VaCollegiant—Kufunda Bhaibheri Kwakaita Kuti Vasiyane

Wati wambonzwa nezvevaCollegiant here?

Iri boka duku rechitendero cheDutch romuzana remakore rechi17 rakanga rakasiyana nechechi huru dzenguva iyoyo. Zvakanga zvakadaro sei, uye tingadzidzei kwavari? Kuti tizvizive, ngatimbodzokerai shure.

MUNA 1587, Jacobus Arminius (kana kuti, Jacob Harmensen) akasvika muguta reAmsterdam. Haana kunetseka kuti awane basa, nokuti gwaro rake raitaura mabasa aaigona raifadza kwazvo. Pazera ramakore 21, akanga apedza kudzidza paLeiden University yeHolland. Pashure paizvozvo, akapedza makore matanhatu ari kuSwitzerland, achifundiswa zvechitendero naThéodore de Bèze, akatsiva Mutungamiriri wechiPurotesitendi John Calvin. Ndokusaka zvisingashamisi kuti vaPurotesitendi vaiva muAmsterdam vakafara kugadza Arminius aiva nemakore 27 somumwe wevafundisi vavo! Zvisinei, makore mashomanene akatevera, nhengo dzakawanda dzechechi dzakademba chisarudzo chadzo. Nei?

Nhau Yokufanotemerwa Mugumo

Arminius achangova mumwe wevafundisi vavo, vaPurotesitendi veAmsterdam vakatanga kunetsana nezvedzidziso yokufanotemerwa mugumo. Dzidziso iyi yakava musimboti wechiCalvinism, asi dzimwe nhengo dzakafunga kuti Mwari akanga afanotemera vamwe ruponeso uye kutongera vamwe zvakashata akanga ane hasha uye asingaruramisiri. VaCalvinist vaitarisira kuti Arminius, zvaakanga ari mudzidzi waBèze, aizoruramisa vaifunga zvakasiyana nevamwe. Zvisinei, Arminius akatotsigirana nevaifunga zvakasiyana nevamwe, zvakashamisa vaCalvinist. Pakasvika 1593 gakava racho rakanga ranyanya zvikuru zvokuti rakakamura vaPurotesitendi veguta racho kuva mapoka maviri—vaitsigira dzidziso yacho uye avo vakanga vasingaitsigiri, vaiva pakati nepakati.

Mumakore mashomanene, gakava iri romunharaunda iyoyo rakaguma rava kuparadzana kwevaPurotesitendi vomunyika yose. Pakupedzisira, muna November 1618 zvakabva zvazongoderera. VaCalvinist, vachitsigirwa nehondo uye zvaidiwa nevanhu, vakadana vaisada kubvumirana nevamwe (vainzi vaRemonstranta panguva iyoyo) kukanzuru yenyika, Protestant Synod of Dordrecht. Pakapera musangano wacho, vashumiri vose veRemonstrant vakanzi vasarudze zvavaida: Kusaina vimbiso yokuti vakanga vasingazofi vakaparidzazve, kana kuti kubva munyika macho. Vakawanda vakasarudza kubva. VaCalvinist vakanga vakaomerera kumutemo vakatora nzvimbo dzokuparidza dzakanga dzasiyiwa nevaRemonstrant. ChiCalvinism chakanga chakunda—kana kuti vafundisi vacho ndizvo zvavaitarisira.

Mavambo Nokuwedzera kwevaCollegiant

Sokumwe kwose, ungano yevaRemonstrant yaiva mumusha weWarmond, pedyo neLeiden, yakarasikirwa nomufundisi wayo. Zvisinei, kusiyana nokumwe kwose, ungano yacho haina kubvuma kutsiva kwakanga kwabvumirwa nevafundisi. Uyezve, apo mushumiri wechiRemonstrant akaisa upenyu hwake mungozi kuti adzokere kuWarmond muna 1620 kuti anotarisire ungano, dzimwe nhengo dzeungano dzakamurambawo. Nhengo idzi dzakanga dzatanga kuita misangano yadzo yechitendero pachivande dzisingabatsirwi nemufundisi chero upi zvake. Gare gare, misangano iyi yakadanwa kuti makoreji uye vaipinda, vaCollegiant.

Nyange zvazvo vaCollegiant vakanyanya kutanga nemhaka yemamiriro akanga akaita zvinhu panzvimbo pezvikonzero zvechitendero, izvozvo zvakachinja pasina nguva. Nhengo yeungano Gijsbert van der Kodde akataura kuti nokusangana vasingatungamirirwi nomufundisi, boka racho rakanga riri kuwirirana zvakanyanya neBhaibheri nenzira yevaKristu vapakuvamba kupfuura zvaiita machechi makuru. Akati boka revafundisi rakanga ratangwa vaapostora vafa kuti vawanise mabasa varume vakanga vasingadi kudzidza basa.

Muna 1621, Van der Kodde nedzimwe nhengo dzakanga dzichifunga zvakafanana naye vakatamisira misangano yavo kune musha wavakanga vakavakidzana nawo weRijnsburg.b Makore akawanda akazotevera, apo kutambudza kwaiitwa nezvitendero kwakanga kwasiyira nzvimbo kuregerera, mukurumbira wemisangano yevaCollegiant wakapararira munyika yose ndokukwezva “shiri dzeminhenga yakasiyana,” semataurire akaita munyori wenhau Siegfried Zilverberg. Pakanga pane vaRemonstrant, vaMennonite, vaSocinian, nyange vadzidzi vezvechitendero. Vamwe vakanga vari varimi. Vamwe vakanga vari vananyanduri, vadhindi, varapi, uye vanhu vezvekutengesa. Muzivi Spinoza (Benedictus de Spinoza) nemudzidzisi Johann Amos Comenius (kana kuti, Jan Komenský), uyewo mupendi akanga akakurumbira Rembrandt van Rijn, vakabvumirana nezvakanga zvaitwa. Pfungwa dzakasiyana dzakaunzwa nevanhu ava vainamata vamwari dzakaita kuti zvaidavirwa nevaCollegiant zviwedzere.

Gore ra1640 rapfuura boka iri raiva nesimba rakakurumidza kukura. Makoreji akakurumidza kuwanda muRotterdam, Amsterdam, Leeuwarden, nemamwe maguta. Purofesa wenhau Andrew C. Fix anonyora kuti pakati pemakore a1650 nea1700, “vaCollegiant . . . vakakura kuva chimwe chezvitendero zvaikosha zvikuru nezvaiva nesimba muHolland yezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe.”

Zvaidavirwa nevaCollegiant

Sezvo kunzwisisa, kuregerera, uye rusununguko rwokutaura zvakanga zviri zvinhu zvaikosha musangano revaCollegiant, muCollegiant woga woga akanga akasununguka kudavira zvakasiyana nezvavamwe. Nyange zvakadaro, vakanga vakabatanidzwa nezvitendero zvakafanana. Somuenzaniso, vaCollegiant vose vainzwisisa kukosha kwokufunda Bhaibheri kwomunhu oga. Nhengo yoga yoga, akanyora kudaro mumwe muCollegiant, yaifanira “kuzviongororera yoga uye kwete kuziva Mwari ichibatsirwa nomumwe munhu.” Vakadaro. Maererano nomunyori wenhau wechechi wemuzana remakore rechi19 Jacobus C. van Slee, ruzivo rweBhaibheri rwakawanda rwakawanika muvaCollegiant kupfuura mumamwe mapoka ezvitendero enguva yacho. Nyange vashori vakarumbidza vaCollegiant pamusana pemano avo okushandisa Bhaibheri nounyanzvi.

Zvisinei, vaCollegiant pavaifunda Bhaibheri zvakanyanya, ndipo pavaibva vanyanya kuva nezvitendero zvaisiyana nezviya zvaiva nemachechi makuru. Mabhuku ane misi yezana remakore rechi17 kusvika kune rechi20 anotsanangura zvimwe zvavaidavira:

Chechi Yokutanga. MuCollegiant uye nyanzvi yezvechitendero Adam Boreel akanyora muna 1644 kuti apo chechi yokutanga yakabatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika panguva yoMutongi Constantine, yakaputsa sungano yayo naKristu ndokurasikirwa nokufuridzirwa kwayo nomudzimu mutsvene. Akawedzera kuti zvakazoguma zvaitika ndezvokuti, dzidziso dzenhema dzakawanda ndokuramba dziripo kusvikira kuzuva rake.

Kuvandudza. Kuvandudza kwomuzana remakore rechi16 kwakatungamirirwa naLuther, Calvin, nevamwe kwakanga kusina kuita zvakawanda pakuvandudza chechi yacho. Panzvimbo pazvo, maererano nomuCollegiant wokutanga uye murapi Galenus Abrahamsz (1622-1706), Kuvandudza kwacho kwakatonyanya kuipisa chitendero chacho kuburikidza nokuwedzera kupopotedzana noruvengo. Kuvandudza kwechokwadi kunofanira kuchinja mwoyo, zvakatadzwa neKuvandudza kwacho.

Chechi neVafundisi. Machechi makuru akaipa, ndeenyika, uye haana simba raMwari. Zviri nane kuti chero ani zvake anokoshesa chitendero asiye chechi yaanopinda kuitira kuti asave mukutsirani wezvivi zvayo. Hofisi yomufundisi, vakadaro vaCollegiant, inopesana neMagwaro uye “ichikuvadza kubudirira mumudzimu kweungano yechiKristu.”

Umambo neParadhiso. Mumwe wevakatanga koreji yeAmsterdam, Daniel de Breen (1594-1664), akanyora kuti Umambo hwaKristu hwakanga husiri umambo hwomudzimu hunogara mumwoyo womunhu. Mudzidzisi Jacob Ostens, muCollegiant aiva muRotterdam, akataura kuti “madziteteguru aitarisira vimbiso dzapasi.” Zvakangofanana, vaCollegiant vaimirira nguva paizoshandurwa pasi kuva paradhiso.

Utatu. Vamwe vaCollegiant vokutanga, vapesvedzerwa nezvitendero zvechiSocinian, vakaramba Utatu.c Somuenzaniso, Daniel Zwicker (1621-78) akanyora kuti dzidziso chero ipi zvayo yaipesana nokunzwisisa, yakadai soUtatu, yakanga “isingabviri uye iri yenhema.” Muna 1694 shanduro yeBhaibheri yakashandurwa nomuCollegiant Reijnier Rooleeuw yakabudiswa. Yakashandura chikamu chokupedzisira chaJohane 1:1 kuti: “Uye shoko rakanga riri kamwari” panzvimbo pemashandurire evaigara vachiita okuti: “Uye shoko rakanga riri Mwari.”d

Misangano Yevhiki Nevhiki

Nyange zvazvo vaCollegiant vakanga vasingawirirani vose pazvitendero, makoreji avo mumaguta akasiyana-siyana aiita zvakangofanana. Munyori wenhau Van Slee anoshuma kuti mumazuva okutanga esangano revaCollegiant, misangano yaisambofanogadzirirwa. VaCollegiant vaifunga kuti maererano nemashoko omuapostora Pauro pamusoro pokudiwa kwo“[ku]porofita,” nhengo dzose dzechirume dzaigona kukurukura pakoreji dzakasununguka. (1 VaKorinte 14:1, 3, 26) Zvaizoguma zvaitika ndezvekuti, misangano yaiwanzopera usiku-siku uye vamwe vanenge vapinda vai“fa nehope.”

Pazova paya, misangano yakava yakarongeka zvikuru. VaCollegiant vakanga vasingasangani misi yeSvondo chete asiwo manheru epakati pevhiki. Kuitira kuti mukurukuri neungano vakwanise kufanogadzirira misangano yose yegore iroro, purogiramu yakadhindwa yaironga mavhesi eBhaibheri aizofundwa uyewo mabhii okutanga emazita evakurukuri. Musangano wacho waizarurwa nenziyo nomunyengetero, mukurukuri aitsanangura mavhesi eBhaibheri. Kana apedza, aibvunza varume kuti vataure kuti vanzwa sei nezvemusoro wainge uchangobva kukurukurwa. Ipapo mukurukuri aitevera airatidza kuti Magwaro mamwe chetewo aishanda sei. Misangano yacho yaipfigwa nenziyo nomunyengetero.

VaCollegiant vaiva mudhorobha reHarlingen, muruwa rweFriesland, vakanga vane nzira itsva yokuita kuti misangano yavo irambe ichienderana nepurogiramu. Mukurukuri aikurukura nguva yakareba kupfuura nguva yaaifanira kukurukura aifanira kubhadhara kamuripo kaduku.

Magungano Emarudzi

VaCollegiant vakaona kuti vaifanira kuungana vakawanda. Saka, kutanga muna 1640, vaCollegiant vaibva munyika yose vaienda kuRijnsburg kaviri pagore (mumunakamwe nomuchirimo). Kuungana uku, anonyora kudaro munyori wenhau Fix, kwakavabvumira ku“ziva mazano, pfungwa, zvitendero, uye mabasa ehama dzavo dzaibva kwakasiyana-siyana.”

Vamwe vaCollegiant vaishanya vairoja makamuri evagari vemo nepo vamwe vaigara muGroote Huis, kana kuti Imba Huru, imba yaiva nemakamuri 30 yakanga iri yevaCollegiant. Zvokudya zvakawanda zvevanhu 60 kusvika ku70 zvaigovewa ipapo. Vapedza kudya kwamasikati, vashanyi vaigona kufamba-famba mubindu remba yacho rakanga rakakura zvakafanira kuti vaone ‘mabasa aMwari, vakurukurirane pasina ruzha, kana kuti vave nenguva yokufungisisa.’

Nyange zvazvo vakanga vasiri vaCollegiant vose vaifunga kuti kubhabhatidzwa kwakanga kwakafanira, vakawanda vaifunga kudaro. Saka, rubhabhatidzo rwakava chinhu chikuru paiungana vanhu vakawanda. Munyori wenhau Van Slee anotaura kuti rubhabhatidzo rwacho rwaiwanzoitika Mugovera mangwanani. Rwiyo nomunyengetero zvaiteverwa nehurukuro yaitaura nezvekudiwa kwokunyudzwa. Ipapo mukurukuri aikoka vanhu vakuru vaida kubhabhatidzwa kuti vaite mhiko yokutenda, yakadai seyokuti, “Ndinotenda kuti Jesu Kristu mwanakomana waMwari mupenyu.” Hurukuro yacho yapfigwa nomunyengetero, vose vaivapo vaifamba vachienda kudziva rokubhabhatidzira ndokuona varume nevakadzi vachipfugama mudziva racho, kuitira kuti mvura isvike mumafudzi avo. Mubhabhatidzi wacho aibva akotamisira musoro womutendi mutsva mberi zvishoma nezvishoma achiunyudza mumvura. Rubhabhatidzo rwacho rwapera, vose vaidzoka kuzvigaro zvavo kuti vanzwe imwe hurukuro.

Masikati eMugovera nenguva dza5:00 manheru, musangano chaiwo waitanga nekurava Bhaibheri kupfupi, rwiyo, uye munyengetero. Kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti paigara pane mukurukuri nguva dzose, makoreji eRotterdam, Leiden, Amsterdam, uye North Holland aiita majana okugovera vakurukuri vegungano roga roga. Mangwanani emusi weSvondo aisiyirwa kuchengeta Kudya kwaShe Kwemanheru. Hurukuro, munyengetero, uye rwiyo zvapera, varume uye ipapo vakadzi vaidya chingwa nokunwa waini. Dzimwe hukurukuro dzaitevera musi weSvondo manheru, uye musi weMuvhuro mangwanani vanhu vose vaiuya pamwe chete kuhurukuro yokupfiga. Hurukuro dzakawanda dzakapiwa pamagungano aya, anotaura kudaro Van Slee, dzaishanda, dzichisimbisa kushanda kwadzo kupfuura kutsanangura.

Vanhu vomumusha weRijnsburg vakafadzwa nokutarisira kuungana uku. Mumwe mucherekedzi womuzana remakore rechi18 akanyora kuti kuuya kwevaeni, vaitenga zvakati kuti, kwakaunzawo chimuko chakanaka kumusha wacho. Uyezve, gungano roga roga paraipera vaCollegiant vaipa varombo vomuRijnsburg chitsama chemari. Pasina mubvunzo, vanhu vomusha wacho vakanzwa varasikirwa pakaregwa misangano iyoyo muna 1787. Pashure pacho sangano revaCollegiant rakaparara. Nei?

Nei Vakaparara

Pakasvika kupera kwezana remakore rechi17, gakava rakanga ramuka pamusoro pokuti kunzwisisa kwaishandei muchitendero. Vamwe vaCollegiant vakafunga kuti kunzwisisa kwevanhu kwaifanira kutora nzvimbo yokutanga pane kuziviswa zvinhu naMwari, asi vamwe havana kubvumirana nazvo. Pakupedzisira, gakava racho rakakamura sangano rose revaCollegiant. VaCollegiant vakatozobatanazve pakanga pafa vainyanyotsigira gakava racho kumativi ose ari maviri. Nyange zvakadaro, pashure pokuparadzana uku sangano racho “harina kuzombova rakafanana zvakare,” anotaura kudaro munyori wenhau Fix.

Kuregerera kwaiwedzera mumachechi echiPurotesitendi ezana remakore rechi18 kwakaitawo kuti vaCollegiant vaderere. Mitemo yokunzwisisa nekuregerera yevaCollegiant zvayakagamuchirwa zvikuru nenzanga, “chaimbova chiedza chete chechiCollegiant chakapera chikava mavambo oKujekerwa.” Pakasvika kupera kwezana remakore rechi18, vaCollegiant vakawanda vakanga vakurirwa nevaMennonite nemamwe mapoka ezvitendero.

VaCollegiant zvavakanga vasingavavariri kubatanidzwa kwepfungwa musangano ravo, kwakanga kune maonere akawanda zvakada kungofanana nokuwanda kwevaCollegiant. Vakaziva izvi uye, naizvozvo, havana kutaura kuti vakanga vaka“songanisw[a] . . . [pa]kufunga kumwe,” sokukurudzira kunoita muapostora Pauro vaKristu kuti vave. (1 VaKorinte 1:10) Zvisinei, panguva imwe cheteyo vaCollegiant vakatarira mberi kunguva apo zvinhu zvikuru zvaidavirwa nevaKristu, zvakadai sekubatanidzwa kwemafungiro, zvaizoitika chaizvoizvo.

Tichifunga nezvokuti zivo yechokwadi yakanga isati yawanda mumazuva evaCollegiant, vakagadza muenzaniso uyo zvitendero zvakawanda nhasi zvingacherekedza. (Enzanisa naDhanieri 12:4.) Kusimbisa kwavo kudiwa kwekufunda Bhaibheri kwakanga kuchiwirirana nezano romuapostora Pauro rinoti: “Idzai zvinhu zvose.” (1 VaTesaronika 5:21) Kufunda Bhaibheri kwomunhu oga kwakadzidzisa Jacobus Arminius nevamwe kuti dzimwe dzidziso nemiitiro zvechitendero zvakanga zvichitendwa kwenguva yakareba zvakanga zvisina kubvira zvambobva muBhaibheri. Pavakaziva izvi, vakanga vakashinga kuti vasiyane nechitendero chikuru. Ungadai wakaita zvakafanana here?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

Rembrandt van Rijn

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 26]

Musha weWarmond kwakatangira vaCollegiant, uye Rwizi De Vliet kwaibhabhatidzirwa

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

Zviri shure: Courtesy of the American Bible Society Library, New York