Jerusarema Munguva dzeBhaibheri—Sayenzi Yezvinocherwa Mumatongo Inozivisei?

MIBATO mikuru inofadza yezvinocherwa mumatongo yakaitika muJerusalem, zvikurukuru kubvira muna 1967. Nzvimbo zhinji dzakacherwa dzakavhurirwa veruzhinji pari zvino, naizvozvo ngatishanyirei dzimwe dzacho kuti tione kuti sayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo inofanana sei nenhau yeBhaibheri.

Jerusarema raMambo Dhavhidhi

Nzvimbo iyo Bhaibheri rinotaura seGomo reZioni, pakanga pakavakirwa Guta raDhavhidhi rakare, inoratidzika seisingakoshi zvikuru muguta guru reJerusarema remuzuva razvino uno. Kucherwa kweGuta raDhavhidhi, kwakatungamirirwa nemushakabvu purofesa Yigal Shiloh pakati pa1978-85, kwakaratidzira chivako chikuru chebwe, kana kuti rusvingo rwokutsigira, kurutivi rwekumabvazuva rwegomo racho.

Purofesa Shiloh akataura kuti chinofanira kuva zvisaririra zvechivako chemasitepisi apo vaJebhusi (vaigarapo Dhavhidhi asati akunda) vakavakira nhare. Akatsanangura kuti chivako chirefu chebwe chaakawana pamusoro peizvi zvivako zvine masitepisi zvaiva zvenhare itsva yakavakwa naDhavhidhi panzvimbo yenhare yevaJebhusi. Pana 2 Samueri 5:9, tinorava kuti: “Dhavhidhi akagara munhare, akaitumidza Guta raDhavhidhi. Dhavhidhi akavaka kunhivi dzose, kubva paMiro, zvichipinda mukati.”

Pedyo nechivako ichochi pane paipinda nemvura yeguta kare, mativi acho anoratidzika kuva anobvira munguva yaDhavhidhi. Kumwe kutaura kuri muBhaibheri pamusoro pemugero wemvura weJerusarema kwakamutsa mibvunzo. Somuenzaniso, Dhavhidhi akaudza varume vake kuti “aninani unoparadza vaJebhusi, ngaakwire kumugero wemvura auraye” muvengi. (2 Samueri 5:8) Mutungamiriri weuto waDhavhidhi Joabhi akaita izvozvi. Chii chinonyatsorehwa nokutaura kwokuti “mugero wemvura”?

Mimwe mibvunzo yakabvunzwa pamusoro peMugero weSiroami wakakurumbira, sezvingabvira wakacherwa nemainjiniya aMambo Hezekia muzana remakore rechisere B.C.E. uye unotaurwa nezvawo pana 2 Madzimambo 20:20 na2 Makoronike 32:30. Mapoka maviri evaichera mugero, vachichera vachibva kumativi akasiyana, aigona sei kusangana? Nei vakasarudza kuchera zvakamonyoroka, zvichiita kuti mugero wacho urebe kupfuura wakatwasuka? Vakawana sei mhepo yakakwana yekufema, zvikurukuru sezvo vangangodai vakashandisa marambi aishandisa mafuta?

Magazini inonzi Biblical Archaeology Review yakagovera mhinduro dzinobvira dzemibvunzo yakadaro. Dan Gill, nyanzvi yezvekuchera yakabvunzwa nezvekuchera ikoku, inonzi yakataura kuti: “Pasi peGuta raDhavhidhi pane karst yemusikirwo yakanyatsokura. Karst ishoko rinoshandiswa nenyanzvi dzekuchera pasi rinorondedzera nharaunda ine makomba makomba, ninga, uye mikoto inokonzerwa nemvura yepasi sezvainopinda ndokuerera nemumatombo ari pasi pevhu. . . . Kuongorora kwedu kweunyanzvi hwekuchera pasi maifamba nemvura pasi peGuta raDhavhidhi kunoratidzira kuti makagadzirwa nevanhu vaiva neunyanzvi hwemikoto yakakonzerwa nekukukurwa kwevhu (zvine chokuita nekarst) iyo yakagadzirwa kuva manyuko emvura.”

Izvozvi zvingabatsira kutsanangura machererwe akaitwa Mugero weSiroami. Ungave wakatevera kumonyoroka kwemugero wakakonzerwa nekukukurwa kwevhu waiva pasi pegomo. Mapoka aishanda ari kune mativi akasiyana angave akachera mugero wechinguvana kupfurikidza nokugadziridza ninga dzaivapo nechekare. Ipapo mugero une materu wakacherwa kuitira kuti mvura iyerere ichibva kuchisipiti cheGihoni kusvikira kuDziva reSiroami, iro zvimwe raiva mukati memasvingo eguta. Ichi chainyatsova chiitwa chaicho chehuinjiniya sezvo musiyano weurefu pakati pemativi maviri uchingova chete masendimita 32, pasinei zvapo nokuti wakareba mamita 533.

Nyanzvi dzakanguve dzaziva kuti manyuko makuru emvura eguta rakare aiva chisipiti cheGihoni. Chaiva kunze kwemasvingo eguta asi pedyo zvikuru zvekubvumira kucherwa kwemugero nemukoto wakadzika mamita 11, izvo zvaizogonesa vagari veguta kuchera mvura vasingabudi kunze kwemasvingo ekudzivirira. Iwoyu unozivikanwa seWarren’s Shaft, wakatumidzwa kudaro muzita raCharles Warren, uyo akawana uyu mugero wacho muna 1867. Asi mugero wacho nemukoto zvakaitwa riini? Zvaivepo munguva yaDhavhidhi here? Ndiwo here mugero wemvura wakashandiswa naJoabhi? Dan Gill anopindura achiti: “Kuti tiedze kuona kana Warren’s Shaft yakanga iri mugero wakakonzerwa nekukukurwa kwevhu, takaongorora chimedu chedombo checalcium carbonate chaiva mumadziro awo kuti chaiva necarbon-14 here. Chakanga chisina, zvichiratidzira kuti dombo racho rine makore anopfuura 40 000: Izvozvi zvinogovera ufakazi hwakajeka hwekuti mugero wacho haungave wakacherwa nemunhu.”

Zvisaririra Zvemunguva yaHezekia

Mambo Hezekia akararama apo rudzi rweAsiria rwakanga rwuchikunda chinhu chose charwaiona. Mugore rechitanhatu rekutonga kwake, vaAsiria vakakunda Samaria, guta guru reumambo hwemarudzi gumi. Makore masere gare gare (732 B.C.E.) vaAsiria vakanga vadzoka zvakare, vachityisidzira Judha neJerusarema. Bhuku Rechipiri raMakoronike 32:1-8 rinorondedzera mutoo wekudzivirira waHezekia. Pane ufakazi hupi nohupi hunooneka hwemunhambo iyoyi here?

Hungu, muna 1969, Purofesa Nahman Avigad akawana zvisaririra zvakabva munhambo iyoyi. Kuchera kwakazivisa chimwe chikamu cherusvingo rukuru, chikamu chokutanga chakareba mamita 40, chakafara mamita 7, uye, maererano nekufungidzira, chakareba mamita 8 kuenda kumusoro. Chimwe chikamu cherusvingo chaiva pamusoro pematombo ari pasi pevhu uye chimwe padzimba dzakanga dzichangobva kuvakwa. Ndiani akavaka rusvingo rwacho uye kuti riini? “Ndima mbiri dziri muBhaibheri dzakabatsira Avigad kuwana gore nedonzo rerusvingo rwacho,” imwe magazini yezvinocherwa mumatongo inoshuma. Ndima idzodzi dzinoti: “Iye akatsunga mwoyo, akavaka rusvingo rwose rwanga rwakoromoka, akaruvaka kusvikira pashongwe, norumwe rusvingo rwokunzewo.” (2 Makoronike 32:5) “Mukakoromora dzimba kuti musimbise rusvingo.” (Isaya 22:10) Nhasi vashanyi vanogona kuona rutivi rweiri rinonzi Broad Wall muNzvimbo Yekugara yechiJudha yeGuta Rakare.

Kuchera kwakasiyana-siyana kunozivisawo kuti Jerusarema panguva iyoyi rakanga rakakura zvikuru kupfuura zvakambenge zvichimborangarirwa, sezvinobvira nemhaka yekupinda kwevapoteri vachibva kuumambo hwekuchamhembe pashure pekunge hwakurirwa nevaAsiria. Purofesa Shiloh vakafungidzira kuti guta revaJebhusi raifukidza nharaunda inenge maeka 15. Munguva yaSoromoni raifukidza anenge maeka 40. Pakasvika nguva yaMambo Hezekia, makore 300 gare gare, nharaunda yakasimbiswa yeguta yakanga yakura kusvikira kuanenge maeka 150.

Makuva Enhambo Yetembere Yokutanga

Makuva emunhambo yeTembere Yokutanga, ndiko kuti, vaBhabhironi vasati vaparadza Jerusarema muna 607 B.C.E., akave mamwe manyuko emashoko. Kwakawanikwa zvinhu zvinoshamisa apo mapako ekuvigira akawanda pamawere eMupata weHinomi akacherwa muna 1979/80. “Munhau yose yenzvero yezvinocherwa mumatongo muJerusarema, ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo shomanene zvikuru dzekuchengetera dzeTembere Yokutanga yakawanwa iine zvinhu zvayo zvose. Yaiva nezvinhu zvinopfuura chiuru chimwe,” inodaro nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Gabriel Barkay. Anopfuurira achiti: “Tariro inodikanwa zvikuru yenyanzvi iri yose yezvinocherwa mumatongo iri kushanda muIsrael, uye zvikurukuru muJerusalem, ndeyekuwana mashoko akanyorwa.” Manyoro maduku maviri esirivha akawanikwa, aine chii?

Barkay anotsanangura kuti: “Pandakaona pepa resirivha risina kupetwa ndokuritarisa negirazi rinokudza zvinhu, ndaigona kuona kuti rakanga rakanyorwa zvakanaka, rakanyorwa nechishandiswa chakapinza chakanyora zvitete papepa resirivha. . . . Zita raMwari rinooneka zvakajeka mumanyoro acho rakaumbwa nemavara mana echiHebheru akanyorwa nerunyoro rwechiHebheru chakare, yod-he-waw-he.” Muchinyorwa chakanyorwa gare gare, Barkay anowedzera kuti: “Takashamiswa kuona kuti zvakanga zvakanyorwa pasirivha zvakanga zvakada kufanana neChikomborero Chomuprista cheBhaibheri.” (Numeri 6:24-26) Iyi yaiva nguva yekutanga yakawanikwa zita raJehovha murunyoro rwakawanikwa muJerusarema.

Nyanzvi dzakati manyoro iwaya esirivha ndearini? Zvikurukuru vachishandisa zvimwe zvinhu zvemunguva yakawanwa manyoro acho. Zvidimbu 300 zvezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nedongo zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndezvariini zvakawanikwa munochengetwa zvinhu, zviri zvezana ramakore rechinomwe uye rechitanhatu B.C.E. Runyoro rwacho, parunoenzaniswa nemamwe manyoro ane misi, runotaura nezvenhambo imwe cheteyo. Manyoro acho akaratidzirwa muIsrael Museum muJerusalem.

Kuparadzwa kweJerusarema muna 607 B.C.E.

Bhaibheri rinotaura nezvekuparadzwa kweJerusarema muna 607 B.C.E. muna 2 Madzimambo ganhuro 25, 2 Makoronike ganhuro 36, uye Jeremia ganhuro 39, richishuma kuti uto raNebhukadhinezari rakapisa guta. Kuchera kwazvino uno kunosimbisa iri idi renhau here? Maererano naPurofesa Yigal Shiloh, “ufakazi [hwekuparadzwa kweBhabhironi] muBhaibheri . . . hunokwaniswa neufakazi hwakajeka hwezvinocherwa mumatongo; kuparadzwa kwakakwana kwezvivako zvakasiyana-siyana, uye moto wakaparadza mativi akasiyana-siyana akagadzirwa nemiti edzimba.” Akatsinhirazve kuti: “Zvisarira zveuku kuparadzwa zvakawanwa mukuchera kwoga kwoga kwakaitirwa muJerusarema.”

Vashanyi vanogona kuona zvisaririra zveuku kuparadzwa kwakaitika makore anopfuura 2 500 apfuura. Israelite Tower, Burnt Room, uye Bullae House mazita enzvimbo dzinozivikanwa dzezvinocherwa mumatongo zvakachengetwa uye zvinogona kuonekwa nevoruzhinji. Vezvekuchera matongo Jane M. Cahill naDavid Tarler vanopfupikisa mubhuku rinonzi Ancient Jerusalem Revealed kuti: “Kuparadzwa kukuru kweJerusarema nevaBhabhironi kuri pachena kwete bedzi muzvinhu zviri pasi zvisati zvafukurwa zvakadai seBurnt Room neBullae House, asiwo mumarara akawanda ezvivako zvakawa zvakawanwa zvakafukidza mawere ekumabvazuva. Kurondedzera kweBhaibheri kuparadzwa kweguta . . . kunokwanisa ufakazi hwezvinocherwa mumatongo.”

Nokudaro, mufananidzo weBhaibheri weJerusarema kubvira munguva yaDhavhidhi kusvikira kunguva yekuparadzwa kwaro muna 607 B.C.E. wakasimbiswa nenzira dzakawanda nevanochera matongo mukati memakore 25 apfuura. Asi zvakadini neJerusarema rezana remakore rokutanga C.E.?

Jerusarema Muzuva raJesu

Kuchera, Bhaibheri, wezvenhau wechiJudha wemuzana ramakore rokutanga Josephus, uye mamwe manyuko zvinobatsira nyanzvi kufananidza Jerusarema remuzuva raJesu, vaRoma vasati variparadza muna 70 C.E. Chivako chekuenzanisira, chakaratidzirwa seri kwehotera hombe iri muJerusalem, nguva dzose chiri kuvandudzwa maererano nezvinoziviswa nekuchera kutsva. Rutivi rukuru rweguta racho rwaiva Gomo reTembere, iro Herodhe akanga akudza zvakapetwa kaviri zvichienzaniswa neriya remunguva yaSoromoni. Ndicho chaiva chivako chikurusa chakaitwa nemunhu munyika yakare, chakareba mamita 480 nekufara mamita 280. Mamwe matombo ekuvakisa airema matani 50, rimwe raitosvika pedyo nematani 400 uye “hapana raienzana naro pakukura kupi nokupi munyika yakare,” maererano neimwe nyanzvi.

Hazvishamisi kuti vamwe vanhu vakakatyamadzwa pavakanzwa Jesu achiti: “Putsai tembere iyi, ini ndichaimutsazve namazuva matatu.” Vaifunga kuti aireva chivako chikuru chetembere, kunyange zvazvo aireva “tembere yomuviri wake.” Naizvozvo vakati: “Tembere iyi yakavakwa mumakore ane makumi mana namatanhatu, zvino iwe ungaimutsa namazuva matatu here?” (Johane 2:19-21) Somugumisiro wekucherwa kwemhoteredzo yeGomo reTembere, vashanyi vanogona zvino kuona mativi emasvingo nemamwe mativi ezvivako emunguva yaJesu uye vanotogona kufamba paangangodai akafamba napo kumasuo ekumaodzanyemba etembere.

Kusiri kure nerusvingo rwekumadokero rweGomo reTembere, muJewish Quarter yeGuta Rekare, kune nzvimbo dzakafukunurwa zvakanaka dzemuzana ramakore rokutanga C.E., dzinozivikanwa seBurnt House uye Herodian Quarter. Pashure pekuwanwa kweBurnt House, wezvekucherwa kwematongo Nahman Avigad akanyora kuti: “Zvino zvinhu zvakanga zvajeka kuti chivako chino chakapiswa nevaRoma muna 70 A.D., mukati mekuparadzwa kweJerusarema. Kekutanga munhau yekucherwa kweguta, ufakazi hwakajeka uye huri pachena hwekupiswa kweguta hwakanga hwava pachena.”—Ona mifananidzo iri papeji 12.

Zvimwe zvezviwanikwa izvozvi zvinogovera chiedza pazviitiko zveupenyu hwaJesu. Zvivako zvacho zvakanga zviri muGuta Rapamusoro, uko vanhu vakapfuma veJerusarema vaigara, kubatanidza vaprista vakuru. Nzvimbo dzekugezera dzegamuchidzanwa dzinoverengeka dzakawanwa mudzimba dzacho. Imwe nyanzvi inoti: “Kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzekugezera kunopupurira kuchengetwa kwerumano kwemitemo yerucheno rwegamuchidzanwa rwaiitwa nevagari veGuta Rapamusoro mukati menhambo yeTembere yeChipiri. (Mitemo iyoyi yakanyorwa muMishnah, iyo ine maganhuro gumi anotaura nezvemikveh.)” Mashoko iwaya anotibatsira kunzwisisa tsinhiro dzaJesu pamusoro peidzi tsika dzaiitwa nevaFarise nevanyori.—Mateo 15:1-20; Marko 7:1-15.

Nhamba huru inoshamisa yemidziyo yematombo yakawanwawo muJerusarema. Nahman Avigad anoti: “Nei, ipapo, zvakaoneka nokukurumidza kwazvo uye zvakawanda kwazvo muimba yeJerusarema? Mhinduro yacho imhaka yehalakhah, mitemo yechiJudha yerucheno rwegamuchidzanwa. Mishnah inotitaurira kuti midziyo yematombo iri pakati pezvinhu zvisingafungidzirwi kuti hazvina kuchena . . . Dombo raisafungidzirwa kuva rakasvibiswa nenzira yegamuchidzanwa.” Zvinonzi izvozvi zvinotsanangura chikonzero nei mvura yakashandurwa naJesu kuva waini yaiva mumidziyo yebwe kwete yedhaka.—Revhitiko 11:33; Johane 2:6.

Kana ukashanyira Israel Meseum uchaona mudziyo unochengeterwa mapfupa evashakabvu usina kurovedzeka. Biblical Archaeology Review inotsanangura kuti: “Midziyo yekuchengetera mapfupa avashakabvu yaishandiswa zvikurukuru anenge makore zana pashure pekuparadzwa kweJerusarema nevaRoma muna 70 C.E. . . . Mushakabvu aivanzwa mune imwe nzvimbo yakachererwa pamadziro ebako rekuvigira; pashure pekunge nyama yaora, mapfupa aiunganidzwa ndokuiswa mumudziyo wokuchengetera mapfupa—waiwanzoshongedzwa nelimestone.” Miviri iri kuratidzirwa yakawanwa muna November 1990 mune rimwe bako rokuvigira. Nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Zvi Greenhut anoshuma kuti: “Shoko rokuti . . . ‘Caiapha’ riri pamidziyo miviri inochengeterwa mapfupa avashakabvu yaiva muhwiro rinooneka pano kekutanga mune zvekucherwa kwematongo. Sezvinobvira izita remhuri yeMuprista Mukuru Kayafasi, anodudzwa . . . muTestamende Itsva . . . Jesu akaendeswa kumutongi weRoma Pontio Pirato achibva kumba kwake muJerusarema.” Mumwe mudziyo wekuchengetera mapfupa waiva nemapfupa emurume anenge aiva nemakore 60 ekukura. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti aya mapfupa chaiwo aKayafasi. Imwe nyanzvi inotaura nezvezvakawanwa munguva yaJesu: “Mari yakawanikwa mune mumwe mudziyo wokuchengetera mapfupa yakanyorwa naHerod Agrippa (37-44 C.E.). Midziyo miviri yokuchengetera mapfupa yaKayafasi ingava yekuvamba kwezana ramakore rokutanga.”

William G. Dever, purofesa wesayenzi yezvinocherwa mumatongo yeNear Eastern paYunivhesiti yeArizona, akatsinhira pamusoro peJerusarema kuti: “Hakuzi kukatutsira kuti titaure kuti takadzidza zvizhinji munhau yezvekucherwa kwematongo panzvimbo iyoyi mumakore 15 akapfuura kupfuura zvatakaita makore 150 akapfuura akabatanidzwa pamwe chete.” Mibato mikuru mizhinji yezvinocherwa mumatongo muJerusrema mukati memakumi amakore akapfuura zvirokwazvo yakaratidza zviwanwa zvinotsigira nhau yeBhaibheri.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Kugadzirwazve kweGuta reJerusarema panguva yeTembere Yechipiri – iri panzvimbo yeHolyland Hotel, Jerusalem

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 10]

Pamusoro: Kona yekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweGomo reTembere reJerusarema

Kurudyi: Kupinda muWarren’s Shaft