Kutarisana Nokutyisa Kwougandanga
MUKUPERA kwema1980, ugandanga hwakaita sehwava kuderera. Zvisinei, rumwe rudzi rutsva rwougandanga rwakatanga. Ugandanga hwemazuva ano zvikurukuru hunobva kuvanopfurikidza mwero vane nzira dzavo pachavo dzokuwana mari yokuvatsigira—nokutengesa zvinodhaka zvisiri pamutemo, mabhizimisi omunhu pachake, upfumi hwomunhu pachake, vanopa ruyamuro, uye tsigiro yemari yomunzvimbomo. Uye vanoramba vachiita utsinye hunotyisa kupfuura zvavaimboita.
Mumakore achangopfuura kwave kune kuwedzera kwezviito zvisina musoro zvougandanga. World Trade Center iri muNew York yakabhombwa, vanhu 6 vakafa uye 1 000 vakakuvadzwa. Kamwe kapoka kakaparadzira gasi rinokanganisa kufema rinonzi sarin muzvitima muTokyo, vanhu 12 vakafa uye vanopfuura 5 000 vakakuvadzwa. Rimwe gandanga rakaparadza chivako chehurumende muOklahoma City nebhomba rakanga rakavigwa murori, vanhu 168 vakafa uye mazana akakuvadzwa. Sezvinoratidzwa nechati iri pamapeji 12 ne13, zviito zvougandanga zvakasiyana-siyana zvaramba zviripo kusvikira zvino.
Chaizvoizvo, magandanga anoratidzika seasingachanyanyi kuzvidzora kupfuura zvaaisimboita kare. Akapomerwa mhosva yokubhomba chivako chehurumende muOklahoma City muna 1995 akatorwa mashoko ake seaiti aida “kuuraya vanhu vakawanda” kuti zvaaida zvinzwike. Mutungamiriri weboka rakabhomba World Trade Center muNew York City muna 1993 aida kuti zvivako zvose zviri zviviri zviputsike, achiuraya munhu wose aivamo.
Zvombo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokwanisa kuwanikwa nemagandanga, ndicho chimwewo chinhu chitsva. Louis R. Mizell, Jr., nyanzvi yokuongorora zvougandanga, akati: “Tinorarama munguva yokutsamwa kusingafungidziriki uye matura ezvombo anogona kuparadza chose: enyukireya, makemikari, uye ezvombo zvine zvinhu zvipenyu.” Vanopfurikidza mwero vanoda kuparadza kwazvo vava kushandisa zvombo zvinonyanya kuuraya zviri kugadzirwa.
Kurwisa Kwemagandanga Achishandisa Kombiyuta
Hunonzi ugandanga hwepakombiyuta hunosanganisira kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano, zvakadai semakombiyuta. Chimwe chombo, mapurogiramu ekombiyuta anoparadza mashoko kana kukanganisa makombiyuta. Kunewo mapurogiramu anoita kuti makombiyuta aedze kuita zvaasingakwanisi kuita, nokudaro zvichiita kuti atadze kushanda zvakanaka. Sezvo mashoko mazhinji ane chokuita noupfumi uye kudzivirirwa kwenyika ari kuwedzera kuchengeterwa mumakombiyuta, vakawanda vanofunga kuti voruzhinji vari pangozi yokurwisa kwougandanga kwakadaro. Uye nepo mauto akawanda ane gadziriro dzokuti arambe achikurukurirana kunyange muhondo yenyukireya, gadziriro dzevasiri mauto—magetsi, kutakurwa kwezvinhu, uye misika yemari—dzingawedzera kuva pangozi yokukanganiswa.
Kasiri kare zvikuru, kana gandanga raida kudzima magetsi, somuenzaniso ngatiti muBerlin, raizotsvaka basa rinoitirwa voruzhinji kuitira kuti rikanganise magetsi acho. Asi zvino, vamwe vanoti zvinogona kuita kuti nyanzvi yokushandisa kombiyuta yakarovedzwa idzime magetsi muguta ichishandisa kombiyuta iri mumba mayo mumusha uri kure zvikuru kune rimwe divi repasi.
Kasiri kare zvikuru imwe nyanzvi yokushandisa kombiyuta inobva kuSweden yakakanganisa gadziriro yemakombiyuta muFlorida uye yakaita kuti gadziriro yacho isashanda kweawa, zvichimisa mabasa emapurisa, vanodzima moto uye amburenzi.
“Chaizvoizvo pasi redu rava kamusha kaduku duku kasina mapurisa,” akadaro Frank J. Cilluffo, mukuru mukuru weInformation Warfare Task Force paCenter for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Uye Robert Kupperman, mupi wemazano mukuru kuCSIS, muna 1997 akati kana magandanga akasarudza kushandisa nzira dzepamusoro-soro, “hapana sangano rehurumende riripo iye zvino rinogona kuita chinhu pakuparadza uye kurwisa kwaanoita.”
Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti magandanga anoshandisa kombiyuta ane zvishandiso zvinokunda zvokudzivirira zvipi nezvipi zvingashandiswa nevanorwisa ugandanga. George Tenet, mukuru mukuru weCentral Intelligence Agency yomuUnited States akati muvengi anokwanisa kukonzera kuparadza kukuru kana akashandisa purogiramu yakakodzera inokanganisa kombiyuta kana kutsvaka painotambirira nokuendesa mashoko.
Kutyisidzirwa neMakemikari Noutachiona
Panewo kunetseka pamusoro pokushandiswa kwemakemikari pamwe chete nezvombo zvine utachiona. Vanhu pasi pose vakakatyamadzwa mukutanga kwa1995 kunzwa nezvokushandiswa kwegasi rine chepfu muzvitima muTokyo. Chimwe chitendero cheapocalypse ndicho chakapomerwa mhosva yacho.
“Ugandanga hwachinja,” anodaro Brad Roberts wepaInstitute of Defense Analyses. “Magandanga ataiziva aida zvibvumirano zvematongerwe enyika. Asi zvino, mamwe mapoka anoti chinangwa chawo chikuru ndechokuuraya vanhu vakawanda. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvombo zvine utachiona zvinyanye kudiwa.” Zvakaoma here kuwana zvombo zvakadaro? Magazini inonzi Scientific American inoti munhu anogona kuchengeta matiririyoni outachiona pasina kuva pangozi yakanyanya, uye achishandisa zvishandiso zvisinganetsi kunzwisisa, zvisingatombopfuuri muchina wokuvirisa doro. Kana utachiona hwacho hwangokura chete, kuhutamisa kuri nyore zvikuru. Vanenge vakanangwa havatombozivi kuti pane chombo kusvikira kwapera zuva kana maviri gare gare. Uye ipapo vanogona kunge vatonyanya kunonoka.
Utachiona hwechigwadara zvinonzi ndihwo hunonyanya kudiwa muzvombo zvine zvinhu zvipenyu. Hosha yacho inowana zita rayo kubva pashoko rechiGiriki remarasha—kutaura nezvemhezi nhema dzinoita pamusoro pezvironda zvinoita paganda reavo vanenge vabata chipfuwo chine chigwadara. Vezvokudzivirirwa vanonyanya kunetseka nezvirwere zvemapapu zvinokonzerwa nokufema utachiona hwechigwadara. Chigwadara chinouraya vanhu vakawanda kwazvo.
Chikonzero nei utachiona hwechigwadara huri chombo chinonyatsoshanda? Utachiona hwacho huri nyore kuchengeta uye hwakaoma kuhudzivisa kushanda kwahwo. Zvinotora mazuva anoverengeka vanhu vacho vasati vaona chiratidzo chokutanga, chokunzwa kunge une dzihwa nokurukutika. Zvinoteverwa nechikosoro uye kurwadziwa nomuchipfuva kusina kunyanya. Zvozoteverwa nokutadza kufema zvakanaka, kuora mwoyo kukuru, uye rufu mumaawa mashomanana.
Zvombo Zvenyukireya Mumaoko Emagandanga Here?
Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union, vamwe vaishamisika kana chombo chenyukireya chakabiwa chaizotengeswa zvisiri pamutemo. Zvisinei, vanamazvikokota vakawanda havabvumi kuti izvi zvichafa zvakaitika. Robert Kupperman, ane mashoko ambotaurwa, anoti “hapana uchapupu hwokuti chikwata chipi nechipi chemagandanga chakatsvaka zvinhu zvenyukireya.”
Chimwe chinhu chiri kunyanya kunetsa zvikuru parizvino zvinhu zvine simba rinobva mumwaranzi inopisa. Hazviputiki. Hapana kuputika kune simba kana kuparadza kunokonzerwa nokupisa. Pane kudaro, zvinobudisa mwaranzi inoparadza masero mamwe nemamwe. Masero emwongo wemapfupa ndiwo anonyanya kukuvadzwa. Kuparara kwawo kunoguma nezvakawanda, kusanganisira kubuda ropa kusingagumi uye kuparara kwesimba romuviri rinodzivirira zvirwere. Kusiyana nezvombo zvine makemikari, zvinopera basa kana zvikasangana nemhepo nounyoro, simba remwaranzi inopisa rinogona kuramba richiparadza kwemakore.
Tsaona yakaitika muGoiânia, guta riri pakati peBrazil nechokumaodzanyemba, inoratidza kuti simba remwaranzi inopisa rinogona sei kuva nengozi. Muna 1987 mumwe murume akanga asingambofungiri akavhura gaba romutobvu rakanga rakabatanidzwa pazvinhu zvemishonga zvakanga zvangosiyiwa. Gaba racho raiva necesium-137. Afadzwa nokupenya kwakajeka kwedombo racho, akaratidzawo shamwari dzake zvaakanga awana. Muvhiki imwe chete, vanhu vokutanga vakavamba kuenda pakiriniki yomunharaunda. Zviuru zvakaongororwa zviratidzo zvokutapukirwa. Vagari vomunzvimbo imomo vanenge zana vakarwara. Makumi mashanu vaida kuradzikwa muchipatara, vanokwana vana vakafa. Pfungwa yokuti chii chaigona kuitika dai cesium yacho yakangoparadzirwa inopazanisa misoro yavanamazvikokota vanorwisa ugandanga.
Mubhadharo Mukuru
Kufa kwevanhu kunosiririsa ndiwo mugumisiro uri pachena wougandanga. Asi kune zvimwe zvakatokura. Ugandanga hunogona kuparadza kana kunonotsa zvirongwa zvorunyararo munzvimbo dzepasi dzisina kugadzikana. Zvinokurudzira, zvinorebesa, kana kusimudzira hondo, uye zvinoita kuti mhirizhonga irambe ichitanga.
Ugandanga hunogonawo kuva nezvahunoita paupfumi hwenyika. Hurumende dzave dzichimanikidzirwa kushandisa nguva yakawanda zvikuru nezvinhu kuti vahurwise. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States moga, mari yakashandiswa pakurwisa ugandanga inonzi yakasvika madhora mabhiriyoni gumi okuAmerica [Z$55 000 000 000] mugore ra2000.
Pasinei nokuti tinozviona kana kwete, ugandanga hune zvahunoita patiri tose. Hune zvahunoita pamafambiro atinoita uye zvisarudzo zvatinoita patinofamba. Hunoita kuti nyika dzepasi pose dzishandise mari yomutero yakawanda kudzivirira vanhu vanoshandira voruzhinji, zvivako zvinokosha, uye vagari vomunyika.
Saka mubvunzo unoramba uripo wokuti, Pane chinganyatsopedza chinetso chougandanga here? Izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya inotevera.
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 15]
Kuita Ugandanga Zvichinzi Tiri Kuponesa Zvipenyu Nemhoteredzo Yazvo
Rumwe rudzi rutsva rwougandanga rwava kusanganisira “kupisa zvinhu, kubhomba uye kuparadza zvichinzi tiri kuponesa mhoteredzo nezvisikwa zvayo,” rinoshuma kudaro pepanhau rinonzi Oregonian. Zviito zvinoparadza izvi zvave zvichinzi ugandanga hunoitirwa pazvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo (ecoterrorism). Zviito zvougandanga zvikuru zvakadai zvinopfuura zana zvakaitika kumadokero kweUnited States kubvira muna 1980, uye zvinhu zvinosvika madhora mamiriyoni 42,8 okuAmerica [Z$2 354 000 000 000] zvakaparadzwa. Mhosva dzakadai dzinonyanya kuitirwa kuti dzikanganise kurimwa nokutemwa kwemiti, kushandiswa kwemasango senzvimbo dzokuvarairwa, kana kushandiswa kwemhuka kuwanisa mvere nezvokudya kana pakutsvakurudza.
Zviito zvacho zvinonzi ndezvougandanga nokuti zvinosanganisira mhirizhonga ine chinangwa chokushandura maitiro evanhu nemasangano kana kuchinja zvirongwa zvoruzhinji. Magandanga anoparadza zvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo anovhiringidza vaongorori nokurwisa nzvimbo dziri dzoga, kakawanda kacho usiku, uye haasiyi uchapupu asi ungwandangwanda chete. Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, mhosva dzinoitwa zvichinzi tiri kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza dzaisanyanya kuparadza, uye dzaioneka sedzisina basa. Asi zviri kunangwa zvakawedzera mumakore achangopfuura. “Chinangwa chevanhu ava ndechokuda kuti zvido zvavo zvokushandura zvinhu zvinzwike,” akadaro James N. Damitio, nyanzvi yokuongorora Mabasa Emasango yokuUnited States. “Uye kana vakafunga kuti havasi kunzwika, vanoedza chimwewo chinhu.”
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]
Ugandanga Nezvinobudisa Nhau
“Kuda kuonekwa nevoruzhinji kwaimbova chinangwa chikuru uye chombo chevaya vanoshandisa ugandanga kurwisa vanhu vasina mhaka kuti vafambisire mberi zvinangwa zvavo zvematongerwe enyika kana kungokonzera mhirizhonga,” anodaro Terry Anderson, mutori wenhau akaiswa muutapwa nemagandanga kwemakore manomwe muLebanon. “Kungobudisa nhau chete yokuba munhu nezvikonzero zvematongerwe enyika, kuurayirwa chigaro chokutonga kana kubhomba kunoparadza ndiko kutanga kukunda kwegandanga. Kana nyika yose ikasazviona, zviito zvakakasharara izvi hazvina zvazvinobatsira.”
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 16, 17]
1. Kubhomba muJerusalem, kuIsrael
2. Magandanga anobhomba bhengi muColombo, kuSri Lanka
3. Bhomba rinoputika muNairobi, kuKenya
4. Mhuri yevanhu vakaurayiwa nebhomba rakaputika muMoscow, kuRussia
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Heidi Levine/Sipa Press
A. Lokuhapuarachchi/Sipa Press
AP Photo/Sayyid Azim
Izvestia/Sipa Press