Naḥmanides—Akabvumikisa chiKristu Kuva Chenhema Here?

MUMIDDLE Ages. Inoyeuchidzei? Hondo dzevaKristu? Matare eKaturike Aibvunzurudza? Kutambudzwa? Kunyange zvazvo isiri nhambo inowanzobatanidzwa mukurukurirano dzapachena dzorudzidziso, mukati menguva iyoyo, mugore ra1263, imwe yekurukurirano dzakatanhamara zvikurusa dzechiJudha nechiKristu dzenhau yeEurope yakaitika. Ndivanaani vaibatanidzwa? Inhaui dzakamutswa? Inogona sei kutibetsera nhasi kuzivisa rudzidziso rwechokwadi?

Chii Chakanyandura Kurukurirano Yacho?

MuMiddle Ages yose, Chechi yeRoma Katurike yakazvizivisa serudzidziso rwechokwadi. Zvisinei, vanhu vechiJudha vakanga vasina kutongoramba kutaura kwavo kwokuva vanhu vakasarudzwa vaMwari. Kusakwanisa kwechechi kupwisa vaJudha nezvekudikanwa kwokutendeuka kwakatungamirira kukukangaidzwa uye kazhinji kazhinji kumasimba masimba nechitambudzo. Mukati meHondo dzavaKristu makumi ezviuru evaJudha akapondwa kana kuti kupiswa padanda apo akapiwa chisarudzo pakati perubhabhatidzo kana kuti rufu. Munyika zhinji kurwisana nechiJudha kwakanyandurwa nechechi kwakanga kwakapararira.

Chimiro chendangariro chakasiyana, kunyange zvakadaro, chaive chakapararira muSpain yechiKaturike yezana ramakore rechi12 nerechi13. VaJudha vakabvumirwa rusununguko rworudzidziso—chero bedzi vaisadenha kutenda kwechiKristu—uye vakatopiwa nzvimbo dzinokosha mukati memusha wamambo. Asi pashure perinenge zana ramakore renyasha dzakadaro, vaprista vechiDominican vakatora matanho okuderedza pesvedzero yechiJudha munzanga uye kutendeutsira vaJudha kuchiKaturike. Mambo James I weAragon akamanikidzwa nevaDominican kuronga kurukurirano yehurumende, yaive nedonzo rokubvumikisa uduku hwerudzidziso rwechiJudha uye kudikanwa kwokuti vaJudha vose vatendeuke.

Iyi yakanga isiri kurukurirano yokutanga yechiJudha nechiKristu. Mugore ra1240, gakava rehurumende rakaitirwa muParis, France. Donzo raro guru rakanga riri rokutonga Talmud, bhuku rinoyera kuvaJudha. Zvisinei, vatori rutivi vechiJudha vakabvumirwa rusununguko rwuduku rwekutaura. Pashure pokunge chechi yazivisa rukundo rwayo muiri gakava, makopi eTalmud akapiswa akawanda munzvimbo dzavose.

Asi chimiro chendangariro chokushivirira zvikuru chaMambo James I weAragon hachina kubvumira kutonga kwakadaro kwokuzvidza. Vachiziva ikoku, vaDominican vakaedza mutoo wakasiyana. Seizvo Hyam Maccoby akatsanangura mubhuku rake Judaism on Trial, vakakokera vaJudha kukurukurirano “vachinyepedzera kuva norupfave nekunyengetedza, panzvimbo pekutuka somuParis.” VaDominican vakagadza somumiriri wavo mukuru Pablo Christiani, muJudha akanga atendeukira kuchiKaturike uye akanga ava muprista weDominican. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa kuziva kwaPablo Christiani manyoro eTalmud uye avanarabhi, vaDominican vakanzwa vaine chokwadi chokuti vaigona kubvumikisa nhau yavo.

Nei Naḥmanides Akasarudzwa?

Munhu mumwe bedzi muSpain aikwanirisa mumudzimu kumiririra rutivi rwechiJudha rwekurukurirano yacho—Moses ben Naḥman, kana kuti Naḥmanides.a Akaberekwa munenge muna 1194 muguta reGerona, Naḥmanides mumakore ake ouduku akanga atozviratidza senyanzvi yeBhaibheri neyeTalmud. Paakazosvika zera ramakore 30, akanga anyora mabhuku etsinhiro mazhinji pamusoro peTalmud, uye chinguvana pashure pezvo akava mutauriri mukuru mukuyananisa makakatanwa pamusoro pemanyoro aMaimonides ayo aityisidzira kukamura nzanga yechiJudha.b Naḥmanides anorangarirwa kuva nyanzvi hurusa yechiJudha yeBhaibheri neTalmud yechizvarwa chake uye wechipiri zvichida bedzi kuna Maimonides mukupesvedzera kwake chiJudha mukati menhambo iyoyo.

Naḥmanides akashandisa pesvedzero huru panzanga yechiJudha muCatalonia, uye kunyange Mambo James I akamubvunza pamusoro penhau dzakasiyana-siyana dzeHurumende. Mano ake akasimba okufunga airemekedzwa nemuJudha neweMarudzi zvakafanana. VaDominican vaiziva kuti kuitira kuti vanyadzise vaJudha nenzira inobudirira, iye, rabhi wavo mukurusa, aifanira kuita kurukurirano.

Naḥmanides akazengurira kubvuma kurukurirano yacho, achiziva kuti vaDominican vakanga vasina vavariro yokururamisira. Akanga achizopindura mibvunzo asi aisagona kubvunza ipi neipi. Zvisinei, akabvuma chikumbiro chamambo, achikumbira kuti apiwe mvumo yokutaura zvakasununguka mukupindura kwake. Mambo James I akabvuma izvozvi. Kubvumirwa kwakadaro kwokutaura kwakasununguka kune mwero kwakanga kusati kwamboitika uye kwaisazodzokororwa muMiddle Ages yose, ufakazi hwakajeka hwekuremekedza kukuru Naḥmanides kwamambo. Zvisinei, Naḥmanides akanga achitya. Kudai aizorangarirwa kuva anoshora zvikuru mukurukurirano yacho, kwaizova nemigumisiro ine ngwavaira nokuda kwavose vari vaviri iye nenzanga yechiJudha. Masimba masimba aigona kuvamba panguva ipi neipi.

Naḥmanides Anorwisana naPablo Christiani

Nzvimbo huru yekurukurirano yacho yaive muzinda wamambo muBarcelona. Marusando mana akaitwa—July 20, 23, 26, uye 27, 1263. Mambo pachake akatungamirira parusando rumwe norumwe, rwakapindwawo nevanoremekedzwa vanoverengeka veChechi neHurumende, pamwe chete nevaJudha venzanga yomunzvimbomo.

Nokuda kwechechi mugumisiro wekurukurirano yacho wakanga usitongorina mubvunzo. Munhoroondo yavo yehurumende, vaDominican vakataura kuti donzo rekurukurirano yacho raiva ‘kwete kuitira kuti kutenda kupokanwe sokunge kuti kwaive nhau yokusava nechokwadi, asi kuitira kuparadza mhosho dzavaJudha ndokubvisa kutenda kune chivimbo kwevaJudha vazhinji.’

Kunyange zvazvo akanga ava nemakore anodokuva 70, Naḥmanides akaratidza mano ake okufunga akajeka kupfurikidza nokutsvaka kuganhurira kurukurirano yacho kunhau dzinokosha bedzi. Akavamba kupfurikidza nokutaura kuti: “Magakava [akapfuura] pakati pevamarudzi nevaJudha aive nechekuita nemativi mazhinji ekuchengeta kwerudzidziso pasingatsamiri panheyo inokosha yokutenda. Zvisinei, murino dare ramambo, ndinoshuva kutaura bedzi pamusoro penhau dzinosakisa gakava rose.” Ipapo zvakabvumwa kuti nhau dzacho dzaizoganhurirwa kune yokuti Mesiya akanga atouya here, kuti aiva Mwari here kana kuti munhu, uye kuti vaJudha kana kuti vaKristu vane mutemo wechokwadi here.

Muchibvumikiso chake chokuzarura, Pablo Christiani akazivisa kuti aizobvumikisa kubva muTalmud kuti Mesiya akanga atouya. Naḥmanides akapindura kuti kudai izvozvo zvaiva zvakadaro, nei vanarabhi vakagamuchira Talmud vasina kugamuchira Jesu? Panzvimbo pokuvakira zvibvumikiso zvake pakurangarira kwomuMagwaro kwakajeka, Christiani akanongedzera anongedzerazve kundima dzisina kujeka dzavanarabhi kuti atsigire kutaura kwake. Pfundo rimwe nerimwe Naḥmanides akabvumikisa iwayo kuva nhema kupfurikidza nokuratidza kuti akanga achinokorwa asingawirirani nemashoko akapoteredza. Kwaiva nomufungo kuti Naḥmanides aigona kuzvisiyanisa seakakwaniriswa mukutaura aya manyoro ayo akanga atsaurira nduramo yose kufunda. Kunyange apo Christiani ainongedzera kuRugwaro, chibvumikiso chake chaisimbisa mapfundo aibvumikiswa kuva nhema nenzira iri nyore.

Kunyange zvazvo aive akaganhurirwa kukupindura mibvunzo, Naḥmanides akakwanisa kupa chibvumikiso chakasimba chairatidza chikonzero nei chimiro cheChechi yeKaturike chakanga chisingagamuchiriki kune vose vari vaviri vaJudha nevamwe vanhu vanofunga. Pamusoro pedzidziso yoUtatu, akazivisa kuti: “Ndangariro yomuJudha upi noupi kana kuti munhu upi noupi haisati ichizomubvumidza kudavira kuti Musiki wedenga napasi . . . aizopfuura nomudumbu remumwe mukadzi wechiJudha . . . uye gare gare [aizo]iswa mumaoko avavengi vake, avo . . . vakamuuraya.” Naḥmanides akataura zvakananga kuti: “Chamunodavira—uye hwaro hwokutenda kwenyu—hachigamuchiriki kundangariro [inofunga].”

Achisimbisa kupesana uko kusvikira kuzuva rino kwakadzivisa vaJudha vazhinji kutomborangarira bviro yokuva Mesiya kwaJesu, Naḥmanides akasimbisa mhaka yeropa yakakomba yechechi. Akati: “Muporofita anotaura kuti munguva yaMesiya, . . . vachapfura minondo yavo kuva miromo yamapadza, uye mapfumo avo kuva zvisanzauriso; rudzi haruzosimudziri munondo rumwe rudzi, uyewo havangazotongodzidzazve kurwa. Kubva mumazuva omuNazareta kutozosvikira zvino, nyika yose yave yakazara nemasimba masimba neugororo. [Zvirokwazvo], vaKristu vanodeura ropa rakawanda kupfuura mamwe marudzi ose asara, uye vanoraramawo upenyu hwounzenza. Kwaizova kwakakuomerai sei, mambo ishe wangu, uye machinda enyu aya kudai vaisazotongodzidzazve kurwa!”—Isaya 2:4.

Pashure porusando rwechina, mambo akagumisa kurukurirano yacho. Akati kuna Naḥmanides: “Handisati ndatongoona munhu akanga asina kururama achitaura zvakanaka sezvawaita.” Maererano nemhiko yake, yaivimbisa kutaura kwakasununguka nedziviriro kuna Naḥmanides, Mambo James I weAragon akamuendesa kumusha, pamwe chete nechipo chemadhinari 300. Pachikumbiro chabhishopi weGerona, Naḥmanides akaita chinyorwa chakanyorwa chekurukurirano yacho.

Nepo ichizivisa rukundo rwakakwana, vaDominican nenzira yakajeka vakanga vakagumbuka. Gare gare vakapomera Naḥmanides kumhura chechi, vachishandisa manyoro ake pamusoro pekurukurirano sechibvumikiso. Vasina kugutswa nokubata Naḥmanides kwamambo, vaDominican vakakwirira kuna Papa Clement IV. Kunyange zvazvo akanga ane makore anopfuura 70 okukura, Naḥmanides akadzingwa muSpain.c

Chokwadi Chiri Kupi?

Chibvumikiso cherutivi rumwe norumwe chakabetsera kuzivisa rudzidziso rwechokwadi here? Nepo mumwe nomumwe akasimbisa mhosho dzerumwe rutivi, hapana akapa shoko rakajeka rechokwadi. Icho Naḥmanides akakwanisa kwazvo kubvumikisa kuva nhema chakanga chisiri chiKristu chechokwadi asi, panzvimbo pezvo, dzidziso yakaitwa navanhu, yakadai sedzidziso yeUtatu, yakaitwa nechiKristudhomu mumazana amakore pashure paJesu. Unzenza hwechiKristudhomu nekudeura ropa kwoutsinye, zvakasimbiswa noushingi kwazvo naNaḥmanides, zvinhuwo zvisingapokanwi zvenhau.

Hazvina kuoma kunzwisisa chikonzero nei, mumamiriro ezvinhu iwaya, Naḥmanides nevamwe vaJudha vakakundikana kuororwa nezvibvumikiso zvokutsigira chiKristu. Mukuwedzera, zvibvumikiso zvaPablo Christiani zvakanga zvakavakirwa, kwete pakurangarira kwakajeka kwemuMagwaro echiHebheru, asi pamanyuko avanarabhi akashandiswa zvisina kururama.

Aiwa, Naḥmanides haana kubvumikisa chiKristu chechokwadi kuva chenhema. Pakasvika nguva yake chiedza chechokwadi chedzidziso dzaJesu nezvibvumikiso zvokuva kwake Mesiya zvakanga zvadzikatidzwa nekumirirwa kwenhema. Kuoneka kwedzidziso yakadaro yokuramba kutenda kwakaporofitwa chaizvoizvo naJesu nevaapostora.—Mateo 7:21-23; 13:24-30, 37-43; 1 Timotio 4:1-3; 2 Petro 2:1, 2.

Zvisinei, rudzidziso rwechokwadi runozivikanwa zvakajeka nhasi. Jesu akati nezvevateveri vake vechokwadi: “Muchavaziva nezvibereko zvavo. . . . Saizvozvo muti mumwe nomumwe wakanaka unobereka zvibereko zvakanaka, asi muti wakaipa unobereka zvibereko zvakaipa.” (Mateo 7:16, 17) Tinokukoka kuita kuzivisa ikoko. Zvapupu zvaJehovha ngazvikubetsere kuita nzvero ine donzo yezvibvumikiso zveMagwaro. Nokudaro uchadzidza revo yechokwadi yezvipikirwa zvose zvaMwari zvine chokuita naMesiya nokutonga kwake.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 20]

Naḥmanides akataura nhau yake muBarcelona

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]

Mifananidzo iri papeji 19-20: Yakabudiswazve kubva muIllustrirte Pracht - Bibel/Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testaments, nach der deutschen Uebersetzung D. Martin Luther’s