Ugandanga Hwachinja
Pakapedzisira kubudiswa nyaya yougandanga pabutiro remagazini ino, pakashandiswa mufananidzo unowanzozivikanwa—wevaurayi vakazvifukidza kumeso vakatakura pfuti uye seri kwavo kwairatidza kuva nokuputika kukuru. Zvisinei, mazuva ano, mufananidzo wacho wasiyana.
MUMAMBAKWEDZA, mudungwe wemarori asina mavara unofamba nepakati pedzimba. Marori acho anomira pedyo nechimwe chivako chechikoro. Nenguva isipi, boka revarume vakanyatsorovedzwa vakapfeka zvinodzivirira pagasi rinouraya uye vakapfeka zvinodzivirira pamakemikari vanofamba nomukasango kane zvikwenzi. Vanongoziva chete kuti kamwe kanhu kanoputika kakaputitswa pamutambo munhandare yepachikoro pacho, kachiparadzira gasi rakarwarisa vaoni vakawanda kwazvo. Vachishanda pamwe nevanhu vomunharaunda yacho vanobatsira panguva yenjodzi, varume vana vanopinda nokuchenjerera munharaunda yakapararira gasi racho kuti vaone zvakaitika. Chii chakabudiswa nekanhu kacho kanoputika? Utachiona hwechigwadara here? Igasi rinokanganisa kufema here?
Varume vacho vanofamba zvishoma nezvishoma vachipinda munhandare yacho, vaine zvishandiso zvakasiyana-siyana zvokushandisa kuongorora makemikari. Vanosvika pakamuri duku pavanowana zvisaririra zvekanhu kacho kanoputika. Basa ravo rinoda kungwaririra, richisanganisira kubata zvishandiso zviduku zvokuongororesa uye vanofanira kufambisa zvinhu zvihombe.
Nenguva isipi zvavakavharisa kumeso zvinonyorovera. Basa racho rinonetesa, kunyange kuvarume vakarovedzwa. Zvisinei, pasati pambopera maminiti gumi, zvisaririra zvacho zvinoonekwa. “Pasina mubvunzo kanhu kacho kaiva noutachiona hwechigwadara,” yakadaro nyanzvi yekemesitiri yaiva pamwe neboka racho.
Kuchinja Kuri Kuita Ugandanga
Chiitiko ichi chakanga chisina ngozi sezvachinonzwika kuva. Kwaingova kurovedza, vachiedza kuona zvingaitwa neboka racho kana gasi rinouraya rikashandiswa kune imwe nzvimbo kuruwa rwokuchamhembe rweNew York. Boka racho nderimwe reakaumbwa munguva ichangopfuura anonzi Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams. Mapoka akadaro anoita basa rokuongorora zvakaita ugandanga hutsva nokukomba kwahwo uye kuongorora utachiona hunofungidzirwa, makemikari, kana mwaranzi inopisa.
Boka iri nderimwe reakawanda ave achiumbwa pasi pose kuti arwise kuchinja kwezvinetso zvinokonzerwa nougandanga.a Zvakaitika mumakore achangopfuura zvinoratidza kuti zviito zvougandanga zvakaitwa nemapoka akazvimirira kana mapoka evanopfurikidza mwero zviri kuwedzera. Kunyange zvazvo magandanga akawanda achiri kunanga zvivako zvechiuto kana mahofisi evamiririri venyika, vamwe vava kurwisa nzvimbo dzisina kudzivirirwa, dzakadai semahotera, zvokufambisa zvavose, zviitiko zvemitambo, nzvimbo dzakabatikana dzomumaguta, uye nzvimbo dzinoshanyirwa.
Kuratidza kuchinja muzvinoitwa nemagandanga, Porter Goss, sachigaro weU.S. House Intelligence Committee, akati: “Tinofanira kuchinja kufunga kwedu kwekare pamusoro pougandanga hunotsigirwa nehurumende kuenda kuugandanga hutsva. Tiri kuramba tichitarisana nougandanga hunotsigirwa nevanhu vanorwira chimwe chinhu.”
Ugandanga hutsva hunosanganisira zviito nounyanzvi zvingava zvakati omei kudzivirira kana kurwisa. Magandanga ari kuramba achikwanisa kushandisa michina mitsva uye kuwana vanopa mari vakazvimirira. USA Today inoti: “Michina mitsva yemakombiyuta neyokufambisa mashoko noutsotsi hwakarongwa zvinoita kuti ugandanga hutooma zvikuru kudzivirira.” Ugandanga hutsva hunonangawo zvinhu zvitsva, zvichimanikidzira kuti vatori venhau nevapepeti vaumbe mashoko akadai sokuti “ugandanga hwepakombiyuta (cyber-terrorism),” “ugandanga hunoshandiswa zvombo zvine utachiona (bioterrorism),” uye “ugandanga hunoitirwa pazvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo (ecoterrorism).”
Ugandanga hutsva hwacho hune ngozi zvakadini? Kuchengeteka kwako kuri pangozi here? Pane chingapedza ugandanga hwomunyika yose here? Nyaya dzinotevera dzichajekesa mibvunzo iyi.
[Mashoko Omuzasi]
a Kuzivikanwa kunoitwa ugandanga kwakasiyana-siyana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, munyika dzasakadzwa nehondo yezvizvarwa zvemunyika imwe chete, mhirizhonga inoitwa nerimwe boka kune rimwe ingaonekwa sechiito chehondo chakakodzera kana kuti sougandanga, zvichienderana nokuti idivi ripi rabvunzwa. Munyaya dzino dzinotevedzana, shoko rokuti “ugandanga” riri kureva kushandiswa kwemhirizhonga yokumanikidza kuti zvido zvavo zviitwe.
[Bhokisi/Mepu iri papeji 12, 13]
(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)
Makore Gumi OUGANDANGA
1. Buenos Aires, Argentina
March 17, 1992
Bhomba romumotokari rakaparadza Muzinda Wevamiriri veIsrael. Vakaurayiwa: 29. Vakakuvadzwa: 242
2. Algiers, Algeria
August 26, 1992
Bhomba rinoputika munhandare huru yendege. Vakaurayiwa: 12. Vakakuvadzwa: vanenge 128
3. New York City, United States
February 26, 1993
Vechitendero vanopfurikidza mwero vanoputitsa bhomba hombe pasi peWorld Trade Center. Vakaurayiwa: 6. Vakakuvadzwa: vanenge 1 000
4. Matsumoto, Japan
June 27, 1994
Nhengo dzeboka rinonzi Aum Shinrikyo dzinoparadzira gasi rinonzi sarin munzvimbo inogara vanhu. Vakaurayiwa: 7. Vakakuvadzwa: 270
5. Tokyo, Japan
March 20, 1995
Nhengo dzeboka rinonzi Aum Shinrikyo dzinoparadzira gasi rinonzi sarin muzvitima muTokyo. Vakaurayiwa: 12. Vakakuvadzwa: vanopfuura 5 000
6. Oklahoma City, United States
April 19, 1995
Bhomba rinoputika pachivako chehurumende. Vanoda kuti zvinhu zvichinjwe vanopfurikidza mwero vanopomerwa. Vakaurayiwa: 168. Vakakuvadzwa: vanopfuura 500
7. Colombo, Sri Lanka
January 31, 1996
Magandanga anosimudzira rudzi rwawo anopinza rori rakatakura zvinoputika mubhengi nechisimba. Vakaurayiwa: 90. Vakakuvadzwa: vanopfuura 1 400
8. London, England
February 9, 1996
Magandanga okuIreland anoputitsa bhomba mugaraji rokupaka. Vakaurayiwa: 2. Vakakuvadzwa: vanopfuura 100
9. Jerusalem, Israel
February 25, 1996
Bhazi rinobhombwa. Vechitendero vanopfurikidza mwero vanofungidzirwa. Vakaurayiwa: 26. Vakakuvadzwa: vamwe vanenge 80
10. Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
June 25, 1996
Rori rinotakura mafuta raiva nebhomba rinoputika panze pezvivako zvemauto eUnited States. Vakaurayiwa: 19. Vakakuvadzwa: 515
11. Phnom Penh, Cambodia
March 30, 1997
Vanodenha vanokanda magirinedhi mana muvanhu vairatidzira. Vakaurayiwa: vanosvika 16. Vakakuvadzwa: vanopfuura 100
12. Coimbatore, India
February 14, 1998
Kubhomba kwakawanda kunotevedzana kunoitwa nevanopfurikidza mwero vechitendero. Vakaurayiwa: 43. Vakakuvadzwa: 200
13. Nairobi, Kenya, uye Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
August 7, 1998
Muzinda Wevamiririri veUnited States unobhombwa. Vakaurayiwa: 250. Vakakuvadzwa: vanopfuura 5 500
14. Colombia
October 18 naNovember 3, 1998
Kumwe kurwisa nemabhomba uye kumwe nezvombo zvokupotsera. Pombi yemafuta ndiyo yakanangwa nokurwisa kwokutanga. Vakaurayiwa: 209. Vakakuvadzwa: vanopfuura 130
15. Moscow, Russia
September 9 na13, 1999
Kuputika kukuru kuviri kwakaparadza mafurati maviri. Vakaurayiwa: 212. Vakakuvadzwa: vanopfuura 300
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Kwakatorwa Mashoko: The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
Victor Grubicy/Sipa Press
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 14]
Kurwisa Pachishandiswa Kombiyuta
March 1999: Mishumo inoratidza kuti makombiyuta anonzi Pentagon ave akadzivirirwa “zvakarongwa” kuti asashandiswe zvisina mvumo. Zuva rimwe nerimwe kurwisa 60 kusvikira ku80 kunoitwa nenyanzvi dzokushandisa kombiyuta kunorekodwa pamakombiyuta omuDhipatimendi Rokudzivirira muUnited States.
Pakati pa1999: Mumwedzi mitatu, nyanzvi dzokushandisa Makombiyuta dzinopesana nehurumende dzinoshandisa zvisiri pamutemo pokuwanira mashoko panoshandiswa neDare reMakurukota reUnited States, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Mauto eUnited States, White House, uye mamwe madhipatimendi ehurumende anoverengeka muUnited States.
January 2000: Pasi pose, zvinoshumwa kuti mugore rapfuura mabhizimisi akashandisa madhora mabhiriyoni 12,1 okuAmerica [Z$665 500 000 000] kurwisa ugandanga hunoshandiswa mapurogiramu anokuvadza makombiyuta.
August 2000: Imwe nyanzvi yokushandisa kombiyuta inoshandisa zvisiri pamutemo pokuwanira mashoko pehurumende nezviremera zvomunharaunda muUnited Kingdom.