VanaMakabhi—Vaiva Vanaani?

KUVAKAWANDA, nguva yevanaMakabhi yakaita sekabhokisi kemashoko kakavigwa pakati pokupedziswa kwamabhuku okupedzisira eMagwaro echiHebheru nokuuya kwaJesu Kristu. Sokuwanwa chaikoiko kunoitwa mamwe mashoko apo kabhokisi kemashoko kanotarisiswa panenge pawa ndege, zvimwe zvinogona kunzwisiswa nokuongorora nguva yevanaMakabhi—nguva yokuchinja nokushanduka kworudzi rwechiJudha.

VanaMakabhi vaiva vanaani? Vakachinja sei chiJudha Mesiya akafanotaurwa asati auya?—Dhanieri 9:25, 26.

Kupararira Kukuru KwechiGiriki

Alexander Mukuru akakurira nyika dzose kubva kuGreece kusvikira kuIndia (336-323 B.C.E.). Umambo hwake hukuru hwakanga huri chinhu chinokosha mukupararira kwechiGiriki—mutauro netsika zvechiGiriki. Vakuru vakuru namauto vaAlexander vakaroora vakadzi vomunzvimbomo, zvichiparira kubatana kwetsika dzechiGiriki nedzekune dzimwe nyika. Alexander afa, vakuru vakuru vake vakakamurirana umambo hwake. Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechipiri B.C.E., Antiochus III weimba youmambo yechiGiriki yaSeleucus ari muSiria akapamba Israeri kuti isatungamirire vaPtolemy vechiGiriki veEgipita. VaJudha vaiva muIsraeri vakatapurwa sei nokutonga kwechiGiriki?

Mumwe wezvenhau anonyora kuti: “Sezvo vaJudha vakanga vasingagoni kudzivisa kutaudzana navavakidzani vavo vakanga vaitwa vaGiriki, ndoda nehama dzavo dzaiva kunze kwenyika, zvakanga zvisingabviri kudzivisa kuita tsika nemafungiro zvechiGiriki. . . . Kungova munguva yokuitwa vaGiriki kwaibatanidza kuita tsika dzechiGiriki!” VaJudha vakava namazita echiGiriki. Vakatanga kuita tsika dzechiGiriki nokupfeka zvechiGiriki nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Simba ramanomano rokugamuchirwa rakanga richiwedzera.

Uori hwavaPristi

Vanhu vainyanya kupesvedzera kuitwa vaGiriki pakati pevaJudha vaiva vapristi. Kune vakawanda vavo, kubvuma kuitwa vaGiriki kwaireva kubvumira chiJudha kuti chifambirane nenguva. Mumwe muJudha akadaro aiva Jason (ainzi Joshua muchiHebheru), munun’una womupristi mukuru Onias III. Onias paaiva asipo ari muAntiokia, Jason akapa zviremera zvechiGiriki chiokomuhomwe. Nei? Kuti avaite kuti vagadze Jason somupristi mukuru panzvimbo yaOnias. Mutongi wechiGiriki weimba yaSeleucus Antiochus Epiphanes (175-164 B.C.E.) akabva angogamuchira mari yacho. Vatongi vechiGiriki munguva yakapfuura vakanga vasina kupindira mune zveupristi hukuru hwevaJudha, asi Antiochus aida mari yemauto. Akafarawo kuva nomutungamiriri wechiJudha uyo aizoshingairira kutsigira zvikuru kuitwa vaGiriki kwavaJudha. Akumbirwa naJason, Antiochus akapa Jerusarema nzvimbo yakaenzana neyeguta rechiGiriki (polis). Uye Jason akavaka imba yokuitira mitambo umo vaJudha vaduku uye kunyange vapristi vaikwikwidzana mumitambo yacho.

Unyengeri hwakaramba huchiwanda. Kwapera makore matatu Menelaus, uyo angangove akanga asiri worudzi rwavapristi, akamupa chiokomuhomwe chikuru, uye Jason akatiza. Kuti abhadhare Antiochus, Menelaus akatora zvitsama zvakakura zvemari munzvimbo yaichengeterwa mari mutemberi. Sezvo Onias III (nhapwa yaiva muAntiokia) yakashora izvi pachena, Menelaus akaronga kuti apondwe.

Pakapararira guhwa rokuti Antiochus akanga afa, Jason akadzokera kuJerusarema nevarume vane chiuru achinoedza kutorera Menelaus upristi hukuru. Asi Antiochus akanga asina kufa. Achinzwa nezvechiito chaJason uye nezvokukanganisika kwezvinhu pakati pavaJudha pasinei zvapo nemitemo yake yokuita kuti vaJudha vave vaGiriki, Antiochus akatsamwa zvikuru.

Antiochus Anoita Chiito

Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Maccabees, Moshe Pearlman anonyora kuti: “Kunyange zvazvo zvakanyorwa zvacho zvisina kunyatsojeka, Antiochus anoita sokuti akagumisa kuti kubvumira vaJudha rusununguko rwokunamata kwakanga kuri kukanganisa mune zvematongerwe enyika. Kwaari, kupanduka kwakanga kuchangoitika muJerusarema kwakanga kwatanga kwete nevavariro dzakanaka dzokunamata asi kubva kumafungire evaEgipita vaiva muJudhea, uye mafungiro aya ezvematongerwe enyika akanga aratidzirwa zvine ngozi zvikurukuru nemhaka yokuti vaJudha, pavanhu vake vose, vakanga vatsvaka uye vabvumirwa kuparadzana kwakadaro panhau dzokunamata. . . . Akasarudza kuti izvi zvaizogumiswa.”

Mutungamiriri wehurumende weIsraeri nenyanzvi Abba Eban anopfupikisa zvakatevera: “Mukutevedzana kwokukurumidza mumakore 168 ne167 [B.C.E.], vaJudha vakawanda vakaurawa, zvinhu zvomuTemberi zvakabiwa, kunamata kwechiJudha kwakarambidzwa. Kudzingiswa kwakarangwa norufu, sezvaiita kuchengetwa kweSabata. Kunyomba kwokupedzisira kwakaitika muna December 167, apo, arayirwa naAntiochus, artari yaZeus yakavakwa mukati meTemberi, uye vaJudha vaifanira kubayira nyama yenguruve—chokwadika, isina kuchena, nomutemo wechiJudha—kuna mwari wevaGiriki.” Munguva iyi, Menelaus navamwe vaJudha vakaitwa vaGiriki vakaramba vari munzvimbo dzavo, vari vakuru vakuru patemberi yakanga yasvibiswa zvino.

Kunyange zvazvo vaJudha vakawanda vakabvuma kuitwa vaGiriki, boka idzva raizvidana kuti vaHasid—vatsvene—rakakurudzira kunyatsoteerera Mutemo waMosesi. Zvino vosemeswa navapristi vakaitwa vaGiriki, vanhuwo zvavo vakaramba vachitsigira vaHasid. Nguva yokuurayirwa kutenda yakavamba sezvo vaJudha munyika yose vakamanikidzwa kuwirirana netsika dzechihedheni nezvibayiro kana kuti kufa. Mabhuku eapokirifa evanaMakabhi anopa nhoroondo dzakawanda dzavarume, vakadzi, uye vana vakasarudza kufa panzvimbo pokubvuma kuita zvisina kufanira.

VanaMakabhi Vanoita Chiito

Zviito zvokunyanyisa zvaAntiochus zvakaita kuti vaJudha vakawanda varwire chitendero chavo. MuModi’in, nechokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumavirira kweJerusarema pedyo neguta ranhasi reLod, mupristi anonzi Mattathias akadanwa pakati petaundi. Sezvo Mattathias airemekedzwa navanhu vomunzvimbomo, mumiriri wamambo akaedza kumupwisa kuti abatanidzwewo pakubayira kwavahedheni—kuitira kuti azviponese uye agadze muenzaniso wevanhu vose. Mattathias paakaramba, mumwe muJudha akauya, akagadzirira kubvuma kuita zvisina kufanira. Atsamwiswa, Mattathias akatora chombo ndokumuuraya. Vashamiswa nehasha dzakaitwa nomurume akura uyu, varwi vechiGiriki havana kukurumidza kutirimuka. Mumasekondi mashomanene, Mattathias akanga aurayawo mukuru mukuru wevaGiriki. Vanakomana vashanu vaMattathias nevagari vomutaundi vakakurira mauto echiGiriki vasati vogona kuzvidzivirira ivo pachavo.

Mattathias akadanidzira kuti: ‘Munhu wose anoshingairira Mutemo ngaanditevere.’ Kuti vatize kurangwa, iye navanakomana vake vakatizira kunharaunda ine makomo. Uye sezvo zvavakanga vaita zvakapararira, vaJudha (kubatanidza vaHasid vakawanda) vakavakumbanira.

Mattathias akagadza mwanakomana wake Judah kuti atarisire kushanda kwamauto. Zvichida nemhaka youshingi hwaJudah hwokurwisa, akanzi Makabhi, kureva kuti “sando.” Mattathias navanakomana vake vakanzi vaHasmonaeus, zita rakabva kutaundi reHeshmon kana kuti kuna tateguru vaiva nezita iroro. (Joshua 15:27) Zvisinei, sezvo Judah Makabhi akava munhu akakurumbira munguva yokupandukira kwacho, mhuri yose yakazonzi vanaMakabhi.

Temberi Inotorwazve

Mugore rokutanga rokupandukira, Mattathias navanakomana vake vakakwanisa kuronga uto duku. Panguva dzakati wandei, mauto echiGiriki akarwisa mapoka evarwi vechiHasid musi weSabata. Kunyange zvazvo vaikwanisa kuzvidzivirira, vaisazokanganisa Sabata. Naizvozvo vakawanda vakaurawa. Mattathias—zvino aionekwa semukuru wokunamata—akaita mutemo waibvumira vaJudha kuti vazvidzivirire musi weSabata. Mutemo uyu hauna kungomutsiridza bedzi kupandukira kwacho asiwo wakagadza muenzaniso muchiJudha wokubvumira vatungamiriri vokunamata kuti vachinjire mutemo wechiJudha kumamiriro ezvinhu akanga ari kuchinja. Talmud inoratidzira muitiro uyu mukutaura kwayakazoita: “Ngavasvibise Sabata imwe kuitira kuti vagotsvenesa maSabata akawanda.”—Yoma 85b.

Pashure pokunge baba vake vakanga vakwegura vafa, Judah Makabhi akava mutungamiriri asingarambwi wekupanduka kwacho. Aona kuti akanga asingakwanisi kukurira muvengi wake vachirwisana pachena, akatanga mitoo mitsva, sehondo yekuvandirana yemazuva ano. Akauraya mauto aAntiochus munharaunda dzaaisakwanisa kushandisa mutoo wao wenguva dzose wekuzvidzivirira. Muhondo dzakatevedzana, Judah akabudirira kukunda mauto akanga akakura zvikuru kupfuura ake.

Vatarisana nekurwisana kwomunyika iyoyo nesimba rakanga richikura reRoma, vatongi veUmambo hweSeleucus havana kunyanyova nehanya nekusimbisa mitemo yairwisana nechiJudha. Izvi zvakapa Judah mukana wokuti adenhe masuo eJerusarema chaiwo. Muna December 165 B.C.E. (kana kuti zvichida 164 B.C.E.), iye namauto ake vakatorazve temberi, vakachenesa midziyo yayo, uye vakaitsaurirazve—makore matatu akakwana pashure pokusvibiswa kwayo. VaJudha vanochengeta chiitiko ichi gore negore muna Hanukkah, mutambo wokutsaurira.

Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokuva Vatsvene

Zvinangwa zvokumukira kwacho zvakanga zvaitika. Kurambidzwa kuita chiJudha kwakanga kwabviswa. Kunamata nokubayira patemberi kwakanga kwadzorerwa. Zvino vagutsikana, vaHasid vakasiya uto raJudah Makabhi ndokudzokera kumisha yavo. Asi Judah akanga ane dzimwe pfungwa. Aiva neuto rakanyatsorovedzwa, saka aizoregerei kurishandisa kuti atange nyika yaJudha yakasununguka? Nhau yokunamata yakanga yaparira kumukira zvino yakatsiviwa nokuda zvematongerwe enyika. Naizvozvo kuparapatika kwacho kwakapfuurira.

Judah Makabhi akaita chibvumirano neRoma, achitsvaka kutsigirwa mukurwisana kwake nokudzora kwoumambo hwaSeleucus. Kunyange zvake akaurawa muhondo muna 160 B.C.E., vanun’una vake vakaramba vachirwa. Munun’una waJudah Jonathan akaronga zvinhu zvokuti vatongi veumambo hwaSeleucus vakabvuma kuti agadzwe somupristi mukuru nomutongi muJudhea, kunyange zvazvo akanga achiri pasi pouchangamire hwavo. Jonathan paakanyengerwa, ndokutapwa, uye ndokuurawa somugumisiro wegadziriro yeSiria, munun’una wake Simeon—wokupedzisira wevanakomana vekwaMakabhi—akatanga kutonga. Simeon paakanga ava kutonga, zvaimboitwa zvomuumambo hwaSeleucus zvakabviswa (muna 141 B.C.E.). Simeon akamutsidzira kuwirirana neRoma, uye vatungamiriri vechiJudha vakamugamuchira somutongi nomupristi mukuru. Umambo hwakasununguka hwavaHasmonaea hwakatangwa navanaMakabhi.

VanaMakabhi vakatangazve kunamata patemberi Mesia asati auya. (Enzanisa naJohane 1:41, 42; 2:13-17.) Asi kungofanana nokuparara kwakaita kuvimba navapristi nemhaka yezviito zvavapristi vakaitwa vaGiriki, kwakatokanganiswazve nevaHasmonaeus. Zvechokwadi, kutonga kwavapristi vaida zvematongerwe enyika panzvimbo pamambo womudzinza raDhavhidhi akatendeka hakuna kuunza zvikomborero zvechokwadi kuvanhu vechiJudha.—2 Samueri 7:16; Pisarema 89:3, 4, 35, 36.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

Mattathias, baba vaJudah Makabhi, vakadanidzira kuti: ‘Munhu wose anoshingairira Mutemo ngaanditevere’

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mattathias achikumbira vapoteri vechiJudha/The Doré Bible Illustrations/Dover Publications