Hondo yeBhaibheri rechiSpain Nokuda Kwokupukunyuka

PAZUVA raOctober muna 1559, vaKaturike vechiSpain 200 000 vakadirana kuguta rokuchamhembe reValladolid. Chinokwezva chakanga chiri chinoitika chokuurawa kwavapanduki, apo “vanyajambwa vaviri vakapiswa vari vapenyu, gumi vakadzipwa.” Ivo vakanga vari “vapanduki.”

Mambo muduku akakurumbira Philip II amene akatungamirira chinoitika chacho. Apo murume akashurikidzwa akakumbira ngoni, mambo akapindura nokukurumidza, achiti: “Kudai mwanakomana wangu amene akaipa zvakadai sezvawakaita, ini ndimene ndaizotakura masvinga ehuni okumupisa.” Chii chakanga chiri mhaka yanyajambwa ane ropa rakaipa? Iye akanga achingorava zvake Bhaibheri.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, sangano reBvunzurudzo reKaturike rakanga rakabatikana muguta reAndalusia reSeville. Imomo, boka ramamonk rapanogara mamonk reSan Isidro del Campo, rakanga richangobva kugamuchira mugove wapachivande weBhaibheri muchiSpain. Ko vacheri vaizovakwenyera here? Vamwe vakaziva kuti vaiva mungozi inouraya vakatiza munyika yacho. Asi 40 vaavo vakasara vaiva neropa rakaipa ndizvo vakapisirwa padanda, pakati pavo murume amene akanga averevedza maBhaibheri munyika yacho. Spain yomuzana ramakore regumi nerechitanhatu yakanga iri nzvimbo ine ngozi nokuda kwavaravi veBhaibheri—vashomanene vakanzvenga kubatwa neBvunzurudzo.

Pakati pavashomanene pakanga pane aichimbova mumonk, Casiodoro de Reina (c. 1520-94). Iye akatizira kuLondon, asi kunyange ikoko haana kugona kuwana kotsekano. Bvunzurudzo yakapa mubairo nokuda kwokubatwa kwake, uye nhume yeSpain kudare reEngland yakaronga kumunyengedza kuti adzokere kunyika inodzorwa neSpain nomutoo upi noupi wakaipa kana kuti wakanaka. Munguva pfupi, pomero dzenhema dzoupombwe nokuvatana navane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano dzakamumanikidzira kubva muEngland.

Nemari shomanene nemhuri inokura nguva dzose yokutsigira, iye akatanga kuwana utiziro muFrankfurt. Gare gare, kutsvaka kwake utiziro hworudzidziso kwakamutungamirira kuFrance, Holland, uye pakupedzisira Switzerland. Bva mukati meiyi nguva yose, iye akaramba akabatikana. ‘Kunze kwenguva yandakanga ndichirwara kana kuti kufamba, . . . handina kurega kunyora,’ akatsanangura kudaro. Iye akapedza makore akawanda achishandura Bhaibheri muchiSpain. Kutsikirirwa kwamakopi 2 600 eBhaibheri raReina pakupedzisira kwakatangwa muna 1568 muSwitzerland ndokupedzwa muna 1569. Rutivi rumwe rwakatanhamara rweshanduro yaReina rwaiva rwokuti iye akashandisa Iehoua (Jehová) panzvimbo paSeñor nokuda kweTetragrammaton, mabhii mana echiHebheru ezita chairo raMwari.

Bhaibheri rechiSpain Rinoitwa

Nenzira inosetsa, panguva apo, tinotenda kuitwa kwemichina yokutsikirira, maBhaibheri akanga achiwanda muEurope, muSpain akanga achiva mashomanene. Kwakanga kwave kusati kwakadaro nguva dzose. Kwamazana amakore Bhaibheri rakanga riri bhuku rinoparadzirwa zvikurusa reSpain. Makopi akanyorwa namaoko aiwanika muchiLatin uye, kwamazana amakore mashomanene, kunyange mumutauro wechiGoth. Mumwe wezvenhau akatsanangura kuti mukati meMiddle Ages, “Bhaibheri—samanyuko ekurudziro nesimba, somupimo wokutenda nomufambiro—rakanga rakatanhamara zvikuru muSpain kupfuura muGermany kana kuti England.” Nhau dzakasiana-siana dzeBhaibheri, Psalters (kana kuti, Mapisarema), ndaza dzamashoko netsananguro yadzo, nhau dzetsika, uye mabhuku akafanana zvakava zvinotengwa zvikurusa zvenguva yacho.

Vanyori vakarovedzwa vaiita nokungwarira manyoro eBhaibheri akaisvonaka. Kunyange zvazvo kwakatorera vanyori 20 gore rose kuita manyoro mamwe chete akaisvonaka, maBhaibheri akawanda echiLatin nezviuru zvamabhuku etsinhiro pamusoro peBhaibheri rechiLatin zvakanga zvichipararira muSpain pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 15.

Kupfuurirazve, apo mutauro wechiSpain wakavamba kukura, fariro yakamuka mukuva neBhaibheri mumutauro womunzvimbomo. Pakuvamba sezana ramakore rechi 12, Bhaibheri rakashandurirwa muchiRomance, kana kuti chiSpain chapakuvamba, mutauro waitaura vanhuwo zvavo.

Kumuka Kwenguva Pfupi

Asi kumuka kwacho kwaisazogara kwenguva refu. Apo vaWaldensia, vaLollard, uye vaHussite vakashandisa Magwaro kudzivirira zvitendero zvavo, kuita kwacho kwakanga kuchikurumidza uye kwamasimba masimba. Zviremera zveKaturike zvakarangarira kurava Bhaibheri nenyumwiro, uye shanduro itsva mumitauro yavose dzakashurikidzwa chose chose.

Dare reKaturike reToulouse (France), iro rakasangana muna 1229, rakazivisa, kuti: “Tinorambidza kuti munhuwo zvake upi noupi ave namabhuku eTestamente Yekare kana kuti Itsva yakashandurirwa mumutauro wavose. Kana munhu akarurama achida, iye angava nePsalter kana kuti Breviary [bhuku renziyo neminyengetero] . . . asi mumigariro ipi neipi haafaniri kuva namabhuku adudzwa pamusoro apa akashandurirwa muchiRomance.” Makore mana gare gare, James I weAragon (mambo pachikamu chikuru chepeninzura) akapa avo vose vaiva neBhaibheri mururimi rwavose mazuva masere chete okuapa kuna bhishopi womunzvimbomo kuti apiswe. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo, kwakaitwa nomufundisi kana kuti zvimwe nomunhuwo zvake, kwaizoita kuti mwene afungidzirwe kupanduka.

Pasinei zvapo neidzi rambidzo—idzo dzaisachengetwa norumano nguva dzose—vamwe vaSpain vaigona kuganza kuva neBhaibheri reRomance mukati morutivi rwapashure rweMiddle Ages. Ikoku kwakasvika kumugumo wakamwe kamwe nokugadzwa kweBvunzurudzo yechiSpain pasi paMambokadzi Isabella naMambo Ferdinand muna 1478. Muna 1492, muguta reSalamanca moga, makopi 20 akanyorwa noruoko anokosha eBhaibheri akapiswa. Manyoro eBhaibheri eRomance bedzi akapukunyuka aiva ayo akachengetwa mumaraibhurari omunhu oga amambo kana kuti machinda mashomanene ane simba akanga asinganyumwirwi.

Nokuda kwamakore ane mazana maviri akatevera, Bhaibheri reKaturike rapamutemo bedzi rakabudiswa muSpain—kunze kweLatin Vulgate—rakanga riri Complutensian Polyglott, Bhaibheri rokutanga remitauro yakawanda, rakatsigirwa naCardinal Cisneros. Iro zvamazvirokwazvo rakanga riri bhuku rounyanzvi, chaizvoizvo risina kurehwa nokuda kwomunhuwo zvake. Makopi 600 bedzi akaitwa, uye vashomanene vaigona kurinzwisisa nemhaka yokuti raiva norugwaro rweBhaibheri muchiHebheru, chiAramaiki, chiGiriki, uye chiLatin—kwete muchiSpain. Kupfuurirazve, mutengo wacho waiva mukuru. Raiita mari nhatu dzendarama (dzakaenzana nomubhadharo wemwedzi mitanhatu womushandiwo zvake).

Bhaibheri rechiSpain Rinopinda Pasi Pevhu

Mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 16, “Tyndale” wechiSpain akamuka ari Francisco de Enzinas. Mwanakomana womuridzi wenzvimbo akapfuma wechiSpain, iye akavamba kushandurira Magwaro echiGiriki echiKristu muchiSpain achiri mudzidzi muduku. Gare gare iye akaita kuti shanduro yacho itsikirirwe muNetherlands, uye muna 1544 akaedza noushingi kuwana mvumo youmambo yokuparadzirwa kwaro muSpain. Mambo weSpain, Charles I, akanga ari muBrussels panguva yacho, uye Enzinas akashandisa iri banza kukumbira mvumo youmambo yebasa rake.

Kurukurirano yechienzi pakati pavarume vaviri vacho yakashumwa sezvinotevera: “Irori rudzii rwebhuku?” akabvunza kudaro mambo. Enzinas akapindura, kuti: “Irworwu rutivi rwaMagwaro Matsvene runonzi Testamente Itsva.” “Ndiani ari munyori webhuku racho?” akabvunzwa kudaro. “Mudzimu mutsvene,” iye akapindura kudaro.

Mambo akabvumira chinyorwa chacho asi pamugariro mumwe—kuti anonzwa kureurura kwake kwapachivande, mumonk wechiSpain, apewo chitsikiso chake chetendero. Sezvineiwo nokuda kwaEnzinas, tendero yakadaro haina kupiwa, uye iye akakurumidza kuzviwana amene apinzwa mutorongo neBvunzurudzo. Pashure pamakore maviri akakwanisa kunzvenga.

Makore mashomanene gare gare, chinyorwa chakadzokororwa cheiyi shanduro chakatsikirirwa muVenice, Italy, uye chakanga chiri ichi chinyorwa chaMagwaro icho Julián Hernández akatakura pachivande achipinza muSeville, Spain. Asi akabatwa, uye pashure pamakore maviri okutambudzwa nokuiswa mutorongo, iye akaurawa pamwe chete navamwe vadzidzi biyake veBhaibheri.a

PaDare reTrent (1545-63), Chechi yeKaturike yakadzokorora kushurikidza kwayo shanduro dzeBhaibheri mumutauro womunzvimbomo. Yakabudisa indekisi yamabhuku anorambidzwa, iyo yakabatanidza shanduro dzose idzodzo dzeBhaibheri dzakanga dzabudiswa pasina tendero yechechi. Chaizvoizvo ikoku kwakareva kuti maBhaibheri ose omunzvimbomo echiSpain akarambidzwa nomutemo uye kuti kungova zvako nerimwe kwaigona kuguma nemvumo yorufu rwomunhu.

Makore mashomanene pashure pokubudiswa kweshanduro yaReina, Cipriano de Valera, mumwe aichimbova mumonk uyo akanzvenga hasha dzeBvunzurudzo muSeville, akarihwirudzura. Iyi shanduro yakatsikirirwa muAmsterdam muna 1602 N.V., uye mamwe makopi akapinzwa muSpain. Mushanduro dzaro dzapakuvamba nedzakahwirudzurwa, Bhaibheri raReina naValera richiri shanduro inoshandiswa zvakafara zvikurusa pakati pavaPurotesitendi vanotaura chiSpain.

Masuo Anozaruka

Pakupedzisira, muna 1782 dare reBvunzurudzo rakaraira kuti Bhaibheri raigona kubudiswa chero bedzi rakabatanidza tsinhiro pamusoro penhau nedzidziso. Muna 1790 bhishopi weKaturike weSegovia, Felipe Scio de San Miguel, achishandisa Latin Vulgate, akashandura Bhaibheri muchiSpain. Sezvineiwo, rakanga richidhura—mareal 1 300, mutengo mukurusa panguva iyoyo—uye mashoko acho akanga asina kujeka, zvikuru kwazvo zvokuti mumwe wezvenhau wechiSpain akaritsanangura se“rakashata zvikuru.”

Makore akati gare gare, mambo wechiSpain Fernando VII akaraira bhishopi weAstorga, Félix Torres Amat, kuita shanduro yakavandudzwa, yakavakirwawo paLatin Vulgate. Iyi shanduro yakabuda muna 1823 ndokugamuchira paradzirwo yakafara zvikuru kupfuura shanduro yaScio. Zvisinei, sezvo yakanga isina kuvakirwa pachiHebheru nechiGiriki zvapakuvamba, yakanga ine zvinetso zvenguva dzose zveshanduro yeshanduro.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi fambiro mberi, chechi navatongi venyika vakanga vachiri vasina kupwiswa kuti Magwaro anofanira kuraviwa navanhuwo zvavo. Apo George Borrow, mumiriri weBritish and Foreign Bible Society, akakumbira mvumo muma 1830 yokutsikirira maBhaibheri muSpain, akaudzwa negurukota rehurumende Mendizábal, kuti: “Changamire wangu akanaka, haasati ari maBhaibheri atinoda, asi panzvimbo pezvo pfuti neunga, zvokuuraya nazvo vapanduki, uye kupfuura zvose, mari, kuti tigobhadhara mauto.” Borrow akapfuurira kushandura Evhangeri yaRuka mumutauro wamaGypsie echiSpain, uye muna 1837 akaiswa mutorongo nokuda kwenhamburiko dzake!

Pakupedzisira, fungu raisagona kudziviswazve. Muna 1944 chechi yechiSpain yakatsikirira shanduro yayo yokutanga yaMagwaro Matsvene akavakirwa pamitauro yapakuvamba—makore 375 pashure peshanduro yaCasiodoro de Reina. Iyi yakanga iri shanduro yenyanzvi dzeKaturike Nácar naColunga. Iyoyi yakateverwa muna 1947 neshanduro yaBover naCantera. Chifo chenguva iyeyo mave mune shanduro dzakawanda dzeBhaibheri dzechiSpain.

Rukundo Runovimbiswa

Kunyange zvazvo Bhaibheri rechiSpain kwamazana amakore raifanira kuparapatika kuti ripukunyuke, hondo yacho yakawinhwa pakupedzisira. Kuzvibaira kukuru kwavashanduri vakashinga vakafanana naReina zvamazvirokwazvo kwakanga kuri kusina maturo. Vanhu vangani vanotenga Bhaibheri nhasi vanomira kuti vafunge nezvenguva apo kuva neBhaibheri kwairambidzwa?

Nhasi, Bhaibheri rinotengwa zvikurusa muSpain nomunyika dzinotaura chiSpain, uye shanduro dzakawanda dzinowanika. Dzinobatanidzwa pakati paidzodzi iVersión Moderna (Modern Version, 1893), iyo nguva dzose inoshandisa zita raMwari, Jehová; Pauline Edition of the Bible (1964), iyo inoshandisa zita rokuti Yavé muMagwaro echiHebheru; Nueva Biblia Española (New Spanish Bible, 1975), iyo sezvineiwo isingashandisi Jehová kana kuti zvimwe Yavé; uye Traducción del Nuevo Mundo (New World Translation, 1967), yakabudiswa neWatch Tower Society, iyo inoshandisa Jehová.

Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinoshanyira misha yamamirioni avanhu vanotaura chiSpain vhiki riri rose kuti zvivabetsere kunzwisisa ukoshi hweBhaibheri Dzvene—bhuku rakafanirwa nokufira, bhuku rakafanirwa nokurarama mukuwirirana naro. Kutaura idi, nhau yehondo yeBhaibheri rechiSpain yokupukunyuka ndichimwe chibvumikiso chokuti “shoko raMwari wedu . . . richagara kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi.”—Isaya 40:8, NW.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

Complutensian Polyglott yakaitwazve uye nokudaro inogona kunzverwa nyore nyore. (Ona peji 8)

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Courtesy of the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, Spain