Kumuka Nokuwa Kwenyika Yezvokutengeserana
Chikamu 1: Kuva Anodzorwa Nenhamo Dzemari
“Kunyange zvazvo vanamai navanababa vachitipa upenyu, imari bedzi inohuchengeta.”—The Japanese Family Storehouse; kana kuti, The Millionaires’ Gospel, rakanyorwa naIhara Saikaku.
WATI wamboda mari zvikuru kwazvo here? Kana kuti wati wawana kuti wanga usina mari yakakwana yokuripira chimwe chinhu chinokosha here? Kana kuti wati wamboona mhuri yako ichirumwa nenzara kana kuti yakapfeka nomutoo wourombo here? Mamirioni avanhu nhasi anogona kupindura kuti hungu kumibvunzo iyoyo. Vanoziva zvakuri kuzvidya mwoyo pamusoro pemari.
Fungidzira funganyo yababa vari paurovha vane miromo yokudyisa nezvikwereti zvokubhadhara. Funga nezvomugariro wendangariro waamai vaneta vakamira mumutsetse nokuda kwezvinhu zvakaoma kungondowana bedzi kuti masherefu echitoro haana chinhu kana kuti mitengo yanyanyokwira. Rangarira nhamo pamutarisiri webhizimisi ane kambani yanangana nokushaya mari kwaswedera pedyo kana kuti dzvinyiriro pakuparapatika kwehurumende kwokuti izvisunungure imene pamabhirioni amadhora ari mungava.
Munyika yanhasi kunyange mamwe mashoko anoparira funganyo. Mubhadharo wedu (mari, zvinhu, kana kuti mabasa zvinogamuchirwa nokuda kwebasa kana kuti kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu) ungava wakaderera zvikuru zvokuti mupimo wedu wokurarama nawo (mwero womugariro wemari watakarovedzana nawo mukurarama kwedu) unotyisidzirwa zvakakomba. Ikoku kungaparirwa nourovha, nokuderera kworubudiriro rwomugariro wemari kana kuti kuora mwoyo (nhambo dzomubato webhizimisi unoderera, kutanga zvishoma, gare gare zvakakomba zvikuru) kana kuti nokukwira kwemitengo (kukwira kwemitengo kunoitika apo zvinodikanwa zvinopfuura zvinogoverwa, zvokuti mari yedu inotenga zvishoma). Tiine mari isingakwani hatigoni kurambazve takaenzana nendyiko yokurarama nayo (mutengo wokutenga zvinhu namabasa zvatinoda zuva nezuva).
Simba Redzvinyiriro Yemari
Kuderera Kwomubato Webhizimisi Kukuru kwomuma 1930, anodaro mumwe mukuru mukuru, kwakanga kuri ngwavaira yemari yaka“tapura nyika iri yose norutivi ruri rwose rwoupenyu, hwenzanga nohwezvamatongerwe enyika, hwedzimba nohwamarudzi ose.” Kupfurikidza nokusimbaradza mauto ezvamatongerwe enyika ane murangariro usingawirirani navamwe muGermany neItaly, kwakabetsera kumutsa Hondo yeNyika II, nenzira iyeyo ndokuenzanisira simba redzvinyiriro yemari. Kwakanga kwakaita sokunyora kwakaita John K. Galbraith mubhuku rake rinonzi Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went: “MuGermany mukuvamba kwama 1933, Adolf Hitler akatanga kutonga. Rubudiriro rwake ruzhinji runofanira kuva rwakaparirwa nourovha hukurusa nokuderera kunorwadza zvikuru mumiripo, nemibhadharo, mitengo noukoshi hwezvinhu.” Achitsinhira pamusoro pokukwira kwemitengo muUnited States panguva iyeyo, Galbraith anowedzera, kuti: “Pasinei hapo noukoshi hwemari, hapana munhu aigona kupanikira ukoshi hworutyo hwakwakaparira.”
Kuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakatapura muEastern Europe pakupera kwama 1980 kwakatapurwa zvikurukuru nezvikonzero zvemari. Izvozvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinokoshawo mukusarudza sarudzo muhurumende dzinotonga nechido chavanhu dzoKumadokero, uko vanhu, kwanguve kuchitaurwa, vanovhota sezvavanodzorwa nenhau dziya dzinotapura zvikopebhuku zvavo.
Dzvinyiriro yemari inowanzoshandiswa mukutamburira kugombedzera hurumende kuchinja miitiro yadzo. Nokudaro, padzimwe nguva, zvirango zvemari zvazvino uno zvazova enzanirano yemichinjiziri yekare yehondo. Muna 1986, Europe, Japan, neUnited States dzakaisa zvirango zvemari mukurwisana neSouth Africa kuramba muitiro wayo worusaruraganda, sezviri pachena norubudiriro rwakati kuti. Muna 1990 nzanga yenyika, seinomirirwa muCM, yakashandisa dzvinyiriro yemari paIraq, sezviri pachena norubudiriro rushoma.
Kunyanguvezvo, kombamiro inoratidzika kuva yakajeka. Jacques Attali, munyori wechiFrance nomuruminzeve wapurezidhendi, anotaura kuti ‘vanamuzvinashavo vari kutsiva varwi savatambi vakuru pachikuva chenyika.’ Uye magazini yenhau yakatsinhira, kuti: “[Munyika zhinji] simba remari rakatsiva simba rehondo somupimo unokosha.”
Ko Kudzora Kuri Kusununguka Here?
Ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, hosha, uye utsotsi zvinodzongonyedza mari. Ndozvingaitawo perevedzo dzomungava nedzemari inorongwa kushandiswa. Mukuwirirana neThe Collins Atlas of World History, “mungava wamarudzi ose [munyika dzichiri kubudirira] wakakura zvikuru zvokuti nyika, padzimwe nguva, yave iri pedyo nengwavaira yemari yemwero mikurusa, uye kutanga kwourombo, nokupererwa nezano rose netyisidziro dzewedzero dzainoratidzira, zvave zvichikatyamadza zvikuru.”
Nepo hurumende dzakati kuti dzichitapurwa nokukwira kwemitengo kunopfuurira, dzimwe dzinoparapatikira noushingi kukudzivisa. Kusachengeteka kunooneka muchimiro chemisika yezvipfuyo isina kutsiga. Kurwara kwakamwe kamwe kwomutungamiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kunyange manyerekupe asina hwaro, zvinogona kuparadza pfuma muchinguvana. Kuputsanyika kweWall Street kwaOctober 1987—kwakatokomba zvikuru kupinda kuya kwa 1929—kwakanzi ivhiki rakaipisisa munhau yemari. Anenge madhora ana mabhirioni 1925 muukoshi hwezvinhu akaparadzwa. Musika wakanaya, asika magorokotera mazhinji anoti kuputsanyika chaikoiko kuchauya. “Nyika inotofanira kusva yakarira kusatongowana icho chingava kuparadzika kwemari kwokupedzisira ikoko,” akanyora kudaro mutori wenhau George J. Church.
Mukusiana nokusununguka, kudzora kwedzvinyiriro dzemari nefunganyo dzadzinoparira kunoratidzika kuva kunosunga. Naizvozvo ndokwechokwadi here kurangarira bviro yokuti mugumo ungava wooneka?