Maimonides—Murume Akarondedzerazve chiJudha

“KUVAMBIRA pana Mosesi kusvikira kuna Moses, kwakanga kusina munhu akafanana naMoses.” VaJudha vakawanda vachaziva uku kutaura kwakavandika sokuratidzirwa kwokuyemurwa kwomuzivi wechiJudha wezana ramakore rechi 12, murongi, uye mutsinhiri paTalmud naMagwaro, Moses Ben Maimon—anozivikanwawo saMaimonides uye saRambam.a Nhasi vakawanda havana kurovedzana naMaimonides, bva manyoro ake akava nesimba guru pakufunga kwechiJudha, chiMuslim, uye kwechechi muzuva rake. Munzira huru, iye akarondedzerazve chiJudha. Maimonides akanga ari ani, uye neiko vaJudha vakawanda vachimuona sa“Mosesi wechipiri”?

Maimonides Akanga Ari Ani?

Maimonides akaberekerwa muCórdoba, Spain, muna 1135. Baba vake, Maimon, avo vakagovera yakawanda yerovedzo yake yapakuvamba yorudzidziso, vakanga vari nyanzvi yakakurumbira yakabva mumhuri yakatanhamara yavanarabhi. Apo vaAlmohad vakakurira Córdoba muna 1148, vaJudha vakatarisana nechisarudzo chokutendeukira kuchiIslam kana kuti kutiza. Ikoku kwakavamba nhambo refu yokudzungaira nokuda kwemhuri yaMaimonides. Muna 1160 ivo vakagara muFez, Morocco, umo akagamuchira rovedzo sachiremba. Muna 1165 mhuri yake yaifanira kutizira kuPalestine.

Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu muna Israeri akanga asina kuterama. Nzanga duku yechiJudha yakatarisana nengozi yakabva kuVarwi vechiKristu vechiKristudhomu namauto echiMuslim zvakafanana. Pashure pemwedzi isingasviki mitanhatu vari mu“Nyika Tsvene,” Maimonides nemhuri vakapotera muFustat, Guta Rekare reCairo, Egypt. Makanga muri muno umo mano aMaimonides akazivikanwa zvizere. Muna 1177 akava musoro wenzanga yechiJudha, uye muna 1185 akagadzwa kuva chiremba kumba kwomutungamiriri akakurumbira wechiMuslim Saladin. Maimonides akachengeta nzvimbo idzodzi dzose dziri mbiri kutozosvikira parufu rwake muna 1204. Unyanzvi hwake hwokurapa hwakanga hwakakurumbira kwazvo zvokuti kunotaurwa kuti kubva kure seEngland, Mambo Richard Akashinga akaedza kuwana Maimonides sachiremba wake somunhu oga.

Akanyorei?

Maimonides akanga ari munyori akanyora mabhuku akawanda. Achitiza chitambudzo cheMuslim, mukuvanda uye achitiza, akaronga rakawanda rebhuku rake guru rokutanga, Commentary on the Mishnah.b Zvarakanyorwa muchiArabhu, iro rinojekesa yakawanda yemirangariro namashoko zvomuMishnah, padzimwe nguva richipinda mukutsanangurwa kwouzivi hwaMaimonides pachiJudha. Muchikamu chinotsanangura nhoroondo yeSanhedrin, Maimonides akaumba nheyo huru 13 dzokutenda kwechiJudha. ChiJudha chakanga chisina kutongorondedzera chitendero chakarongwa, kana kuti kuziviswa kwezvitendero. Zvino, Nheyo 13 dzoKutenda dzaMaimonides dzakava mufananidzo wenhevedzano yokuumbwa kwezvitendero zvechiJudha.—Ona bhokisi, peji 23.

Maimonides akatsvaka kurondedzera nhevedzano ine mufungo yezvinhu zvose, zvingava zvokunyama kana kuti zvomudzimu. Iye akaramba nhendedzero, achirayira tsananguro nokuda kwechinhu chiri chose pahwaro hweizvo airangarira kuva zvibvumikiso zvine mufungo nezvine pfungwa. Ichi chimiro chendangariro chomuzvarirwo chakatungamirira kukunyorwa kwebhuku rake guru—Mishneh Torah.c

Muzuva raMaimonides vaJudha vairangarira “Torah,” kana kuti “Mutemo,” seunoshanda kwete bedzi kumashoko akanyorwa naMosesi asi kukududzira kwose kwavanarabhi uyu Mutemo mumazana ose amakore. Idzi pfungwa dzakanyorwa muTalmud nomuzviuru zvezvisarudzo zvavanarabhi namanyoro pamusoro peTalmud. Maimonides akaziva kuti ukuruwo zvahwo nokusarongeka kwaaya mashoko ose zvakasiya muJudhawo zvake asingakwanisi kuita zvisarudzo izvo zvaitapura upenyu hwake hwezuva nezuva. Vakawanda zvikurusa vakanga vasingakwanisi kuita fundo youpenyu hwose yamabhuku ose avanarabhi, akawanda awo akanyorwa muchiAramaic chakaoma. Mhinduro yaMaimonides yakanga iri yokugadzirira aya mashoko, achisimbisa zvisarudzo zvinoshanda, uye kuaronga kuva boka rimwe rine nhevedzano yamabhuku 14, akakamurwa maererano namashoko enhau. Iye akainyora muchiHebheru chakajeka nenzira younyanzvi, chinoravika zvakanaka.

Mishneh Torah yakanga iri nhungamiro inoshanda yakadaro zvokuti vatungamiriri vechiJudha vaitya kuti yaizotsiva chose chose Talmud. Bva, kunyange avo vairamba vakabvuma unyanzvi hukuru hwebhuku iroro. Iri bumbiro remitemo rakarongwa zvikuru rakanga riri basa rokuchinja, richisimbisa tsika yechiJudha iyo munhuwo zvake akanga asati achagona kuziva kana kuti kufananidza.

Ipapo, Maimonides akatanga kunyora rimwe bhuku guru—The Guide for the Perplexed. Nokushandura kwenyanzvi dzechiGiriki kuisa muchiArabhu, vaJudha vakawanda vakanga vava kuva vakarovedzana naAristotle navamwe vazivi. Vamwe vakakangaidzwa, vachikuwana kwakaoma kuwiriranisa revo chaiyoyo yamashoko eBhaibheri nouzivi. MuThe Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides, uyo aiyemura zvikuru Aristotle, akatsvaka kutsanangura ukoshi hweBhaibheri nechiJudha munzira yaitsinhirana nomufungo wouzivi nokuva nomufungo.—Enzanisa na 1 VaKorinte 2:1-5, 11-16.

Mukuwedzera kuaya mabhuku makuru namamwe manyoro orudzidziso, Maimonides akanyora nenzira ine chiremera mune zvemishonga noruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga. Rumwe rutivi rwamanyoro ake akawanda harufaniri kufuratirwa. Encyclopaedia Judaica inotsinhira, kuti: “Tsamba dzaMaimonides dzinoratidzira nhambo inokosha mukunyora tsamba. Iye ndiye munyori wetsamba wokutanga wechiJudha ane tsamba dzakachengetwa zvikuru. . . . Tsamba dzake dzakafadza ndangariro nomwoyo zvavanyorerwi vake, uye aisiyanisa mutoo wake kuti dzivakodzere.”

Akadzidzisei?

MuNheyo dzake 13 dzoKutenda, Maimonides akagovera gadziriro yakajeka yechitendero, imwe yayo yakadzikwa muRugwaro. Zvisinei, nheyo yechinomwe neyepfumbamwe dzinopokana ukoshi hwokutenda kwakavakirwa paRugwaro muna Jesu saMesiya.d Tichirangarira dzidziso dzokuramba kutenda dzechiKristudhomu, zvakadai soUtatu, uye unyengeri huri pachena hwakaratidzirwa nechishava cheHondo dzavaKristu, hakushamisi kuti Maimonides haana kunzverazve nhau yokuva Mesiya kwaJesu.—Mateo 7:21-23; 2 Petro 2:1, 2.

Maimonides anonyora, kuti: “Kunogona kuva nechigumbuso chikuru zvikuru kupfuura [chiKristu] here? Vaporofita vose vakataura nezvaMesiya somudzikinuri waIsraeri nomuponesi wake . . . [Nokusiyanisa, chiKristu] chakaparira vaJudha kuurawa nomunondo, vakasarira vavo kuti vaparadzirwe ndokuninipiswa, Torah kuti ichinjwe, uye ruzhinji rwenyika kuita mhosho ndokubatira mwari panzvimbo paShe.”—Mishneh Torah, “The Laws of Kings and Their Wars,” ganhuro 11.

Bva, nokuda kworuremekedzo rwose rwakamuratidzwa, vaJudha vakawanda vanoda havo kufuratira Maimonides panhau dzakati idzo akataura pamusoro padzo zvakananga zvikurusa. Nepesvedzero inokura yechiJudha chechienzi (Kabbalah), ruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga rwakanga rwava kuva rwakakurumbira zvikuru pakati pavaJudha. Maimonides akanyora, kuti: “Upi kana upi anobatanidzwa muruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga ndokuronga basa rake kana kuti rwendo rwakavakirwa panguva yakagadzwa naavo vanoongorora matenga anofanira kukwapurwa . . . Zvinhu zvose izvozvi inhema nenyengedzo . . . Upi kana upi anodavira izvi zvinhu . . . anongova zvake benzi uye anoshayiwa pfungwa.”—Mishneh Torah, “Laws of Idolatry,” ganhuro 11; enzanisa naRevhitiko 19:26; Dheuteronomio 18:9-13.

Maimonides akatsoropodzawo zvikuru mumwe muitiro: “[VanaRabhi] vaizviitira vamene mirayiro yemari inobva kuvanhu nenzanga ndokuparira vanhu kufunga, muupenzi chaihwo, kuti kunosungirwa uye kwakafanirwa . . . Kwose ikoku hakuna kururama. Hapana shoko rimwe, muTorah kana kuti zvimwe mumashoko avakachenjera [veTalmud], okuchitsigira.” (Commentary on the Mishnah, Avot 4:5) Mukupesana naava vanarabhi, Maimonides akashanda zvakasimba kuti azvitsigire amene sachiremba, asingatongogamuchiri muripo nokuda kwamabasa orudzidziso.—Enzanisa na 2 VaKorinte 2:17; 1 VaTesaronika 2:9.

ChiJudha Nezvimwe Zvitendero Zvakatapurwa Sei?

Purofesa Yeshaiahu Leibowitz weHebrew University, Jerusalem, akati: “Maimonides ndiye munhu ane simba zvikurusa munhau yechiJudha, kuvambira panguva yaMadziteteguru naVaporofita kusvikira kunguva yazvino.” Encyclopaedia Judaica inotsinhira, kuti: “Pesvedzero yaMaimonides pakukura kwomunguva yemberi kwechiJudha ihuru zvikuru. . . . C. Tchernowitz . . . anosvika pakutaura kuti kudai kwaisava nokuda kwaMaimonides chiJudha chingadai chakapunzika kuva masekete akasiyana-siyana nezvitendero . . . Rakanga riri basa rake guru kubatanidza zvimiro zvendangariro zvakasiyana-siyana.”

Kupfurikidza nokurongazve mufungo wechiJudha kuti ukodzere pfungwa dzake amene dzenhevedzano nokuva nomufungo, Maimonides akarondedzerazve chiJudha. Nyanzvi navanhuwo zvavo zvakafanana vakawana iyi rondedzero itsva kuva inoshanda neinofadza. Kunyange vashori vake pakupedzisira vakagamuchira wakawanda womutoo waMaimonides. Kunyange zvazvo manyoro ake akanzi asunungure vaJudha pakudikanwa kwokutendeukira kumabhuku etsinhiro asingagumi, mabhuku etsinhiro marefu akakurumidza kunyorwa pamusoro pamabhuku ake.

Encyclopaedia Judaica inotsinhira, kuti: “Maimonides akanga ari . . . muzivi wechiJudha anokosha zvikurusa weMiddle Ages, uye Guide of the Perplexed yake ndiro bhuku rinokosha zvikurusa rouzivi rakaitwa nomuJudha.” Kunyange zvazvo rakanyorwa muchiArabhu, The Guide for the Perplexed rakashandurirwa muchiHebheru mukati menduramo yaMaimonides uye nokukurumidza pashure paikoko muchiLatin, kuchiita kuti riwanike nokuda kwefundo muEurope mose. Somugumisiro, muvhenganiswa wechienzi waMaimonides wouzivi hwaAristotle nomufungo wechiJudha wakakurumidza kupesvedzera kufunga kukuru kwechiKristudhomu. Nyanzvi dzechiKristudhomu dzenhambo iyoyo, dzakadai saAlbertus Magnus naThomas Aquinas, dzinowanzonongedzera kumirangariro yaMaimonides. Nyanzvi dzechiIslam dzakapesvedzerwawo. Mutoo wouzivi waMaimonides wakapesvedzera vazivi vapashure vechiJudha, vakadai saBaruch Spinoza, kuti aite paradzano yakakwana nechiJudha chinogamuchirika.

Maimonides angarangarirwa kuva murume ane ungwaru uyo akararama Renaissance isati yasvika. Kuomerera kwake kuti kutenda kuve kunowirirana nomurangariro kuchiri nheyo yakanaka. Iyi nheyo yakamutungamirira kutaura nesimba mukurwisana nokutenda mashura kworudzidziso. Bva, muenzaniso wakashata wechiKristudhomu nepesvedzero youzivi yaAristotle zvaiwanzomudzivisa kusvika mhedziso dzinotsinhirana zvizere nezvokwadi yeBhaibheri. Kunyange zvazvo vasiri vose vaizobvumirana netsinhiro yakanyorwa paguva raMaimonides—“Kuvambira pana Mosesi kusvikira kuna Moses, kwakanga kusina munhu akafanana naMoses”—kunofanira kubvumwa kuti iye akarondedzerazve kuumbwa kwechiJudha.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 23]

NHEYO 13 DZEMAIMONIDES DZOKUTENDAe

1. Mwari ndiye Musiki noMutongi wezvinhu zvose. Iye oga akaita, anoita, uye achaita zvinhu zvose.

2. Mwari ndimumwe. Hakuna chinzwano chakatongofanana neChake.

3. Mwari haana muviri. Mirangariro yomuviri haishandi kwaAri.

4. Mwari ndiye wokutanga nowokupedzisira.

5. Kwakafanira kunyengetera kuna Mwari bedzi. Munhu angasanyengetera kumunhu upi noupi kana kuti chinhu chipi nechipi zvacho.

6. Mashoko ose avaporofita ndeechokwadi.

7. Uporofita hwaMosesi ndohwechokwadi chose. Iye akanga ari mukuru wavaporofita vose, pose pari paviri asati avapo uye pashure pake.

8. Torah yose yatinayo zvino ndiyo yakapiwa kuna Mosesi.

9. Torah haisati ichizochinjwa, uye hakusati kuchizotongova neimwe inopiwa naMwari.

10. Mwari anoziva mabasa nemifungo zvose zvomunhu.

11. Mwari anotusa avo vanochengeta mirayiro Yake, uye anoranga avo vanoMudarikira.

12. Mesiya achauya.

13. Vakafa vachadzorerwa kuupenyu.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

Jewish Division / The New York Public Library / Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations