Maguta—Nei Ari Mumatambudziko?
“Uyai, ngatizvivakire guta, norusvingo, rune musoro unosvikira kudenga . . . kuti tirege kupararira panyika yose.”—Genesi 11:4.
MASHOKO aya, akataurwa makore anopfuura 4 000 adarika, akazivisa nezvokuvakwa kweguta guru reBhabheri.
Bhabheri, rakazonzi Bhabhironi gare gare, raive pamapani akambenge akaorera eShinari muMesopotamia. Zvisinei, rakanga risiri iro guta rokutanga rakanyorwa muBhaibheri sezvinowanzofungwa. Chaizvoizvo maguta akatanga Mafashamo omuzuva raNoa asati aitika. Mhondi yainzi Kaini ndiyo yakatanga kuvaka guta rokutanga rakanyorwa nezvaro. (Genesi 4:17) Guta iri, rainzi Enoki, zvichida raingoti pfuurei musha wakakomberedzwa zvakasimba. Ukuwo, Bhabheri raive guta rakakura—muzinda wakakurumbira wechitendero chenhema waiva norusvingo runoshamisa. Zvisinei, Bhabheri neshongwe yaro ine mukurumbira wakashata raipikisana zvikuru naMwari. (Genesi 9:7) Saka maererano neBhaibheri, Mwari akapindira ndokunyonganisa mutauro wevavaki, achigumisa chirongwa chavo chokuzvitsvakira mukurumbira mune zvokunamata. Mwari “akavaparadzira ipapo, vakaenda kunyika dzose,” inodaro Genesi 11:5-9.
Hazvishamisi kuti izvi zvakaita kuti maguta awande. Nokutika maguta aidzivirira pakurwiswa nevavengi. Maguta aiwanisa nzvimbo dzokuti varimi vachengete uye vatengese zvirimwa zvavo. Kuuya kwemisika kwakabvumirawo vagari vomumaguta kurarama humwe upenyu husiri hwokurima. Bhuku rinonzi The Rise of Cities rinoti: “Pavakangosunungurwa paupenyu hwokungoshandira kudya chete, vagari vomumaguta vaigona kutanga mabasa ounyanzvi: kuruka tswanda, kuumba hari, kuredza, kugadzira machira, kusona matehwe, kuveza mapuranga nokuveza matombo—chipi zvacho chaitengeseka.”
Maguta aishanda somuzinda wokuparadzira zvinhu zvakadaro nokukurumidza. Chimbofunga nezvenhoroondo yeBhaibheri yenzara huru muIjipiti. Mutungamiri wehurumende, Josefa, akaona kuti zvaizorerutsa zvinhu kugarisa vanhu mumaguta. Nei? Zviri pachena kuti izvi zvaiita kuti kuparadzirwa kwezvokudya zvakanga zvasara kuve nyore.—Genesi 47:21.
Maguta akavandudzawo kukurukurirana uye kuonana kwevanhu panguva yakwaive nezvokufambisa zvishoma uye zvinononoka. Izviwo zvakakurumidzisa kuchinja kwemagariro netsika. Maguta akava mizinda yokutanga zvinhu zvitsva uye akasimudzira kufambira mberi mukugadzira zvinhu. Sezvo pfungwa itsva dzaipananwa zviri nyore, kutanga zvinhu zvitsva mune zvesayenzi, zvechitendero, uye zvouzivi kwakatanga.
Zvinangwa Zvisina Kuzadzika
Mazuva ano maguta achiri kupa zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvinobatsira. Saka hazvishamisi kuti achiri kukwezva mamiriyoni—zvikurukuru munyika umo upenyu hwokumusha hwazova hwakaomesesa. Zvisinei, kuvanhu vakawanda vanotamira kumaguta, chinangwa chokuva noupenyu huri nani hachizadziki. Bhuku rinonzi Vital Signs 1998 rinoti: “Maererano neimwe ongororo yakaitwa nesangano rinonzi Population Council, upenyu mumaguta omunyika dzichiri kubudirira ndehwokutamburira kupfuura zvahwakaita mumaruwa.” Nei zvakadaro?
Henry G. Cisneros anonyora mubhuku rinonzi The Human Face of the Urban Environment kuti: “Kana varombo vakagara vakamanikidzana panzvimbo duku, zvinetso zvavo zvinowedzera nokukurumidza. . . . Kumanikidzana kunoramba kuchiwedzera kwevarombo, zvikurukuru vanoshorwa munzanga kwave kuchikonzera kushayikwa kwemabasa, kuwedzera kwevanoda kubatsirwa nehurumende uye nguva yavanobatsirwa, zvinetso zvokurapwa kwevoruzhinji zvakakura, uye, zvinotonyanya kuvhiringidza, kuwedzera kwokuparwa kwemhosva.” Bhuku rinonzi Mega-city Growth and the Future rinotaurawo izvozvo richiti: “Kumhanyira kwevanhu vakawanda kumaguta kunowanzokonzera kushayikwa kwemabasa uye kushanda mabasa enhando nokuti vanopinza mabasa vanenge vasisakwanisi kuwanira mabasa nhamba inenge yakura yevanotsvaka mabasa.”
Kuwedzera kwevana vomumigwagwa umboo husingarambiki hwourombo hwakanyanya huri mumaguta omunyika dzichiri kubudirira. Maererano nokumwe kufungidzira, kune vana vomumigwagwa vanosvika mamiriyoni 30 munyika yose! Bhuku rinonzi Mega-city Growth and the Future rinoti: “Urombo nezvimwe zvinetso zvaparadza ukama hwemhuri zvokuti vana vomumigwagwa vava kupedzisira vozviriritira.” Vana vakadaro vanorarama nokudya zvokupara, kukumbira, kana kuita tumabasa twakaderera pamisika yomumaguta.
Chimwe Chokwadi Chinosuwisa
Urombo hunogona kutungamirira kukupara mhosva. Mune rimwe guta rokuSouth America rinozivikanwa nezvounyanzvi hwokuvaka kwemazuva ano, kuparwa kwemhosva kwakapararira zvokuti guta racho riri kukurumidza kuita serakavakwa nesimbi dzoga dzoga. Kubva kumbozha kusvika kuvarombo zvikuru, vagari vemuguta iri vari kukomberedza misha yavo nemasimbi kuti vadzivirire zvinhu zvavo nokuzvidzivirira pachavo. Kutaura zvazviri, vanogara mumakeji. Vamwe vanotoisa masimbi acho imba yavo isati yapera.
Kuwandisa kwevanhu kunotadzisawo guta kuwanisa vanhu zvinhu zvinokosha zvakadai semvura noutsanana. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mune rimwe guta romuAsia, munodiwa zvimbuzi zvevoruzhinji 500 000. Asi, kumwe kuongorora kuchangobva kuitwa kwakaratidza kuti zvimbuzi zviri kushanda i200 chete!
Chisingafaniri kukanganwikwawo kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nokuwandisa kwevanhu. Nzvimbo dzokurima dziri pedyo dzinonyangarika sezvo miganhu yeguta inowedzera. Aimbova mukuru mukuru weUnited Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Federico Mayor anoti: “Maguta anoshandisa simba rakawanda zvikuru, anopedza mvura, uye anoparadza zvokudya nezvokugadzirisa zvinhu. . . . Mhoteredzo yawo inoparara nokuti hapana chainenge ichiri kupa kana kuti inenge isisakwanisi kupfuurira ichirasikirwa.”
Zvinetso Zvomumaguta Makuru Munyika dzokuMadokero
Zvinhu zvingava zvisina kunyanya kuoma munyika dzokuMadokero, asi chinetso chemaguta chirikowo. Somuenzaniso, bhuku rinonzi The Crisis of America’s Cities rinoti: “Maguta okuAmerica nhasi azere nemhirizhonga inotyisa. . . . Kuwanda kwaita mhirizhonga mumaguta okuAmerica kwakura zvokuti mapepanhau anonyora nezvokurapa akatotsaura chikamu chinotaura nezvemhirizhonga sechimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvinoita kuti vanhu vaende kuchipatara mazuva ano.” Zvechokwadi, mhirizhonga chinetso mumaguta makuru akawanda munyika yose.
Kuipa kwoupenyu hwomumaguta chimwe chezvikonzero nei maguta akawanda asingakwezvi vashandirwi. Bhuku rinonzi The Human Face of the Urban Environment rinoti: “Mabhizimisi atamira kunogara vanhu kana kuti mhiri kwemakungwa, zvichivharisa mafekitari, nokusiya ‘minda yasakadzwa’—zvivako zvisina chinhu zviri panzvimbo dzakashatiswa, dzine zvinhu zvinokachidza zvakachererwa pasi, dzisingatomboiti kuvandudza.” Somugumisiro, maguta mazhinji anova nevanhu varombo vakamanikidzana munzvimbo “umo zvinetso zvemhoteredzo zviri nyore kusacherechedzwa—uko kuraswa kwetsvina yomuzvimbuzi kunombovhara; uko kucheneswa kwemvura kusina kukwana; uko inda netsikidzi zvinozara kunorasirwa marara zvopinda mudzimba; uko vana vanodya pendi iri kukwatuka mumadziro ine muchetura womutobvu . . . kusina kana ani ane hanya nazvo.” Kana zvinhu zvakadai, kuparwa kwemhosva, mhirizhonga, uye kuora mwoyo hazvizivani.
Uyewo, maguta okuMadokero ari kuva nechinetso chokuitira vanhu zvinhu zvinokosha. Shure muna 1981, vanyori Pat Choate naSusan Walter vakanyora bhuku rine musoro unoti America in Ruins—The Decaying Infrastructure. Mariri vakati: “Zvirongwa zvomuAmerica zvokubatsira voruzhinji zviri kuparara nokukurumidza kupfuura kutsiviwa kwazviri kuitwa.” Vanyori vacho vakaratidza kushamiswa nouwandu hwemazambuko ari kuita ngura, migwagwa iri kushata, uye kushata kwepombi dzokurasa tsvina yomuzvimbuzi mumaguta makuru.
Makore makumi maviri gare gare, maguta akadai seNew York achine zvinetso zvinoda kugadziriswa mune zvokuvaka. Imwe nyaya iri muNew York Magazine yakatsanangura chimwe chirongwa chikuru chinonzi Third Water Tunnel. Chapedza makore anenge 30 uye chinonzi ndicho chirongwa chikuru kwazvo chokuvaka Murutivi Rwose rwokuMadokero.” Chakashandisa mabhiriyoni anenge mashanu emadhora okuUnited States [Z$275 000 000 000]. Kana wapera, mugero wacho uchaendesa marita mabhiriyoni 3,8 emvura yakachena pazuva kuNew York City. “Asi nokuchera kunoshamisa uku,” akadaro munyori wacho, “mugero wacho ndewokungowedzera pombi dzitoripo, kuti dzigone kugadziriswa kwokutanga kubva padzakachererwa pakatanga zana remakore.” Maererano neimwe nyaya iri muThe New York Times, kugadzirisa zvose zvakambovakwa zviri kuparara zveguta racho—migwagwa yepasi pevhu, pombi huru dzemvura, migwagwa yaro, mazambuko aro—zvichadya mari inenge mabhiriyoni 90 emadhora okuUnited States [Z$4 950 000 000 000].
New York harisi iro roga guta rinoomerwa nokuitira vanhu zvinhu zvinokosha. Chaizvoizvo, maguta makuru anoverengeka anowanzova nezvinetso zvokutadza kushanda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Muna February 1998, Auckland, yokuNew Zealand, yakava nedambudziko rokuenda kwemagetsi kunovhiringidza zvikuru kwedzinopfuura vhiki mbiri. Vagari vomuMelbourne, kuAustralia, vakagara vasina mvura inopisa kwemazuva 13 apo gasi rakavharwa nemhaka yetsaona yakaitika kumaindasitiri pane imwe fekitari.
Pozotiwo chinetso chine maguta ose zvawo—kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa. Moshe Safdie, nyanzvi yokuvaka, anoti: “Musiyano mukuru—usina kufanira—uri pakati poukuru hwemaguta nezvifambiso zvinowanikwa maari. . . . Maguta ekare anotofanira kuchinja nzvimbo dzawo dzebhizimisi kuitira motokari dzakawanda zvaisambofungidzirwa paakavakwa.” Maererano neThe New York Times, mumaguta akaita seCairo, Bangkok, uye São Paulo, kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa angova “magariro.”
Pasinei nematambudziko aya ose, haparatidziki kuti kutamira kumaguta kuri kuitwa kuchamira. Semataurirwo azvinoitwa mune imwe nyaya iri muThe UNESCO Courier, “zvingava zvakarurama kana kuti zvisina, maguta anoita seanopa budiriro norusununguko, tariro yemikana, achikwezva zvisingarambiki.” Asi chii chichanyatsoitika kumaguta makuru enyika munguva yemberi? Pane nzira dzipi nedzipi dzokupedza zvinetso zvawo chaizvoizvo here?
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 5]
“Kumhanyira kwevanhu vakawanda kumaguta kunowanzokonzera kushayikwa kwemabasa uye kushanda mabasa enhando”
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa kuri kunetsa maguta akawanda
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Mamiriyoni evana vomumigwagwa anozviriritira
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Kuvakawanda vanogara mumaguta, zvinangwa zvokuva noupenyu huri nani hazvizadziki