Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura

Chikamu 9: 551 P.N.V. zvichingodaro—Kutsvaka Nzira Yakarurama kwavokuMabvazuva

“Nzira yezvokwadi yakafanana nomugwagwa mukuru.”—Meng-tzu, muchenjeri wechiChina womuzana ramakore rechi 4 P.N.V.

CHIVERENGERO chipi nechipi chamarudzidziso chinokambira kuva nzira yezvokwadi inotungamirira kuruponeso. Somuenzaniso, chiConfucius, chiTao, chiBuddha, zvinonzi “inzira nhatu” dzeChina. Marudzidziso eJapan neKorea anoshandisa shoko rimwe chetero. Kana kuchitongovapo, idzi “nzira” dzakasiana-siana dzinosiana sei chaizvoizvo?

ChiConfucius—Inzira Yomunhu

Kunyange zvazvo zvishoma zvichizivikanwa zvechokwadi pamusoro paConfucius, bhuku renongedzero rakatanhamara rinoti iye “anofanira kuverengerwa pakati pavarume vane pesvedzero hurusa munhau yenyika.” Aiva mudzidzisi, muzivi, uye nyanzvi yorudzidziso rwezvamatongerwe enyika uyo akararama pakati pa 551 na 479 P.N.V. Zita rake remhuri rainzi K’ung, naizvozvo gare gare akazonzi K’ung-Fu-tzu, kureva kuti “Mambo K’ung.” Mushanduro yechiLatin ndi“Confucius.”

Confucius haana kuvamba rudzidziso rutsva. The Viking Portable Library World Bible rinotsanangura kuti akango“ronga urwo rwakanga rwuripo munyika yaakaberekerwa kubvira munguva isingazikanwi, achiipa chimiro mumabhuku arwo, chiremera kuminamato yarwo, uye simbiso kumipimo yarwo yetsika.” Kuzvibata kwomunhu, kwete dzidziso yezvoumwari, yakanga iri fariro yake huru. Zvikurukuru dzidziso yake yakanga iri kuzvibata kwamagariro avanhu. Kutamburira kwake kusvika nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika kwaikuchidzirwa nechishuvo chine simba chokuderedza kutambura kwavanhu vake. Nomutoo wakakodzera, ipapoka, uzivi hwouyu murume—wezvamatongerwe enyika akakangaidzika zvikuru kupinda mutungamiriri worudzidziso anoshingaira—hwakanzi “nzira yaConfucius yomunhu.”

Confucius haana kufunga zvikuru nezvorudzidziso rwezuva rake, achitaura kuti uzhinji hwarwo hwakanga huri bedzi kudavira mashura. Paakabvunzwa kana iye aidavira muna Mwari, sezvinofungidzirwa iye akapindura, kuti: “Ndinosarudza hangu kusataura.” Asi nongedzero dzake zhinji kuTien, inoreva “Denga,” dzinodudzirwa navamwe kureva kuti iye aidavira chaizvo mune chimwe chinhu chinopfuura chaizvo simba risati riri rohunhu rakakwirira zvikuru.

Confucius akasimbisa mipimo yemhuri, kuremekedzwa kwechiremera, netsinhirano yokugarisana. Akarereudzira ngwariro kudikanwo yedzidzo mukukudziridza mano nokusimbaradza mano omunhu amene nokuda kwokubatira vamwe. Akasimbisa jen, shoko rinoreva kuva nomutsa kuvanhu vose, asi zvikurukuru kuteerera vabereki nokuremekedzwa kwouhama. Akakurudzira kunamatwa kwemidzimu.

Iyi miitiro chaiyoiyo yaConfucius ichiri mavara anotsauranisa vanhu veAsia vakarererwa mumutoo waConfucius. Wezvoruzivo rwamagariro avanhu William Liu, wapaYunivhesiti yeIllinois paChicago, anotaura kuti “kuzvibata kwaConfucius kunokuchidzira vanhu kushanda, kupfuura nokuripira ngava yavanayo kuna vabereki.” Nokudaro, vatami vanobva kunyika dzine pesvedzero yakasimba yaConfucius vakava vanocherekedzwa muUnited States nokuda kwamamakisi akakwirira nomutoo wechienzi edzidzo.

Chitsigiro chomufungo waConfucius muunganidzwa unozivikanwa seWu Ching (“Mabhuku Mashanu”). “Mabhuku Mana,” kana kuti Ssu shu, akawedzera muzana ramakore rechi 12, anorangarirwa kuva ari madikanwa kumufungo waConfucius. Munyorerwo wawo, uchiratidzirwa noupfupi nokubatana kwenhau, kunoaita kuti ave akaoma kunzwisiswa.

Pakuzosvika muzana ramakore rechina N.V., nheyo dzaConfucius dzakanga dzichidzidziswa muUmambo hweKokuryo kuchamhembe kweKorea. ChiConfucius chakapararira kuJapan zvimwe pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechishanu N.V. Kuri zvino, shure muChina imwe “nzira” yakatanga.

ChiTao—Nzira Yomusikirwo

Tao, musimboti wokufunga kukuru kwamaChina kwamakore ana makumi amazana, inoreva “nzira” kana kuti “mugwagwa.” Yakaratidzira nzira yakarurama yokuita nayo zvinhu mutsinhirano nenzira yomusikirwo inoshanda nayo mutumbi. Gamuchidzanwa rinoti muwani wayo akanga ari wezera rimwe chetero naConfucius uyo ane zita rechiratidzo rokuti Lao Tze, rinoreva kuti “Mukomana Wekare” kana kuti “Muzivi Wekare (Anoremekedzwa).” Vamwe vanotaura kuti Lao Tze akaidzwa ikoku nokuti, pashure pokunambwa kwenenji nenhumbu yenguva refu yamakumi amakore anoverengeka, amai vake vakamusununguka pashure pokunge vhudzi rake ratova imvi kupfurikidza nezera. Vamwe vanotaura havo kuti akapiwa iri zita rechiratidzo nokuda kworuremekedzo nokuda kwedzidziso dzake dzouchenjeri.

ChiTao chinodzidzisa kuti apo mwana anoberekwa anopiwa chitsama chakati kuti “chechifemo chokutanga,” kana kuti simba roupenyu. Kupfurikidza nemitoo yakasiana-siana, yakadai sokufungisisa, mipimo yezvokudya, kudzorwa kwokufema nokwevatano, tapudziko isati iri madikanwa ye“chifemo chokutanga” inogona kudziviswa. Nokudaro, nduramo yakafanana noutsvene.

Muviri womunhu unorangarirwa somutumbi muduku unofanira kuitwa kuti urambe uri mutsinhirano yakafanira nomusikirwo. Ikoko kune chokuita neicho maChina anoidza kuti yin neyang, chaizvoizvo mativi ane rima naane zuva egomo. Zviri zvehwaro kuvazivi vechiChina, yin neyang ndiwo mativi anopesana, asi anokwanirisana, izvo chinhu chiri chose chiri mumusikirwo chinoumbwa nazvo. The Encyclopedia of Religion rinotsanangura, kuti: “Yin inodzora muchinhu chiri chose chiri murima, makasvipa, chinotonhora, chakanyata, chinowuna, chinokotama, chapasi, chechikadzi, nepo yang inodzora chakajeka, chinopisa, chakaoma, chinonamuka, chine chisimba nechinodenha, chokudenga, uye chechirume.” Kushandiswa kweiyi miuyo kunowanwa mufeng-shui, chimiro chokuuka kwamaChina kunonzi kuuka kupfurikidza namativi omugariro wapasi muShona. Chakaitirwa kuwana nzvimbo dzinodiwa nokuda kwamataundi nedzimba, asi zvikurukuru nokuda kwamakuva. Kutsinhiranisa masimba eyin-yang enzvimbo inobvira naawo avagari vemo vayo, kunonzi, kuchasimbisira garikano yavapashure. Helen Hardacre wapaYunivhesiti yePrinceton anotsanangura kuti “mubatanidzwa wakafanira wamasimba emburumbwa unodavirwa kuva unobetsera vakafa uye kunopfavisa enderero mberi yavo mune imwe nyika.”

Zvisinei, nepo kuedza kuchengeta masimba eyin-yang akadzikama, hapana kutamburira kunofanira kuitwa kwokuchinja mugariro wayo womusikirwo nomutoo wokugombedzera. Ikoku, kunofungwa kuti kwaizova kusingabetseri, chitendero chinokurudzira mararamiro okusaita chinhu. Muna 1986 mumongi akwegura akakutsanangura seizvi: “Dzidziso yechiTao ndeyokuramba wakanyarara uye kusaita chinhu. Kuita chinhu chiri chose kuri mukusaita chinhu.” Naizvozvo simba rechiTao rakafananidzirwa nemvura, iyo pasinei hapo nokupfava kwayo inobetsera zvisikwa zvose.

Kare, kwakanga kwakarovedzera kutsauranisa pakati pouzivi hweTao (zana ramakore rechi 4/3 P.N.V.) norudzidziso rwaTao (zana ramakore rechi 2/3 N.V.). Uyu mutsaukano hauzati uchakajekazve, nokuti kunooneka kuti rudzidziso rweTao rwakabva muvazivi vechiTao yakachitangira. Purofesa worudzidziso Hans-Joachim Schoeps anotaura kuti chiTao sorudzidziso “hachizati chiri chimwe chinhu kunze kwepfuuridzirwo yorudzidziso rwavanhu vekare vechiChina. Pamavambo arwo chimiro chakapfava chokudavirwa kwemidzimu . . . [nemidzimu iyo] inogara munzvimbo iri yose, ichikuvadza upenyu noutano hwavanhu nokusingaperi. . . . MuChina yanhasi, chiTao chakaputsanyikira mukuva chimiro chorudzidziso rwokudavira mashura rwavazhinjisa.”

Shinto—Nzira yeKami

Japan inocherekedzwawo nokuda kworudzidziso rwavanhu vekare, muvhenganiswa wo“kunamata vamwari vazhinji nokunamatwa kwemidzimu,” sokukurondedzera kwakaita mumwe munyori. Pakutanga urwu rudzidziso rworudzi rwakanga rusina zita. Asi apo, mukati mezana ramakore rechitanhatu N.V., chiBuddha chakapinda muJapan, rimwe zita rakapiwa kuchiBuddha rainzi Butsudō, “nzira yaBuddha.” Nokudaro, kutsauranisa urwu rudzidziso norudzidziso rworudzi, rwapashure runokurumidza kuva runozivikanwa seShinto, “nzira yekami.”

Kami (vamwari vakasiana-siana) ndivo chinangwa chechokwadi cheShinto. Kami yakazonongedzera kusimba ripi neripi rinopfuura simba rohunhu kana kunyange mwari, kubatanidza vamwari vazhinji vomusikirwo, vanhu vakatanhamara, midzimu inonamatwa, kana kuti “vamwari vanobatira mifungo yakati kana kuti vanoratidzira simba guru.” (The Encyclopedia of Religion) Nepo shoko rokuti Yaoyorozu-no-kami richireva chaizvoizvo vamwari vana mamirioni masere, shokoro rinoshandiswa kuratidzira kuti “vamwari vazhinji,” sezvo chiverengero chavamwari murudzidziso rweShinto chichiramba chichiwedzera. Vanhu, zvavari vana vekami, zvikurukuru vane chimiro choumwari chiri musoro. Nokudaro, mufungo wacho ndowokuti, rarama mukuwirirana nekami, uye uchafarikanya taviridziro yavo netendero.

Shinto, nepo isina simba mudzidziso kana kuti ruzivo rwoumwari, yakapa Japan bumbiro remipimo, rakaumba kuzvibata kwavo, ndokusarudza mafungiro avo. Inovagovera tumatembere, umo ivo vanogona kunamatira pakuda kwavo.

Marudzi makuru eShinto akabatana. Shinto yaMatembere neShinto yaVanhu ine misiano mishomanene miduku. Kuno rumwe rutivi, Shinto yaMasekete inoumbwa namasekete 13 akatangwa muzana ramakore rechi 19 awo mumwero yakasiana-siana ane zvitendero zvechiConfucius, zvechiBuddha, nezvechiTao.

Pesvedzero yechiBuddha paShinto yakava nesimba zvikurukuru. Ikoku kunotsanangura chikonzero nei maJapan mazhinji ari echiBuddha nechiShinto panguva imwe cheteyo. Imba yegamuchidzanwa yomuJapan ina maatari maviri, atari yeShinto yokukudza kami, uye atari yechiBuddha yokukudza midzimu yako. Keiko, musikana muduku wechiJapan, anotsanangura, kuti: “Ndine ngava yoruremekedzo kumidzimu yangu uye ndinoruratidzira kupfurikidza nechiBuddha . . . Ndiri muJapan, naizvozvo ndinoita miitiro yose miduku yeShinto.” Tevere anowedzera, kuti: “Uye ndaifunga kuti roorano yechiKristu yaizova yakanaka zvikuru. Kunopesana, asika ndechipi?”

Ch’ŏndogyo—Rudzidziso rweKorea Rwenzira Yokudenga

ChiBuddha, chakasimbiswa nechiTao, uye chiConfucius zviri pakati pamarudzidziso eKorea makuru asati ari echiKristu. Pashure pokunge agamuchirwa achibva China, iwo akapesvedzerwa norudzidziso rwavanhu veKorea, chishaman, uye mukuwirirana neThe Encyclopedia of Religion aka“sarudzwa, akashandurwa, uye akapinda mumwero yakasiana-siana yemigariro yakasiana-siana yemigariro yokugarisana kwavanhu neyouchenjeri inokurira muPeninsula yeKorea.”a

Rumwe rudzidziso rwomuKorea iCh’ŏndogyo, “Rudzidziso rweNzira Yokudenga,” riri zita raro chibviro cha 1905. Rwakavamba muna 1860 naCh’oe Suun (Che-u), pakutanga rwainzi Tonghak, “Dzidzo yokuMabvazuva,” mukusiana neSohak, “Dzidzo yokuMadokero,” zita rechiKristu, iro Ch’ŏndogyo yakaitirwa kuparadza murutivi. Mukuwirirana nomunyori weGermany Gerhard Bellinger, Ch’ŏndogyo inotamburira kubatanidza “maruramiro omunhu neruramiso zvavanhu vechiConfucius, kusaita chinhu kwechiTao, nokunzwira mutsa kwechiBuddha,” kuri uko muvambi warwo akaita donzo. Ch’ŏndogyo ine dzidzisowo dzechishaman, nechiRoma Katurike. Pasinei hapo nekambiro dzacho dzokusimudzira chinzwano chorudzidziso, pakuzosvika muna 1935 yakanga yabereka masekete anenge 17.

Musimboti wo“Rudzidziso rweNzira Yokudenga” ndicho chitendero chokuti munhu zvikurukuru rutivi rwoumwari, rwaMwari. Sain yŏch’ŏn, (“Bata Munhu saMwari”) nenzira iyeyo idzidziso huru yokuzvibata, inoda kuti vanhu biyako vabatwe ne“itiro hanya hurusa, ruremekedzo, uchokwadi, chiremera, kuenzana, neruramisiro,” anotsanangura kudaro Yong-choon Kim wapaYunivhesiti yeRhode Island.

Kutamburira kuchinja nhevedzano yamagariro avanhu mukuronda idzi nheyo dzakakwirira kwakaparira muwani, Suun, kupinda murwisano nehurumende. Kupindira mune zvamatongerwe enyika kwakaparira kuuraiwa kwake nokwomutsivi wake. Kwakabetserawo kumutsa Hondo yamaChina namaJapan ya 1894. Chokwadi, mubato wezvamatongerwe enyika wakanga uri rutivi runoratidzira rwamasangano matsva zvikuru eKorea, ayo bangano Tonghak rakanga riri rokutanga bedzi. Urudzi hunowanzova musoro mukuru, neKorea ichiva inoiswa munguva yemberi youtanhamari hwenyika.

Ndeipi “Nzira” Inotungamirira Kuupenyu?

Nomutoo unooneka, vaAsia vazhinji vanorangarira kuti zvikurukuru hazvinei nokuti ndeipi “nzira” inoteverwa nomunhu. Asi Jesu Kristu, ane rudzidziso rwomuzana rokutanga ramakore rwainzi “Nzira,” akaramba mufungo wokuti “nzira” dzose dzorudzidziso dzinogamuchirika kuna Mwari. Akanyevera, kuti: “Nzira inoenda kukushurikidzwa kusingagumi yakapamhama uye ine nzvimbo yakakura, . . . asika nzira inoenda kuupenyu musvasvavira uye inhete, uye avo vanoiwana vashoma.”—Mabasa 9:2; 19:9; Mateo 7:13, 14, The New English Bible, mashoko omunyasi; enzanisa naZvirevo 16:25.

Chokwadi, vaJudha vazhinjisa vomuzana rokutanga ramakore vakafuratira mashoko ake. Havana kufunga kuti vakanga vawana Mesia wavo wechokwadi muna Jesu kana kuti “nzira” yakarurama murudzidziso rwake. Nhasi, mazana amakore 19 gare gare, vazukuru vavo vachiri kumirira Mesia wavo. Chinyorwa chedu chinotevera chichatsanangura chikonzero nei.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Mukuru wehondo Guan Yu, mwari wehondo murudzidziso rwavanhu vechiChina uye mutevedzeri wamapoka ehondo neomushambadzi

Kubvira kuruboshwe, Han Xiangzi, LuDongbin, uye Li Tieguai—vatatu vavanhu Vasingafi vechiTao vasere—uye Shoulao, Mwari weNyeredzi neNduramo

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Courtesy of the British Museum

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Mifananidzo yakasiana-siana inowanwa munzvimbo dzakakomberedzwa dzetembere yeShinto, uye imbwa inorinda iri kuruboshwe inofungidzirwa kuva inodzivisa madhemoni

Vadzidzi, vaina vabereki, patembere yeShinto yeYushima Tenjin Tokyo, vanonyengeterera rubudiriro mubvunzo