Karenda yechiJudha Yakarurama Sei?

MUKUWIRIRANA nekarenda yechiJudha, China, September 16, 1993, rakanga riri zuva romutambo waRosh Hashanah. Kupfurikidza negamuchidzanwa shofar, kana kuti hwamanda yenyanga yegondobwe, ipapo yakaridzwa kuzivisa kutanga kwegore idzva. Gore iroro ndi 5754 (karenda yechiJudha), uye rinobva pana September 16, 1993, kusvika pana September 5, 1994.

Nokukurumidza, tinocherekedza kuti pane musiyano wamakore 3 760 pakati pokuverenga nguva kwechiJudha nekarenda yokuMadokero, kana kuti yaGregory, iyo zvino iri kushandiswa navose. Neiko uyu musiyano uripo? Uye karenda yechiJudha yakarurama sei?

Kugadza Pokutangira

Tsika ipi neipi yokuverenga nguva inofanira kuva nepokutangira chaipo kana kuti pokunongedzera. Somuenzaniso, chiKristudhomu chinoverenga nguva kubva mugore umo Jesu Kristu akafungidzirwa kuva akaberekwa. Misi chibviro chaipapo inotaurwa kuva munhambo yechiKristu. Inowanzoratidzirwa nechiratidziro A.D., kubva muna anno Domini wechiLatin, kureva kuti “mugore raShe.” Misi yapamberi penhambo iyoyo inoratidzirwa na P.K., “Pamberi paKristu.”a Gamuchidzanwa rechiChina nomutoo wakafanana rinoverenga nguva kubva muna 2698 P.N.V., mavambo okutonga kwaHuang-Ti, Yellow Emperor wengano. Nokudaro, February 10, 1994, akaratidzira mavambo egore romudenga rechiChina 4692. Zvakadini, kunyanguvezvo, pamusoro pekarenda yechiJudha?

The Jewish Encyclopedia inoti: “Mutoo uripo wenguva dzose pakati pavaJudha wokunyora musi wechinoitika kududza chiverengero chamakore apfuura chibviro chokusikwa kwenyika.” Uyu muitiro, unozivikanwa pakati pavaJudha seNhambo yeChisiko, wakatanga kushandiswa navose munenge muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe N.V. Nokudaro, misi iri mukarenda yechiJudha inowanzotangirwa nechiratidziro A.M. Chinomirira anno mundi, chiri chimiro chakapfupikiswa chaab creatione mundi, kureva “kubva pakusikwa kwenyika.” Sezvo gore razvino riri A.M. 5754, mukuwirirana nouyu muitiro wokuverenga nguva, “kusikwa kwenyika” kunorangarirwa sekwakaitika makore 5 753 apfuura. Ngationei kuti iyoyo inosarudzwa sei.

“Nhambo yeChisiko”

Encyclopedia Judaica (1971) inogovera iyi tsananguro: “Mukuverenga kwakasiyana-siyana kwavanarabhi ‘Nhambo yeChisiko’ yakavamba mumunakamwe werimwe ramakore pakati pa 3762 na 3758 P.N.V. Kubva muzana ramakore rechi 12 N.V., zvisinei, kwakava kunogamuchirwa kuti ‘Nhambo yeChisiko’ yakavamba muna 3761 P.N.V. (kuva akananga, pana Oct. 7 wegore iroro). Uku kuverenga kwakavakirwa pazvinhu zvinoitika panguva imwe cheteyo zvokuverenga nguva zvakanyorwa muBhaibheri uye kuverenga kunowanwa mumabhuku echiJudha apakuvamba apashure peBhaibheri.”

Muitiro wokuronga misi kubva pa“kusikwa kwenyika” wakavakirwa nenzira inokosha padudziro dzavanarabhi dzechinyorwa cheBhaibheri. Nemhaka yechitendero chavo chokuti nyika nechinhu chiri chose chiri mairi zvakasikwa mumazuva matanhatu chaiwoiwo amaawa 24, nyanzvi dzavanarabhi, pamwe chete neidzo dzechiKristudhomu, dzinorangarira kuti kusikwa kwomunhu wokutanga, Adhama, kwakaitika mugore rimwe chetero nokusikwa kwenyika. Zvisinei, ikoku hakuna kutongorurama.

Ganhuro rokutanga raGenesi rinotanga nokuti: “Pakutanga Mwari akasika denga nenyika.” Ipapo rinopfuurira kurondedzera icho Mwari akaita mu“mazuva” matanhatu anotevedzana kushandura pasi kubva mumugariro “[u]sina kugadzirwa, [u]sine chinhu” kuva nzvimbo yokugara yakakodzera vanhu. (Genesi 1:1, 2) Mamiriyoni amakore angagona kuve akapera pakati peidzi nhano mbiri. Kupfuurirazve, mazuva okusika akanga asiri nhambo dzamaawa 24, sokunge mibato yoMusiki yakanga ichiganhurirwa neganhuriro yakadaro. Kuti “zuva” mumashoko aya akapoteredza rinogona kuva refu kupfuura maawa 24 kunoratidzirwa naGenesi 2:4, iyo inotaura nezvenhambo dzose dzokusika se“zuva” rimwe. Zviuru zvakawanda zvamakore zvakapfuura pakati pezuva rokusika rokutanga nerechitanhatu, apo Adhama akasikwa. Kuronga musi wokusikwa kwaAdhama panguva imwe cheteyo nouyo wamatenga anooneka uye pasi hakusiri kwapaMagwaro kana kuti kwesayenzi. Asika, kwakasarudzwa sei kuti “Nhambo yeChisiko” yakavamba muna 3761 P.N.V.?

Hwaro Hwokuverenga Nguva

Nenzira isingafadzi, mabhuku akawanda zvikurusa echiJudha umo kuverenga kwatiri kurangarira kwakanga kwakavakirwa maari haachisipo. Chasara mabhuku okuverenga nguva ainzi pamavambo Seder ʽOlam (Nhevedzano yeNyika). Rakabva kuna Yose ben Halafta nyanzvi yeTalmud yezana ramakore rechipiri N.V. Iri bhuku (gare gare rakazonzi Seder ʽOlam Rabbah kurisiyanisa nemagazini yeMiddle Ages yaiva nomusoro unoti Seder ʽOlam Zuṭa) rinopa nhau yokuverenga nguva kubva kuna Adhama kusvikira kuzana ramakore rechipiri N.V. Kupandukira Roma kwechiJudha munhungamiro yaMesia wenhema Bar Kokhba. Munyori akawana sei mashoko akadaro?

Nepo Yose ben Halafta akaedza kutevera nhauro yeBhaibheri, akawedzera dudziro dzake amene apo rugwaro rwakanga rusina kujeka pamusoro pemisi yaibatanidzwa. “Muzvinoitika zvakawanda, . . . akapa misi mukuwirirana negamuchidzanwa, uye akaisa, parutivi, kutaura uye ngano [magamuchidzanwa] zvavanarabhi vakamutangira uye avo vakararama panguva imwe cheteyo naye,” inodaro The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vamwe vane mutsa zvishomanene munzvero yavo. The Book of Jewish Knowledge rinoti: “Akaverenga kubva paNhambo yeChisiko uye, nenzira inowirirana, akapa misi yokufungidzira kuzvinoitika zvechiJudha zvakasiyana-siyana izvo zvairangarirwa kuva zvakaitika kubva pana Adhama, munhu wokutanga, kusvikira kuna Alexander Mukuru.” Asi chaizvoizvo dudziro nokuisira zvakadaro zvakatapura sei ururami nouchokwadi hwokuverenga nguva zvechiJudha? Ngationei.

Magamuchidzanwa Nedudziro

Mukuwirirana negamuchidzanwa ravanarabhi, Yose ben Halafta akaverenga kuti tembere yechipiri muJerusarema yakagara hwerengedzo yamakore 420. Ikoku kwakanga kwakavakirwa padudziro dzavanarabhi dzouporofita hwaDhanieri hwe“vhiki dzina makumi manomwe,” kana kuti makore 490. (Dhanieri 9:24) Iyi nhambo yenguva yakashandiswa kunhambo iri pakati poruparadziko rwetembere yokutanga uye ruparadziko rweyechipiri. Achibvumira makore 70 outapwa hweBhabhironi, Yose ben Halafta akasvika pamhedziso yokuti tembere yechipiri yakagara makore 420.

Iyi dudziro, zvisinei, inopinda muchinetso chakakomba. Zvose zviri zviviri gore rokukundwa kweBhabhironi (539 P.N.V.) uye iro reruparadziko rwetembere yechipiri (70 N.V.) misi yenhau inozivikanwa. Nokudaro, nhambo yetembere yechipiri yaizofanira kuva makore 605 panzvimbo pamakore 420. Kupfurikidza nokugovera makore 420 bedzi kuiyi nhambo, kuverenga nguva kwechiJudha kunoperevedza namakore 185.

Uporofita hwaDhanieri hahusiri pamusoro pokuti tembere muJerusarema yaizoramba yakamira kwenguva yakareba sei. Panzvimbo pezvo, hwakadeya kutaura nguva apo Mesia aizooneka. Uporofita hwacho hunoratidzira zvakajeka kuti “kubva pakutemwa kwomurairo wokuvandudza nokuvaka Jerusarema kusvikira kunowakazodzwa, iye muchinda, zvichaita vhiki nomwe; uye vhiki dzinamakumi matanhatu nembiri dzichavapo.” (Dhanieri 9:25, 26) Nepo nheyo yetembere yakavanzarikwa mugore rechipiri rokudzoka kwavaJudha kubva muutapwa (536 P.N.V.), “murairo” wokuvakazve guta reJerusarema hauna kubuda kutozosvikira “gore ramakumi maviri ramambo Artashasta.” (Nehemia 2:1-8) Nhau yenyika yakarurama inogadza 455 P.N.V. segore iroro. Kuverenga “vhiki” 69, kana kuti makore 483, kunotisvitsa kuna 29 N.V. Ndiyo yaiva nguva yokuoneka kwaMesia, parubhapatidzo rwaJesu.b

Rimwe pfundo redudziro yavanarabhi yakaguma nomusiyano mukuru mukuverenga nguva kwechiJudha rine chokuita nenguva yokuberekwa kwaAbrahama. Vanarabhi vakawedzera makore ezvizvarwa zvinotevedzana zvakanyorwa pana Genesi 11:10-26 ndokugovera makore 292 kunhambo inobva paMafashamo kusvikira kukuberekwa kwaAbrahama (Abrama). Zvisinei, chinetso chiri mududziro yavanarabhi yeGen. 11 ndima 26, iyo inoti: “Tera wakagara makore anamakumi manomwe, akabereka Abrama naNahori, naHarani.” Kubva muna ikoku, gamuchidzanwa rechiJudha rinorangarira kuti Tera akanga ava namakore 70 apo Abrama akaberekwa. Bva, ndima yacho haitauri chaizvoizvo kuti Tera akava baba kuna Abrahama pazera ramakore 70. Panzvimbo pezvo, inongotaura zvayo kuti akava baba kuvanakomana vatatu pashure pokunge ava namakore 70.

Kuti tiwane zera rakarurama raTera pakuberekwa kwaAbrahama, tinofanira bedzi kupfuurira kurava murondedzero yeBhaibheri. Kubva pana Genesi 11:32–12:4, tinoziva kuti pashure porufu rwaTera pazera ramakore 205, Abrahama nemhuri yake vakabva Harani pakuraira kwaJehovha. Panguva iyoyo Abrahama akanga ava namakore 75 okukura. Nokudaro, Abrahama anofanira kuve akaberekwa apo Tera akanga ava namakore 130 okukura, panzvimbo pe 70. Nokudaro, nhambo inobva paMafashamo kusvikira pakuberekwa kwaAbrahama yaiva makore 352, panzvimbo pamakore 292. Pano kuverenga nguva kwechiJudha kunokanganisa namakore 60.

Chisaririra Chorudzidziso

Zvikanganiso zvakadaro nokusawirirana muSeder ‘Olam Rabbah uye mamwe mabhuku okuverenga nguva eTalmud akaparira kukwenudzwa kukuru uye kurukurirano yakati pakati penyanzvi dzechiJudha. Kunyange zvazvo kuedza kuzhinji kwakaitwa kuwiriranisa uku kuverenga nguva namaidi enhau anozivikanwa, hadzina kuva dzinobudirira chose chose. Neiko? “Fariro yavo yakanga isiri yoruzivo rwomusoro seyorudzidziso,” inodaro Encyclopaedia Judaica. “Gamuchidzanwa raifanira kutsigirwa pasinei hapo nemiuyo, zvikurukuru mukutarisana namasekete anopandukira.” Panzvimbo pokubvisa kangaidziko yakaparirwa namagamuchidzanwa avo, nyanzvi dzechiJudha dzakaedza kuzvidza nhauro dzeBhaibheri. Dzimwe dzakaedza kuwana tsigiro mungano namagamuchidzanwa zveBhabhironi, zveEgipita, uye zvechiHindu.

Somuuyo, vezvenhau havacharangariri “Nhambo yeChisiko” sebhuku rokuverenga nguva rakavimbika. Nyanzvi shomanene dzechiJudha dzaizoedza kuridzivirira, uye kunyange mabhuku ane chiremera enongedzero akadai seThe Jewish Encyclopedia uye Encyclopaedia Judaica ane murangariro wakashata nguva dzose waro. Nokudaro, mutoo wegamuchidzanwa wechiJudha wokuverenga nguva kubva pakusikwa kwenyika haugoni kurangarirwa sowakarurama mumurangariro wokuverenga nguva kweBhaibheri, rudungwe rwenguva runowadzanyurika rwaJehovha Mwari.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]