi, makumi azvo ndivanachiremba, kunyange vanachiremba vokuvhiya. Asi Zvapupu vanhu vorudzidziso zvikuru vanodavira kuti kuisirwa ropa kunorambidzwa kwavari nezvikamu zvamashoko eBhaibheri zvakadai seizvi, zvinoti: “Nyama bedzi ine mweya wayo—ropa rayo—haufaniri kudya” (Genesi 9:3-4); “[Unofanira] kudurura ropa rayo ndokurifushira” (Revhitiko 17:13-14); uye “Regai . . . ufeve nechiri chakadzipwa uye ropa” (Mabasa 15:19-21).1
Nepo idzi ndima dzisingataurwi mumashoko ezvokurapa, Zvapupu zvinodzirangarira sedzinorambidza kuisirwa ropa rose, maRBC akaunganidzwa, uye plasma, pamwe chete nokushandiswa kwamaWBC uye maplatelet. Zvisinei, nzwisiso yorudzidziso yeZvapupu hairambidzi chose chose kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakadai sealbumin, maglobulin anodzivirira kutapurwa nehosha, nemirimo yehemophilia; Chapupu chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kusarudza somunhu oga kana icho chichigona kugamuchira izvozvi.2
Zvapupu zvinodavira kuti ropa rabviswa mumuviri rinofanira kuraswa, naizvozvo hazvigamuchiri kuisirwa ropa razvo zvimene rinotanga kubudiswa ndokuchengetwa. Michina yokuisira ropa rako umene mukati mokuvhiya kana kuti ropa rakawedzerwa mvura izvo zvinobatanidza kuchengetwa kweropa zvinorambwa nazvo. Zvisinei, Zvapupu zvizhinji zvinobvumidza kushandiswa kwomuchina unochenura ropa uye unoshanda samapapu nomwoyo (usina kutanga kushandisa ropa) pamwe chete nokuisirwa ropa rako umene mukati mokuvhiya apo kutenderera kweropa riri kunze kwomuviri kunenge kusingadzongonyedzwi; chiremba anofanira kukurukura nomurwere wacho pamusoro peicho hana yake inoraira.2
Zvapupu hazvirangariri kuti Bhaibheri rinotsinhira nomutoo wakananga pamusoro pokuisirwa mitezo yavamwe vanhu; nokudaro, zvisarudzo pamusoro pokuisira rukanda rwemboni yeziso, itsvo, kana kuti mamwe mativi zvinofanira kuitwa neChapupu chimwe nechimwe.
KUVHIYA KUKURU KUNOBVIRA
Kunyange zvazvo vanachiremba vokuvhiya kazhinji kazhinji vakaramba kurapa Zvapupu nemhaka yokuti chimiro chazvo pakushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa neropa chinoratidzika kuva “chinoita kuti vanachiremba vapererwe nezano rose zvaro,” vanachiremba vazhinji zvino vakasarudza kurangarira mugariro wacho sechimwezve chinetso bedzi chinodenha unyanzvi hwavo. Zvapupu zvazvisingarambi mvura dzinotsiva ropa dzinonwiwa kana kuti dzinopinzwa nomutsinga, uyewo kupisa negetsi, kutindivadza kunoderedza kusunda kweropa,3 kana kuti kuderedza mwero wokupisa kwomuviri, izvozvi zvakashandiswa nomutoo unobudirira. Kushandiswa kwazvino uno nokwomunguva yemberi kwehetastarch,4 majekiseni emwero mukuru weiron dextran anopinzwa nomutsinga,5,6 uye “sonic scalpel”7 kuri kuvimbisa uye hakurambidzwi mune zvorudzidziso. Uyewo, kana mvura dzingashandiswa mukutsiva ropa dzine flourine (Fluosol-DA) dzichangobva kugadzirwa dzikabvumikisa kuva dzakanaka nedzinobudirira,8 kushandiswa kwadzo hakusati kuchizorwisana nezvitendero zveZvapupu.
Muna 1977, Ott naCooley9 vakashuma pamusoro pokuvhiya tsinga dzomwoyo kune 542 kwakaitwa paZvapupu pasina kuisira ropa uye vakagumisa kuti uyu muitiro unogona kuitwa “paine mwero wengozi wakaderera zvinogamuchirika.” Mukupindura chikumbiro chedu, Cooley pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi akaita hwirudzuro yezviverengero zvokuvhiya zvine 1 026, 22% pavana vaduku, uye akasarudza “kuti ngozi yokuvhiya varwere vari Zvapupu zvaJehovha haina kukwira zvikuru kupinda yavamwe.” Nomutoo wakafanana, Michael E. DeBakey, MD, akataura “kuti mumizhinji zvikuru yemigariro [inobatanidza Zvapupu] ngozi yokuvhiya pasina kushandiswa kwokuisira ropa haina kukura zvikuru kupfuura iri muvarwere avo vatinoshandisira kuisira ropa” (kurukurirano yomunhu oga, March 1981). Bhuku racho rinewo chinyorwa chokuvhiiwa kukurusa kwakabudirira kwomukoto weweti10 nokwamapfupa.11 G. Dean MacEwen, MD, naJ. Richard Bowen, MD, vakanyora kuti kubatanidzwa kwomuzongoza wapamagaro “kwakaitwa nomutoo unobudirira kuvaduku [Zvapupu] 20” (mashoko asingabudiswi, August 1981). Vanowedzera, kuti: “Chiremba wokuvhiya anofanira kusimbisa uzivi hwokuremekedza maruramiro omurwere okuramba kuisirwa ropa asi kunyange zvakadaro achiita miitiro yokuvhiya nomutoo unobvumira kotsekano kumurwere.”
Herbsman12 anoshuma rubudiriro mune zvinoitika, kubatanidza zvimwe zvinobatanidza pwere, “zvine kurasikirwa neropa kukurusa kwakaparirwa nekuvadziko yakati kuti.” Anobvuma kuti “Zvapupu zvinenge zvisingabetserekani pakureva nezvezvinodikanwa zveropa. Kunyanguvezvo kwakajekawo zvikuru kuti isu tine mimwe mitoo yokurapa ingashandiswa mukutsiva neropa.” Achicherekedza kuti vanachiremba vazhinji vokuvhiya vakanzwa vachidziviswa kugamuchira Zvapupu savarwere nokuda kwoku“tya miuyo yapamutemo,” iye anoratidza kuti iyoyi haisati iri itiro hanya huru.
ITIRO HANYA DZAPAMUTEMO NAVADUKU
Zvapupu zvinosaina nokudisa fomu reAmerican Medical Association rinosunungura vanachiremba nezvipatara pakuva nemhaka,13 uye Zvapupu zvizhinjisa zvinofamba zviine kadhi reMedical Alert rakanyorwa musi, rakasainwa nezvapupu rikagadzirwa pakukurukura nezviremera zvezvokurapa nezvapamutemo. Aya magwaro anoisa musengwa pamurwere (kana kuti pamhuri yake) uye anogovera dziviriro kuna vanachiremba, nokuti Justice Warren Burger akati chiito chokubata nomutoo usina kufanira “chaizoratidzika kuva chisingatsigirwi” apo rugwaro rwakadaro runenge rwakasainwa. Uyewo, achitsinhira pamusoro paikoku mukunzverwa kwo“mutoo wokurapa wokugombedzera norusununguko rworudzidziso,” Paris14 akanyora, kuti: “Mumwe mutsinhiri akanzvera mabhuku akashuma kuti, ‘Ndave ndisingakwanisi kuwana chiremera chipi nechipi chokutaura kwokuti chiremba aizonangana . . . nokuva nemhaka . . . yokuputsa mutemo kupfurikidza nokukundikana kwake kugombedzera kuisira ropa murwere asingadi.’ Ngozi yacho inoratidzika kuva muuyo mukuru wendangariro inofungidzira yapamutemo panzvimbo pokuva chinhu chaicho chinobvira.”
Kutarisirwa kwavaduku kunoparira itiro hanya hurusa, kazhinji kazhinji kuchiguma nechiito chapamutemo kuvabereki chiri mumitemo yokuregeredzwa kwavana. Asi zviito zvakadaro zvinopanikirwa navanachiremba vazhinji navarovereri mhaka vakarovedzana nemhaka dzeZvapupu, avo vanodavira kuti vabereki Zvapupu vanotsvaka kutarisirwa kwakanaka kwokurapa kwavana vavo. Zvisati zvichida kunzvenga mutoro wazvo woubereki kana kuti kuunakurira kumutongi kana kuti kune mumwe munhuwo zvake, Zvapupu zvinokurudzira kuti kurangarirwa kuitwe kudzidziso dzorudzidziso rwemhuri. Dr. A. D. Kelly, aichimbova Munyori weCanadian Medical Association, akanyora15 kuti “vabereki vavaduku nehama dzapedyo dzavarwere vasingachazivi chinhu vane maruramiro okutsanangura chido chomurwere. . . . Ini handiyemuri kutamba mhaka kwedare risina kutsarukana rakaungana pa 2:00 AM kuti ribvise mwana pakutarisira kwavabereki vake.”
Kuri pamhene kuti vabereki vane maruramiro okutaura mukutarisirwa kwavana vavo, zvakadai saapo bviro dzengozi nebetsero dzokuvhiya, mutoo wokurapa nemwaranzi yegetsi, kana kuti kurapa nomutoo wamakemikari zvinonanganwa nazvo. Nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinopfuura nhau yengozi yokuisirwa ropa,16 vabereki Zvapupu vanokumbira kuti mitoo yokurapa isingarambidzwi mune zvorudzidziso ishandiswe. Ikoku kunowirirana nedzidziso yezvokurapa yokurapa “munhu wose,” kusati kuchifuratira kuvadziko inobvira inogara narini yendangariro yomuitiro unogombedzera unoputsa zvitendero zvikuru zvemhuri. Kazhinji kazhinji, nzvimbo huru dzezvokurapa kupota nyika yose dzine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira paZvapupu zvino dzinogamuchira varwere vanochinjirwako vachibva kuzvipatara zvisingadi kurapa Zvapupu, kunyange zvinoitika zvokurapwa kwavana.
DENHO YACHIREMBA
Nomutoo unonzwisisika, kutarisira Zvapupu zvaJehovha kungaratidzika kuva kunomutsa mugariro wakakomba kuna chiremba akazvipira kuchengeta upenyu noutano kupfurikidza nokushandisa unyanzvi hwose hwaanokwanisa kushandisa. Achisuma muchikamu chinonyorwa nomupepeti wenhau nhevedzano yenyaya dzinoreva pamusoro pokuvhiya kukuru kwakaitwa paZvapupu, Harvey17 akabvuma kuti, “Ini ndinowana zvichishatirisa zvitendero izvozvo izvo zvingavhiringidza basa rangu.” Asi, iye akawedzera, kuti: “Zvichida isuwo tinokanganwa nyore nyore kuti kuvhiya mano anotsamira paunyanzvi hwomunhu oga hwavanhu vamwe navamwe. Unyanzvi hunogona kuvandudzwa.”
Purofesa Bolooki18 akacherekedza mushumo unokangaidza wokuti chimwe chezvipatara zvakabatikana zvikurusa zvavanokuvara zvomuDade County, Florida, zvakanga zvine “muitiro unobatanidza zvakawanda wokuramba kurapa” Zvapupu. Akaonesa kuti “miitiro mizhinjisa yokuvhiya mune iri boka ravarwere yakabatanidzwa nengozi ine mwero wakaderera kupfuura wenguva dzose.” Akawedzera, kuti: “Kunyange zvazvo vanachiremba vokuvhiya vangarangarira kuti vari kudziviswa kushandisa midziyo yokurapa kwazvino uno . . . ndinopwiswa kuti kupfurikidza nokuvhiya ava varwere ivo vachadzidza zvakawanda zvikuru.”
Panzvimbo pokurangarira murwere ari Chapupu kuva chinetso, vanachiremba vazhinji zvikuru vanogamuchira mugariro wacho sedenho yezvokurapa. Mukunangana nedenho yacho vakasimudzira mupimo wokurapa nokuda kweiri boka ravarwere unogamuchirwa munzvimbo zhinjisa dzezvokurapa mukupota nyika. Ava vanachiremba panguva imwe cheteyo vari kugovera tarisiro iri yakanakisisa nokuda kwokubetserwa kwakakwana kwomurwere. Sokutaura kwakaita Gardner et al,19 kuti: “Ndianiko aizobetserwa kana chirwere chokunyama chomurwere chikarapwa asi upenyu hwomudzimu naMwari, sokuhuona kwaanoita, hukabvumiraniswa pane zvisina kufanira, uko kunotungamirira kuupenyu husina revo uye zvichida hwakaipisisa kupinda rufu rumene.”
Zvapupu zvinoziva kuti, mune zvokurapa, kupwiswa kwazvo kunorangarirwa zvakasimba kunoratidzika kuva kunowedzera mwero wengozi uye kungaita kuti kutarisirwa kwazvo kuve kwakaoma. Naizvozvo, zvinowanzoratidzira kuonga kusati kuri kwenguva dzose nokuda kwokutarisirwa kwazvinoitwa. Mukuwedzera kukuva namavara anokosha okutenda kukuru uye chido chikuru chokurarama, zvinobatira pamwe nomufaro navanachiremba navashandi vokurapa. Nokudaro, vose vari vaviri murwere nachiremba vanobatana mukunangana neiyi denho yechienzi.
NONGEDZERO
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