Kutizira Kurusununguko Kwavahuguenot

“Kupfurikidza naMambo naMambokadzi, . . . Tinozivisa kuti vaPurotesitendi vose vechiFrench vachaPotera, uye vachazviPinza muUmambo Hwedu uhu, havazongoDzivirirwi bedzi noUmambo Hwedu . . . Asi Tichaitawo Nhamburiko Yedu muNzira dzose dzine mufungo neMitoo kuitira kuti tivaTsigire, tivaYamure nokuvaBetsera . . . kuti kugara kwavo nokuva muNzvimbo ino kuve kwakanaka nokuri nyore kwavari.”

NDIWO mashoko echiziviso cha1689 chaWilliam naMary, mambo namambokadzi veEngland. Asi nei vaPurotesitendi veFrance, kana kuti vaHuguenot, sokuzivikanwa kwavakazoitwa, vaifanira kupotera uye kudzivirirwa kunze kweFrance? Nei kutiza kwavo muFrance makore 300 akapfuura kuchitifadza nhasi?

Europe yomuzana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu yakatambudzwa nehondo nemagakava aibatanidza rudzidziso. France, neHondo dzayo dzoRudzidziso (1562-1598) pakati pevaKaturike nevaPurotesitendi, haina kupukunyuka nyongano iyi. Zvisinei, muna 1598, Mambo wokuFrance Henry IV akasayina murayiro wokushivirira, Murayiro weNantes, achipa vaHuguenot vePurotesitendi rusununguko rworudzidziso rwakati kuti. Uku kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwamarudzidziso maviri kwakanga kwakasiyana muEurope. Kwenguva yakati kwakagumisa kurwisana kwamarudzidziso kwakanga kwatyisidzira France yomuzana ramakore rechi16 kwemakore anopfuura 30.

Kunyange zvazvo waida kunzi uve “usingaperi nousingachinjiki,” muna 1685 Murayiro weNantes wakabviswa noMurayiro weFontainebleau. Gare gare muzivi weFrance Voltaire akarondedzera uku kuchinja se“imwe yengwavaira huru dzeFrance.” Munhambo pfupi yacho, zvakaparira kuti vaHuguenot vanenge 200 000 vatizire kune dzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, migumisiro yacho yakatopfuurira. Asi nei murayiro iwowo wokutanga waitsigira kushivirirwa kworudzidziso wakabviswa?

Wakashorwa Kubva Pakutanga

Kunyange zvazvo Murayiro weNantes wakashanda zviri pamutemo kwemakore anoda kusvika 90, mumwe wezvenhau anoti wakanga wava “kutofa pawakabviswa muna 1685.” Zvirokwazvo, murayiro wacho wakanga usina kuvakirwa pazvikonzero zvakasimba. Kubva pakutanga, wakaparira chakarondedzerwa se“hondo yamashoko” pakati pevafundisi vechiKaturike nechavakadana kuti “R.P.R.” (Runonzi Rudzidziso rwePurotesitendi) Kubva pawakapiwa muna 1598 kusvikira munenge muna 1630, kushorwa kwoMurayiro weNantes kwakaitika muhurukuro dzepachena pakati pevaPurotesitendi nevaKaturike uye mukubudiswa kwemabhuku esangano rinobatanidza machechi. Zvisinei, kusashivirira kwacho kwakanga kune mativi akawanda.

Pashure pokurwisana navaPurotesitendi kubva muna 1621 kusvikira muna 1629, hurumende yeFrance yakaedza kuvamanikidza kuti vave vaKaturike kupfurikidza nokuramba vachivadzvinyirira. Uku kushupa kwakawedzera pakatonga kwaLouis XIV, “Mambo weZuva.” Mutoo wake wokutambudza wakaita kuti Murayiro weNantes ubviswe.

Kudzvinyirira

Sorutivi rwokudzvinyirira, kodzero dzevaPurotesitendi dzakabviswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Pakati pa1657 na1685, zvisarudzo zvinenge 300, zvaiwanzokarakadzwa nevafundisi, zvakaitwa mukurwisana nevaHuguenot. Kutonga ikoko kwakarwisa rutivi rwose rwoupenyu hwavo. Somuenzaniso, vaHuguenot vakarambidzwa kuita mabasa mazhinji zvikuru, akadai sokurapa, mutemo, uye kunyange kuita nyamukuta. Nezvekuva nyamukuta, mumwe wezvenhau akataura kuti: “Zvaibvira sei kuita kuti upenyu hwomunhu hutarisirwe nomupanduki aiva nevavariro yokuparadza murayiro uripo?”

Kudzvinyirira kwacho kwakatosimbiswa muna 1677. MuHuguenot upi noupi aibatwa achiedza kutendeutsa muKaturike aifanira kuripiswa mapaundi ane chiuru eFrance. Mari dzeHurumende dzaibva mumitero yakanyanyisa dzaishandiswa kupesvedzera vaHuguenot kuti vatendeuke. Muna 1675 vafundisi veKaturike vakapa Mambo Louis XIV mapaundi okuFrance ane mamiriyoni 4.5, vachiti: “Zvino munofanira kupfuurira mukuratidza kwenyu kuonga kupfurikidza nokushandisa chiremera chenyu kuti muparadze kupanduka uku zvachose.” Ichi chirongwa cho“kutenga” vatendeuki chakaguma ne10 000 vakatendeukira kuchiKaturike mumakore matatu.

Muna 1663 kutendeukira kuchiPurotesitendi kwakarambidzwa. VaHuguenot vakaganhurirwawo kwavaigona kugara. Muenzaniso wokunyanyisa kwacho ndewokuti vana vaiva nezera remakore manomwe vaigona kuva vaKaturike mukupesana nezvishuvo zvavabereki vavo. Vabereki vechiPurotesitendi vaisungirwa kubhadharira dzidzo yaiwanwa navana vavo kuvaJesuit kana kuti vamwe varayiridzi vechiKaturike.

Chimwe chombo chokudzvinyirira vaHuguenot chakanga chiri Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement yapachivande (Company of the Holy Sacrament). Iri rakanga riri sangano rechiKaturike iro wezvenhau Janine Garrisson anoti rakaenzana ne“gadziriro huru yekurukurirano” inofukidza France yose. Richipinda munzvimbo hurusa dzenzanga, harina kushayiwa mari kana kuti mashoko pamusoro pavavengi. Garrisson anotsanangura kuti mitoo yaro yakanga yakawanda: “Kubva pakudzvinyirira kusvikira pakudzongonyedza, kubva pakushandisa kusvikira pakuzvidza, Compagnie yacho yakashandisa mitoo yose kuti inetese nzanga yechiPurotesitendi.” Kunyange zvakadaro, vaHuguenot vakawanda vakagara muFrance munhambo iyi yokutambudzwa. Wezvenhau Garrisson anotsinhira kuti: “Zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti nei vaPurotesitendi vasina kusiya Umambo hwacho vakawanda sezvo utsinye hwavaiitirwa hwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma.” Zvisinei, pakupedzisira kutizira kurusununguko kwakava kwakafanira.

Kudzokera Pamavambo

Rugare rweNymegen (1678) neChibvumirano chokurega kurwa cheRatisbon (1684) zvakasunungura Mambo Louis XIV muhondo yokunze. Mhiri kwoMukoto wacho muEngland, mumwe muKaturike akava mambo muna February 1685. Louis XIV aigona kushandisa aya mamiriro ezvinhu matsva. Makore mashomanene izvi zvisati zvaitika, vafundisi vechiKaturike muFrance vakanga vapa Nyaya Ina dzechiGallic, dzaiganhurira simba rapapa. Ipapo Papa Innocent XI “akarangarira Chechi yechiFrench seyakanga yoda kukamukana.” Somugumisiro, kupfurikidza nokuchinja Murayiro weNantes, Louis XIV aigona kunatsiridza mukurumbira wake wakasvibiswa ndokudzorera ukama hwenguva dzose napapa.

Muitiro wamambo kuvaPurotesitendi wakava wakajeka zvikurusa. Mutoo wakapfava (wokunyengetedza uye kugadza mitemo) sezviri pachena wakanga usina kushanda. Kune rumwe rutivi, kutambudza kwazvino-uno kwechidragonnadea kwakabudirira. Nokudaro muna 1685, Louis XIV akasaina Murayiro weFontainebleau, achichinja Murayiro weNantes. Kutambudzwa kwamasimba masimba kwakabatanidzwa nouku kuchinjwa kwakasiya vaHuguenot vari munzvimbo yakatoipisisa kupfuura Murayiro weNantes usati waitwa. Vaizoitei zvino?

Vaizovanda, Vaizorwa, Kana Kuti Vaizotiza Here?

Vamwe vaHuguenot vakasarudza kunamata muchivande. Sezvo nzvimbo dzavo dzokuunganira dzakanga dzaparadzwa uye kunamata kwavo pachena kwakanga kwarambidzwa, vakatanga ‘Chechi yomuRenje,’ kana kuti kunamata pachivande. Izvi zvakanga zvisinei nokuti vanhu vaiita misangano yakadaro vaigona kutongerwa rufu, maererano nomutemo wakapiwa muna July 1686. Vamwe vaHuguenot vakaramba kutenda kwavo, vachifunga kuti zvaizobvira kutendeukazve gare gare. Vatendeuki vakadaro vakatenda chiKaturike chokunyepedzera chaizotevedzerwa nezvizvarwa zvaizotevera.

Hurumende yakaedza kubatanidza kutendeuka. Kuti vawane mabasa, vatendeuki vatsva vaifanira kubudisa gwaro rairatidza kuva kwavo vaKuturike rakasainwa nomupristi weruwa, uyo aicherekedza kupinda kwavo chechi. Kana vana vakanga vasina kubhabhatidzwa ndokurerwa sevaKaturike, vaigona kubviswa kuvabereki vavo. Zvikoro zvaifanira kukurudzira dzidzo yechiKaturike. Nhamburiko dzakaitwa dzokubudisa mabhuku orudzidziso anotsigira chiKaturike nokuda kwe“vanhu veBhuku [Bhaibheri],” sokudanwa kwaiitwa vaPurotesitendi. Hurumende yakadhinda mabhuku anopfuura miriyoni imwe ndokuatumira kunharaunda dzakanga dzine vakawanda vakanga vatendeuka. Matanho acho akanga akanyanyisa zvokuti kana mumwe munhu airwara akaramba muitiro wechiKaturike unoitirwa munhu ava kuda kufa uye pashure pazvo onaya, aitongerwa kugara mujeri kana kuti mungarava yehondo kwoupenyu hwose. Uye gare gare paaifa, mutumbi wake waingoraswa semarara, uye zvinhu zvake zvaitorwa.

Vamwe vaHuguenot vakafunga kuti varambe vachishandisa zvombo. Muruwa rweCévennes, runozivikanwa nokutsigira kwarwo rudzidziso, varwi vechiHuguenot vanonzi vaCamisard vakapanduka muna 1702. Mauto ehurumende akapisa misha achidzorera kuvandira kwevaCamisard nokudenha kwaiitwa usiku. Kunyange zvazvo kudenha kwapanhambo nenhambo kwavaHuguenot kwakapfuurira kwenguva yakati, pakasvika 1710 simba remauto aMambo Louis rakanga raparadza vaCamisard.

Chimwe chakaitwa navaHuguenot kwakanga kuri kutiza muFrance. Uku kutama kwakanzi kupararira chaikoiko. VaHuguenot vakawanda vakanga vava varombo pavakabva nemhaka yokuti hurumende yakanga yavatorera zvinhu zvavo, Chechi yeKaturike ichigamuchira rutivi rwepfuma yacho. Nokudaro zvakanga zvisiri nyore kutiza. Hurumende yeFrance yakaita chiito nokukurumidza kune zvakanga zvichiitika, ichirinda nzira dzokubuda nadzo nokunzvera zvikepe. Makororo akabira zvikepe zvaibva kuFrance, nokuti vaipiwa mubayiro wokubata vakanga vachitiza. VaHuguenot vaiwanwa vachitiza vairangwa zvakakomba. Vasori vaishandira munzanga dzacho vakaedza kuwana mazita evaironga kutiza nenzira dzavo vachiita kuti mugariro wacho uome zvikuru. Tsamba dzakamiswa, kubiridzira, uye kunyengedza zvakava zvakakurumbira.

Mupoteri Anogamuchirwa

Kutiza kwavaHuguenot muFrance uye kutambirwa kwavo munyika dzakavagamuchira kwakazivikanwa soKupotera. VaHuguenot vakatizira kuHolland, Switzerland, Germany, uye England. Gare gare vamwe vakaenda kuScandinavia, America, Ireland, West Indies, South Africa, uye Russia.

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzokuEurope dzakapa mirayiro yaikurudzira vaHugueunot kuti vatamireko. Kuitwa vagari vapamutemo pachena, kusabhadhariswa mitero, uye kuva nhengo yakasununguka yesangano rokutengesa zvaiva pakati pezvinhu zvakakarakadzwa. Maererano newezvenhau Elisabeth Labrousse, vaHuguenot vakawanda vaiva majaya . . . anoda kutanga kuita zvinhu, vatongwi vanoshingaira vane tsika dzakanaka zvikuru.” Nokudaro France, ine simba guru zvikuru, yakarasikirwa navanamazvikokota vemabasa anoverengeka. Hungu, “zvinhu, upfumi nounyanzvi” zvakaenda kunze kwenyika. Zvinhu zvine chokuita norudzidziso nezvamatongerwe enyika zvakaitawo rutivi mukugovera vaHuguenot kwokutizira. Asi ndeipi yakanga iri migumisiro yenguva refu yokutama uku?

Kuchinjwa kwoMurayiro weNantes nokutambudzwa kwavarindiri kwakanyandura kudavidza kwakashata kwenyika dzakawanda. William of Orange akakwanisa kushandisa mashoko anorwisana nechiFrench kuti ave mutongi weNetherlands. Achibetserwa navakuru vakuru vechiHuguenot, akavawo mambo weGreat Britain, achitsiva James II weKaturike. Wezvenhau Philippe Joutard anotsanangura kuti “Muitiro wechiPurotesitendi waLouis XIV wakanga uri chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvokukurirwa kwaJames II [uye] kuumbwa kwesangano reAugsburg. . . . Zviitiko [izvi] zvinoratidza nguva yechinjo huru munhau yeEurope, zvichiita kuti kutonga kweFrance kutsiviwe nokutonga kweEngland.”

VaHuguenot vakaita rutivi runokosha rwetsika muEurope. Vakashandisa rusununguko rwavo rwakanga ruchangobva kuwanwa kugadzira mabhuku aibetsera kugadziridza ruzivo rwoKujekerwa uye pfungwa dzokushivirira. Somuenzaniso, muPurotesitendi wechiFrench akashandura mabhuku omuzivi wechiNgezi John Locke, achiparadzira pfungwa yekodzero dzomusikirwo. Vamwe vanyori vechiPurotesitendi vakasimbisa kukosha kworusununguko rwehana. Pfungwa yacho yakatsanangura kuti kuteerera vatongi hakuna kukwana uye kungagona kufuratirwa kana vaiputsa chibvumirano chaiva pakati pavo nevanhu. Nokudaro, sezvinotsanangura wezvenhau Charles Read, kubviswa kwoMurayiro weNantes kwakanga kuri “chimwe chezvinhu zvakaparira zviri pachena Kumukira muFrance.”

Pane Zvakadzidzwa Here?

Nemhaka yemigumisiro inorwisana nokubudirira yechitambudzo nokurasikirwa kwehurumende navanhu vakawanda zvakadaro vanokosha, Marquis de Vauban, mupizano wehondo waMambo Louis XIV, akakurudzira mambo kudzorera Murayiro weNantes, achitaura kuti: “Kuchinjwa kwemwoyo ndekwaMwari bedzi.” Nokudaro nei Hurumende yeFrance isina kudzidza chidzidzo ndokuchinja chisarudzo chayo? Zvirokwazvo chimwe chakaparira ndechokuti mambo aitya kunetesa hurumende. Zvakare, zvakanga zvakakodzera kusvika pakumutsidzira chiKaturike nokushivirira rudzidziso kweFrance yezana ramakore rechi17.

Zviitiko zvakapoteredza kuchinjwa kwomurayiro zvakaita kuti vamwe vabvunze kuti, “Nzanga inobvumira nokuregerera zvakawanda sei?” Zvirokwazvo, sokutsinhira kwaitwa nevezvenhau, hazvibviri kurangarira nhau yevaHuguenot usingafungi nezve“kushandiswa kwesimba nokuipa kwako.” Munzanga dziri kuramba dzichiwedzera madzinza akawanda uye mhatsa dzorudzidziso nhasi, kutizira kurusununguko kwevaHuguenot chiyeuchidzo chinonyandura chezvinoitika apo zvematongerwe enyika zvinotungamirirwa nechechi zvinotora nzvimbo yokutanga kupfuura zvinofarirwa navanhu.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Chidragonnade

Kutendeutsa Kupfurikidza Norutyo

Vamwe vairangarira vadragoon se“vafundisi vakaisvonaka.” Zvisinei, vakaita kuti vaHuguenot vatye, uye muzvimwe zviitiko misha yose yaitendeuka kuva vaKaturike pavainzwa kuti vasvika. Asi ndivanaani vakanga vari ava vadragoon?

Vadragoon vakanga vari mauto akashongedzerwa zvikuru nezvombo vairoja mudzimba dzevaHuguenot vaine murangariro wokutyisidzira vaigaramo. Kushandiswa kwevadragoon nenzira iyi kwakazivikanwa sechidragonnade. Kuti vawedzere mutoro pamhuri, nhamba yemasoja aitumirwa kuimba imwe yakanga isingakwanirani nepfuma yemhuri yacho. Vadragoon vacho vakapiwa maruramiro okuitira mhuri utsinye, kudziita kuti dzishaye hope, uye kuparadza zvinhu. Kana vagari vomudzimba dzacho vazoiramba kutenda kwechiPurotesitendi, vadragoon vacho vaienda.

Chidragonnade chaishandiswa kuwana vatendeuki muna 1681 muPoitou, West France, nharaunda ine vaHuguenot vakawanda. Mumwedzi mishomanene, 30 000 kusvikira ku35 000 vakatendeuka. Mutoo mumwe chetewo wakashandiswa muna 1685 mune dzimwe nharaunda dzevaHuguenot. Mumwedzi mishomanene, kuramba kutenda 300 000 kusvikira ku400 000 kwakawanwa. Maererano nowezvenhau Jean Quéniart, kubudirira kwechidragonnade “kwakaita kuti Kuchinjwa [kwoMurayiro unoshivirira weNantes] kuve kusingadzivisiki, nokuti zvino kwakanga kworatidza sokunobvira.”

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris

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Uku kuzivisa kwa1689 kwakaita kuti vaPurotesitendi veFrance vaitsvaka kusunungurwa mukudzvinyirira kworudzidziso vawane kwokupotera

[Kwazvakatorwa]

By permission of The Huguenot Library, Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London

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Kuchinjwa kwoMutemo weNantes, 1685 (Peji yokutanga yokuchinjwa kwacho yakaratidzwa)

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Documents conservés au Centre Historique des Archives nationales à Paris

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Temberi dzakawanda dzechiPurotesitendi dzakaparadzwa

[Kwazvakatorwa]

© Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris