Bhaibheri rechiGoth—Basa Rinoshamisa

VAGOTH vakanga vari mubatanidzwa wamarudzi echiGermany, zvimwe vachivamba muScandinavia. Mumazana amakore apakuvamba eNguva yedu yaVose, ivo vakatamira kure kumaodzanyemba seBlack Sea norwizi rwaDanube, kusvikira kumiganhu imene yoUmambo hweRoma.

Bhuku rokutanga rakabudiswa mururimi rupi norupi rwechiGermany rakanga riri Bhaibheri rechiGoth. Nhasi iyi shanduro zvidumbu bedzi zviripo. Zvisinei, inoramba iri shanduro yechienzi neinokosha yaMagwaro Matsvene. Neiko?

Ulfilas—Mufundisi Nomushanduri weBhaibheri

Mushanduri weiri Bhaibheri akanga ari Ulfilas, anozivikanwa neimwe nzira nezita rake rechiGoth Wulfila. Mukuwirirana nowezvenhau Philostorgius, Ulfilas akanga ari muzukuru wenhapwa dzakatorwa muvhozhokero yechiGoth muKapadhokia, zvino rutivi rweTurkey yokumabvazuva. Akaberekwa munenge muna 311 N.V., iye akagadzwa naEusebius weNicomedia makore 30 gare gare ndokurovedzwa kushanda somufundisi pakati pavaGoth.

“Kuti arairidze nokuwanza vatendeuki vake,” anodaro wezvenhau Will Durant, “iye akashandura nenzira yokushivirira, kubva muchiGiriki kupinda muchiGoth, Bhaibheri rose kunze kwaMabhuku aMadzimambo.” (The Age of Faith) Nhasi, kunze kwechidimbu chebhuku raNehemia, mamwe manyoro bedzi eBhaibheri rechiGoth aripo mativi aMagwaro echiGiriki echiKristu.

ChiGoth wakanga usiri mutauro unonyorwa. Ulfilas naizvozvo akatarisana nedenho yokushandura iyo yakaraira unyanzvi hwechienzi. Vezvenhau voufundisi vakare vanomupa mbiri yokutangwa kwamaarafabheti echiGoth ezviratidzo 27, akavakirwa zvikurukuru pamaarafabheti echiGiriki nechiLatin. Uyezve, The New Encyclopædia Britannica inotaura kuti “iye akatanga mashoko echiKristu echiGermany, mamwe awo achiri kushanda.”

Nhau Yapakuvamba yeBhaibheri rechiGoth

Ulfilas akapedza shanduro yake pamberi pa 381 N.V. uye akafa makore maviri kana kuti matatu gare gare. Mukurumbira webasa rake unopupurirwa neThe Encyclopedia Americana, iyo inotaura kuti “shanduro yacho yakashandiswa kazhinji kazhinji navaGoth vakatamira kuSpain neItaly.” Zvamazvirokwazvo, kuyera kupfurikidza nechiverengero chezvidimbu zvakapukunyuka, kunoratidzika kuti makopi akawanda eiri Bhaibheri rechiGoth akaitwa. Sezvingabvira, manyoro anoverengeka akaitwa mukamuri dzokunyorera dzeRavenna neVerona, munharaunda umo vaGoth vakanga vatanga umambo hwavo. Kamuri dzokunyorera dzakanga dziri kamuri dzomunogara mamongi umo manyoro ainyorerwa ndokukopwa.

VaGoth vakasvika kumugumo wavo sorudzi munenge muna 555 N.V., pashure pokunge mambo weByzantine Justinian I akurirazve Italy. Pashure pomugumo wavo, anodaro Tönnes Kleberg, “mutauro wechiGoth namagamuchidzanwa echiGoth muItaly zvakanyangarika, kuchidokusiya pasina chisaririra. Manyoro omuchiGoth akanga asati achirizve efariro ipi neipi. . . . Kusvikira patambanuko huru akaparadzwa ndokudzimwa kubvisa runyoro. Ganda rinodhura panguva iyeyo rakashandiswa zvakare nokuda kwokunyorera zvomukati zvitsva.”

Manyoro Akapukunyuka

Paakati kuti eaya manyoro, kudzima hakuna kuitwa zvakakwana, kuchisiya runyoro rwapakuvamba ruchiri kuoneka zvishomanene. Zvinoverengeka zveizvi zvokunyorera, sezvo zvinodanwa kudaro, zvakawanwa ndokuwana revo yazvo. Nenzira inoshamisa, Codex Argenteus yakakurumbira, ine Evhangeri ina munhevedzano Mateo, Johane, Ruka, uye Marko, yakachengetwa isina kukuvadzwa.

Iyi codex yakaisvonaka inofungwa kuva yakatangwa mukamuri rokunyorera reRavenna pamavambo ezana ramakore rechitanhatu N.V. Inonzi Codex Argenteus, kureva kuti “Silver Book,” nemhaka yokuti yakanyorwa neingi yesirivha. Mapeji ayo eganda ndeepepuro, kuratidzira kuti zvimwe rakanzi rishandiswe nomunhu woumambo. Mabhii endarama anoshongedza mitsetse mitatu yokutanga yeEvhangeri imwe neimwe pamwe chete namavambo ezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Mazita avanyori veEvhangeri anoonekawo akanyorwa nendarama pamusoro pe“mikana mina” yakavambirana yakaiswa pasi pechikamu chimwe nechimwe chorunyoro. Izvozvi zvinopa nongedzero kuzvikamu zvamashoko zvinovambirana zviri muEvhangeri.

Kudzorera Rugwaro rweBhaibheri rwechiGoth

Pashure poruparadziko rworudzi rwechiGoth, Codex Argenteus inokosha yakaparara. Haina kuonwa zvakare kutozosvikira yazivikanwazve pakati pezana ramakore rechi 16 munogara mamongi meWerden, pedyo neCologne, Germany.

Mugore ra 1569, shanduro yechiGoth yoMunyengetero waShe yakabudiswa, ichikwevera ngwariro kuBhaibheri kwayakanga yatorwa. Zita rokuti Codex Argenteus rakaoneka rakatsikirirwa kwenguva yokutanga muna 1597. Kubva Werden aya manyoro akasvika pakuva mumuunganidzwa wezviyeviwa zvamambo muPrague. Pamugumo weThirty Years’ War muna 1648, zvisinei, vaSweden vanokurira vakaenda nayo pamwe chete nedzimwe pfuma. Chifo cha 1669 iyi codex yakava nenzvimbo yechigarire muUppsala University Library, Sweden.

Codex Argenteus pakuvamba yakanga yakaumbwa namapeji 336, 187 awo ari muUppsala. Rimwe peji rimwe—rokupedzisira reEvhangeri yaMarko—rakawanwa muna 1970 paSpeyer, Germany.

Kuvambira panguva apo codex yacho yakaonekazve, nyanzvi dzakavamba kufunda runyoro rwacho kuti dziwane revo yomutauro wakafa wechiGoth. Dzichishandisa manyoro ose anowanika nokuedza kwekare kwokudzorera rugwaro rwacho, nyanzvi yeGermany Wilhelm Streitberg yakabatanidza ndokubudisa muna 1908 “Die gotische Bibel” (The Gothic Bible), naMagwaro echiGiriki neechiGoth pamapeji akatarisana.

Nhasi, iri Bhaibheri rechiGoth nderefariro zvikurukuru kunyanzvi. Idi rokuti rakabudiswa ndokukosheswa mumazuva apakuvamba okushandura Bhaibheri, zvisinei, rinopupurira chishuvo chaUlfilas nokutsunga kuita kuti Shoko raMwari rishandurirwe muyaiva panguva iyeyo ndimi yazvino uno. Iye akaziva nomazvo kuti kupfurikidza nouuyu mutoo bedzi vanhu vechiGoth vaigona kunzwisisa zvokwadi yechiKristu.

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Courtesy of the Uppsala University Library, Sweden