Kumuka Nokuwa Kwenyika Yokutengeserana

Chikamu 4: Chinjo Munzvimbo Yamabasa Okugadzirwa Kwezvinhu—Yakaparirei?

CHINJO munzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu yakavamba muzana ramakore rechi 18 ndokuchinja nyika sezvakanga zvaita zvinhu zvishomanene kare. Kuziva kwounyanzvi, pfuma yakaringana, kuwanika kwezvinhu zvokushandisa, bviro yokuzvitumira uye zviitwa zvakagadzirwa nomutoo wakachipa—izvi nezvimwe zvinhu zvinofanodiwa zvefambiro mberi yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvino zvaipinda muEngland. Ikoku kwakatanga wedzero isingaenzanisirwi neinokurumidza mukuitwa kwezvinhu.

Zvisinei, kugadzirira nzira kwakanga kuri zvinoitika zvakanga zvaitika pamberi pezvi. Marasha, aiwanika nyore muBritain, akatanga kushandiswa samafuta. Uyewo, nepo Continental Europe yakanga ichiparadzanywa nehondo dzorudzidziso, England yaifarikanya rugare rune mwero. Nyika yacho yakanga ine gadziriro yokubhanga mari yakakwirira. Kunyange kuparadzana kwayo neChechi yeRoma Katurike kwakanga kune revo, sezvo chiPurotesitendi chakasimbisa mugariro wakanaka wemari wapakarepo, chichiedza kuita, sokunge zvakadaro, denga pasi pano.

Kuvamba muma 1740, chiverengero chavagari vapasi cheBritain chakawedzera. Nzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu yaitofanira kuwana mitoo mitsva yokukwanisa zvinodikanwa zvinowedzera. Kombamiro yose yomunguva yemberi sezvinooneka yakanga iri michina yakawanda uye iri nani zvikuru. Sezvo gadziriro yokubhanga mari yakagovera mari nokuda kwokutanga makambani matsva, mapoka avashandi akadirana mumafekitari azerwe nemichina. Matrade union, aichimbova arambidzwa, akanyoreswa pamutemo. Vashandi veBritain, vaiganhurirwa zvisina kukwana nemitemo yemasangano kupfuura zvaiva vashandi vomuContinental Europe, vaibhandarwa nokuda kwomugwazo. Ikoku kwakavapa vavariro yakawedzerwa nokuda kwokuwana nzira dziri nani zvikuru dzokubudisa zvinhu nokukurumidza zvikuru.

Britain yakangawo ine vashandi vakasanorovedzwa. Purofesa Shepard B. Clough anotaura kuti “mayunivhesiti eGlasgow neEdinburgh akanga asina vezera ravo munhau dzokunzvera nokuedza dzesayenzi mukupera kwezana ramakore regumi namasere.” Nokudaro, neBritain ichitungamirira, chinjo yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu yakapararira muEurope yose neUnited States. Mumarudzi achiri kubudirira inopfuurira kusvikira kuzuva rino.

Mativi Akavandika Zvikuru

Nemhaka yeizvi zvinoitika, rinodaro The Columbia History of the World, “rubudiriro runokatyamadza rwakasvika kumataundi eEngland, ruchiratidzirwa mumipimo yakavandudzwa youpenyu, tsika inobudirira yoruwa, uye rudado nechivimbo zvinokura.” Britain yakato“wana nzvimbo yehondo, zvikurukuru ngarava dzehondo, udzori uhwo hwakaipawo simba re‘bvumirano.’” Kudzorwa kwemimwe miitiro yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwakapa nyika rubudiriro pavakwikwidzani. Zvakavanzika zvakwo zvenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakanga zvichikosha zvikuru zvokuti mitemo yakaitwa kuti izvidzivise pakuva zvinozivikanwa navose.

Somuenzaniso, apo Samuel Slater akabva muBritain muna 1789, akavanza kuzivikanwa kwake nokuti vashandi vokuruka machira vakanga vasingabvumirwi kutama. Akanzvenga mitemo inorambidza kupinza rongedzero dzokugadzira machira kupfurikidza nokuziva nomusoro marongerwe ose omuchina weBritian wokuruka machira. Ikoku kwakamugonesa kuvaka fekitari yeshinda yokutanga yati yambovakwa muUnited States.

Muitiro wokutaviridzira zvakavanzika zveshavo uchiripo. Magazini yeTime inotsinhira kuti “makambani nenyika zvinoronda zvakavanzika zvomubatanidzwa samashaki ari muupengo munguva yokudya.” Kuba unyanzvi hwomumwewo munhu kunogona kudzivisa makore okunzvera nendyiko dzisingatauriki. Naizvozvo “kunyange zviitwa zviri mushonga kana kuti zvipapata zvinodziya, makambani akabatikana zvikuru kupinda nakare kose nokuwana nzira dzokutaviridzira zvakavanzika zvawo zveshavo.” Mupinzi webasa munzvimbo yebasa rokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvamaelectronic anobvuma, kuti: “Munyika yezvokutengeserana mune makaro zvikuru. Kana ukagona kupinda mumugariro wakanaka, uri mirioneya wokukurumidza.”

Nzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu yamachira inobatira kuenzanisira rumwe rutivi rwakavandika rweenderero mberi yemari. Apo mitoo mitsva yokuruka machira yakabvirisa kubudiswa kwezvinhu zveshinda kupfurikidza nemichina, kudikanwa kwedonje risina kugadzirwa kwakawedzera. Asi nguva yakawanda zvikuru yakanga ichidikanwa kuiita namaoko zvokuti mugove waisagona kuramba uchiwirirana nezvinodikanwa. Ipapo, muna 1793, Eli Whitney akagadzira muchina wokubvisa mhodzi dzedonje. Mukati mamakore 20 chirimwa chedonje cheU.S. chakanga chafutunuka nekane 57 kupfuura zvachakanga chave chakaita! Asi sokuratidzira kunoita Purofesa Clough, kugadzira kwaWhitney kwakaparirawo “futunuko yegadziriro yokurima neyouranda hwamaNegro.” Naizvozvo kunyange zvazvo kwaibetsera, Clough anotsanangura, muchina wokubvisa mhodzi dzedonje “wakabetsera zvikuru kusagadzikana uko kwakatanga pakati penyika yokuChamhembe neyokuMaodzanyemba, uko pakupedzisira kwakaparira Hondo pakati peNyika idzodzo.”

Chinjo yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu yakaita gadziriro yamafekitari makuru musimba repfuma. Vapfumi bedzi vaikwanisa kutenga michina inodhura, ine ukuru nouremu hwaida kuti igadzikwe muzvivako zvechigarire, zvakasanovakwa. Izvozvi zvakavakwa uko simba raiwanikwa nyore uye uko zvinhu zvokushandisa zvaigona kuendeswa pamutengo wakaderera. Naizvozvo mabhizimisi akakombamira kukurereudzira ngwariro kunzvimbo huru dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Kushandiswa kworutsuta kwesimba—pakutanga mvura uye gare gare sitimu—zvaidikanwa kuti zvifambise michina iyo yaida kuti inoverengeka yayo ishandiswe panguva imwe chete. Naizvozvo mafekitari akawedzera mumwero. Uye iwo zvaakava makuru zvikuru, vanhu vakava vasingachazivani zvikuru. Vabatiri vakanga vasichashandirizve vanhu; vakashandira makambani.

Bhizimisi zvarakakura zvikuru, chinetso chokuwanira mari chakakura zvikuru. Hukutsirani hwakava husingaverengeki zvikuru, uye makambani eshavo akabatana, akatanga kuvamba muzana ramakore rechi 17, akazvimukira iwo amene. (Ona bhokisi.) Asi iwaya akabetsera kurereudzira simba mumaoko avashomanene, sezvo varonzesi, kana kuti vagoverani migove, vakanga vane udzori huduku pakutarisirwa. Vanamuzvinabhizimisi avo vakabatira pamwe chete savatungamiriri vamakambani anoverengeka kana kuti mabhangi vakashandisa simba gurusa. Clough anotaura nezva“matare avatungamiriri vanowirirana” ayo kupfurikidza nawo “boka duku rinogona kusarudza mupimo wechikwereti icho bhizimisi ringawana, rinogona kurambidza chikwereti kuvakwikwidzani, uye rinogona kuwana simba guru zvikuru zvokuti rinogona kusarudza miitiro yehurumende uye kunyange kukurira hurumende dzakanga dzine utsinye kwariri.”—Kutsveyamiswa kwamashoko ndokwedu.

Nokudaro, chinjo yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu yakapa nyika yokutengesarana simba romuraudzo. Raizoshandiswa nenzira yokuva nomutoro here?

Kutengeserana Kwakasununguka Kana Kuti Mugariro Wemari Unodzorwa Here?

Huzvinapfuma yebhizimisi hwakabuda zvizere muEngland. Uyewo hunozivikanwa segadziriro yokutengeserana kwakasununguka kana kuti somugariro wemari wokutengeserana negadziriro yemitengo, huzvinapfuma yebhizimisi hwakaparira unopfuura mugove wahwo wamamirioneya pamwe chete nemipimo yakakwirira zvikurusa yokurarama munhau.

Bva, kunyange vatsigiri vanoshingaira zvikurusa vohuzvinapfuma yebhizimisi vanobvuma kuti hune utera. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera kwemari muhuzvinapfuma yebhizimisi hakuna kuvimbika. Kusatsiga kwahwo panhambo nenhambo kunoparira zvinetso zvemari, mhinganidzo dzebhizimisi nokuderera kwebhizimisi. Kuchinjachinja kwaichimboparirwa namasimba okunze akadai sehondo kana kuti mugariro wokunze kunogona kuitwa negadziriro yemari imene.

Utera hwechipiri ndohwokuti nepo huchibudisa zvinhu zvakanaka, huzvinapfuma yebhizimisi hunoparira miuyo yakashata—utsi, matsvina anokachidza, kana kuti migariro yokushanda isina utano. Kuchinja kwenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwakaita kuti ikoku kose kunyanyova kuri pamhene, kuchibetsera kune unonzi muuyo wokupisa kwapasi une miuyo yawo isingadikanwi.a

Mhinganidzo yetatu ndeyokuti huzvinapfuma yebhizimisi hahuna chokwadi chegoverwo yakanaka yepfuma kana kuti zviitwa. Rangarira, somuenzaniso, United States. Muna 1986 20 muzana yavarombo vayo zvikurusa yemhuri dzayo yaitambira iri pasi pe 5 muzana yomubhadharo wose wenyika, nepo iri pamusoro pe 20 muzana yaitambira inenge 45 muzana.

Apo huzvinapfuma yebhizimisi hwakakura zvikuru mukati mechinjo yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu, utera hwayo hahuna kusacherekedzwa. Varume vakadai saKarl Marx akahushora, achidanira nokuda kwokutsiva kupfurikidza nomugariro wemari unodzorwa kana kuti wakarongwa zvakasiana. Vakareverera kuti hurumende igadze nharidzano dzokubudiswa kwezvinhu, dzidzore mitengo, uye kutarisira bhizimisi zvikurukuru kukubviswa kwomunhu oga oga. Bva nhasi, pashure pamakumi amakore okuedza muSoviet Union neEastern Europe, iyi gadziriro yakarasikirwa nefariro yayo. Kuronga kukuru kunoshanda zvakanakisisa apo kuronga kwechimbichimbi kunodikanwa, zvakadai somuhondo dzokurwisana kana kuti mukukudziridza mapurogiramu omuchadenga. Mune zvokurarama nazvo zvezuva riri rose, kunoderera nomutoo wakakomba.

Vatsigiri vohuzvinapfuma yebhizimisi vachabvuma, zvisinei, sezvakaita Adam Smith, uyo ane dzidziso dzinovakirwa padziri zvikurukuru, kuti kubatanidzwa kwehurumende mune zvemari hakugoni kudziviswa chose chose. Kana zvinetso zvakadai sokuderera kwoukoshi hwemari uye kushaikwa kwamabasa zvichizotarisirwa nomwero worubudiriro, zvinofanira kutarisirwa pamwero wehurumende. Naizvozvo, marudzi mazhinjisa ane gadziriro yakasununguka yokutengeserana akabva muhuzvinapfuma yebhizimisi achienda kugadziriro yakavhengena kana kuti yakavandudzwa.

Pamusoro peiyi kombamiro 1990 Britannica Book of the Year inodeya kuzivisa, kuti: “Kunoratidzika kuva kunobvira . . . [kuti] gadziriro dzemari dzingarasikirwa nemisiano yakakomba yakairatidzira munguva yakapfuura ndokusvika pakukarakadza panzvimbo pezvo mwero wezvose apo zvinhu zvezvose zviri zviviri kutengeserana nokuronga kunovapo panguva imwe cheteyo mumwero yakasiana. Masosaiti ari mumwero wezvose angapfuurira kuzvidudza amene seezvokupa mari yokuita bhizimisi uye esosharisiti, asi ane bviro yokuzivisa mativi akawanda muzvigadzikiso kuzvinetso zvawo sezvaachiri kuratidzira misiano inokosha.”

Betsero Dzezvinetso

Muna 1914, Hondo yeNyika I yakavamba. Payakaitika, kutengeserana kwamakaro kwakagadzirira kugovera pfuti, matangi ehondo, uye ndege dzehondo izvo marudzi anorwa aida uye kuti chinjo yenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu yakanga yaita kuti ikoko kubvire.

The Columbia History of the World inoti nepo “kuitwa kwenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwakabetsera kugadzikisa zvinetso zvokunyama zvomunhu,” uyewo kwaka“betsera zvinetso zvokugarisana kwavanhu zvoukombi nouomarari hukuru.”

Nhasi, makore 78 pashure pa 1914, tine zvikonzero zvakawanda kupinda nakare kose zvokubvumirana naaya mashoko. Nomutoo wakakodzera, chikamu chinotevera munhevedzano ino chichava “Makambani Makuru Anobatisisa Kubata Kwawo.”

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 18]

Musika Weshavo—Kutanga Kusvikira Kumugumo

Pakuzosvika pazana ramakore rechi 17, wakanga uri muitiro wavose kutanga mabhizimisi matsva kupfurikidza nokukumbanidza mari yokutanga nayo bhizimisi kwavaronzesi vanoverengeka. Vagoverani veshavo vaigoverwa pamutengo unopiwa. Iyi gadziriro yeshavo yakabatana yakanzi ndiimwe yezviitwa zvinokosha zvikuru yati yamboitwa musangano rebhizimisi. MaNgezi akaedza mabasa anoverengeka akadaro pakati pama 1500, asi akava akapararira pashure pokuumbwa kweEnglish East India Company muna 1600.

Chiverengero chamakambani eshavo akabatana zvachakawedzera, ndozvakaitawo vatengesi vavagoverani. Pakutanga vakasangana navatengi panzvimbo dzakasiana-siana, padzimwe nguva mudzimba dzokuzororera. Gare gare, nzvimbo dzokutengeserana dzakavambwa kuti dzigovere nzvimbo yakagadzwa nokuda kwokubata nezveshavo. Nzvimbo yeLondon Stock Exchange yakavambwa muna 1773. Asi nzvimbo yekaresa ingava iyo iri muAmsterdam, iyo vamwe vanotaura kuti yakazarurwa muna 1642, kana kuti zvimwe iyo iri muAntwerp, iyo vamwe vanotaura kuti yakavamba muna 1531.

Makambani eshavo ane betsero dzakadai sedzinotevera: anogovera mari yokutanga bhizimisi yakaringana kuita kutengeserana kukuru; anobvumira vanhu vose banza rokuisa kunyange zvitsama zviduku zvemari kuti ishande; anoderedza ukuru hwokurasikirwa kumuronzesi upi noupi muchinoitika chemhinganidzo; anobvumira vagoveri vevagoverani kuwana mari inokurumidza kuwanika kupfurikidza nokutengesa zvose kana kuti mimwe yemigove yavo; uye anobvumira vagoverani kuti vapfuuridzirwe mberi senhaka.

Zvisinei, kuderera kwoukoshi hwemari kusingakarirwi mumitengo yeshavo kungareva ngwavaira. Uyewo, sokuratidzira kunoita zvinoitika zvinonyadzisa zveWall Street, kutengeserana kunogona kushandiswa zvisiri pamutemo, zvimwe kupfurikidza nokuita shavo mukati, muitiro uri kuwedzera. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanoshandisa kana kuti vanotengesa mashoko anokosha pachine nguva mberi—zvimwe kuziva kubatanidzwa kwamakambani maviri—nokudaro ndokuwana mhindu pakutamiswa kweshavo dzefemu idzodzo. Shamwari yomumwe munhu akapomerwa uyu muitiro muna 1989 yakati wakaparirwa namakaro. Kunyange zvazvo munyika zhinji mune chiito chokurambidza kuita shavo mukati, magazini yeTime yakatsinhira, kuti: “Mitemo yoga bedzi haisati ichizova yakakwana kugadzikisa chinetso chacho.”

Pazuva rorutongeso rinokurumidza kusvika raJehovha, chinetsocho chichapedzwa nokusingaperi. Sirivha nendarama zvichava zvisina maturo, uyewo shavo nezvisungo zvichava zvisingakoshi kupfuura pepa razvinotsikirirwa pariri. Ezekieri 7:19, (NW) inoti: “Ivo vachakandira sirivha yavo imene mumigwagwa, uye ndarama yavo imene ichava chinhu chisina kunaka.” Zefania 1:18, (NW) inotizve: “Sirivha yavo kana kuti ndarama yavo hazvisati zvichizokwanisa kuvanunura muzuva rokutsamwa kwaJehovha.”

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 17]

Kuitwa kwomuchina unobvisa mhodzi mudonje kwakaparira futunuko yebasa rouranda

[Kwazvakatorwa]

The Old Print Shop/Kenneth M. Newman