Mafashamo Mungano Dzenyika

MAFASHAMO ezuva raNoa yakanga iri ngwavaira inoparadza yakadaro zvokuti rudzi rwomunhu rwaisatongogona kuikanganwa. Anopfuura makore 2 400 gare gare, Jesu Kristu akataura nezvawo seidi renhau. (Mateo 24:37-39) Ichi chinoitika chinotyisa chakasiya tapuro isingadzimiki yakadaro padzinza romunhu zvokuti chazova ngano munyika yose.

Mubhuku rinonzi Myths of Creation, Philip Freund anofungidzira kuti dzinopfuura ngano 500 dzaMafashamo dzinotaurwa namadzinza navanhu vanopfuura 250. Sezvingakarirwa, nokupfuura kwamazana amakore akawanda, idzi ngano dzakavandudzwa zvikuru nezvinoitika zvokufungidzira navanhu. Madziri dzose, zvisinei, fanano huru dzinogona kuwanwa.

Fanano Dzinoshamisa

Sezvo vanhu vakatama vachibva Mesopotamia pashure paMafashamo, ivo vakaendesa nhauro dzengwavaira yacho kumativi ose apasi. Nokudaro, vagari veAsia, zvitsuwa zveSouth Pacific, North America, Central America, uye South America vane ngano dzeichi chinoitika chinoorora zvikuru. Ngano dzakawanda dzaMafashamo dzaivapo kare kare ava vanhu vasati varatidzirwa kuBhaibheri. Bva, ngano dzacho dzine mapfundo makuru akafanana nenhauro yeBhaibheri yeBoporodzi.

Dzimwe ngano dzinodudza hofori dzine masimba masimba dzinogara pasi pano pamberi paMafashamo. Nenzira yakaenzana, Bhaibheri rinoratidzira kuti pamberi peBoporodzi ngirozi dzisingateereri dzakapfeka miviri yenyama, dzakagara navakadzi, uye dzakabereka dzinza rehofori dzainzi maNefirimi.—Genesi 6:1-4; 2 Petro 2:4, 5.

Ngano dzaMafashamo dzinowanzoratidzira kuti murume mumwe akanyeverwa pamusoro peboporodzi rinouya ramavambo oumwari. Mukuwirirana neBhaibheri, Jehovha Mwari akanyevera Noa kuti Iye aizoparadza vakaipa navane masimba masimba. Mwari akaudza Noa, kuti: “Kupera kwavanhu vose kwasvika pamberi pangu; nokuti vakazadza nyika nokumanikidzana; tarirai, ndichavauraya pamwe chete nenyika.”—Genesi 6:13.

Ngano dzine chokuita naMafashamo dzinowanzoratidzira kuti iwo akaparira ruparadziko rwapasi pose. Nenzira yakafanana, Bhaibheri rinoti: “Mvura ikakwirira kwazvo kwazvo panyika, makomo marefu ose pasi pedenga rose akafukidzwa. Zvinhu zvose, zvakanga zvine kufema kwomweya woupenyu mumhino dzazvo, zvose zvakanga zviri pakaoma pasi, zvikafa.”—Genesi 7:19, 22.

Ngano zhinjisa dzaMafashamo dzinotaura kuti mumwe murume akapukunyuka Boporodzi pamwe chete navamwe vanhu mumwe kana kuti kupfuura. Ngano dzakawanda dzinotaura pamusoro pake saanohwanda muigwa raakanga avaka, uye ivo vanotaura pamusoro paro serakagara pagomo. Nenzira yakaenzana, Magwaro anotaura kuti Noa akavaka areka. Anotaurawo, kuti: “Noa oga akasara, nezvakanga zviri muareka naye.” (Genesi 6:5-8; 7:23) Mukuwirirana neBhaibheri, pashure peBoporodzi, “areka ikamira pamusoro pamakomo eArarati,” apo Noa nemhuri yake vakaburukira. (Genesi 8:4, 15-18) Ngano dzinoratidzirawo kuti vapukunyuki vaMafashamo vakatanga kugarazve pasi, sezvinoratidza Bhaibheri kuti Noa nemhuri yake vakadaro.—Genesi 9:1; 10:1.

Ngano Dzakare dzaMafashamo

Tichirangarira mapfundo achangobva kududzwa, ngatirangarirei ngano dzaMafashamo. Ngatitii tinovamba navaSumer, vanhu vakare vaigara muMesopotamia. Nhauro yavo yeBoporodzi yakawanwa pahwendefa redongo rakafukunurwa mumatongo eNippur. Iri hwendefa rinotaura kuti vamwari veSumer Anu naEnlil vakasarudza kuparadza rudzi rwomunhu namafashamo makuru. Achinyeverwa namwari Enki, Ziusudra nemhuri yake vakakwanisa kupukunyuka vari muigwa hombe.

Detembedzo reBhabhironi raGilgamesh rine udzame hwakawanda. Mukuwirirana naro, Gilgamesh akashanyira mukare wake Utnapishtim, uyo akanga akapiwa upenyu husingagumi pashure pokupukunyuka Mafashamo. Mukurukurirano yakatevera, Utnapishtim akatsanangura kuti iye akaudzwa kuvaka ngarava ndokupinza mombe, zvikara, uye mhuri yake mairi. Iye akavaka ngarava yacho sechinhu chihombe china mativi matanhatu chine mamita 60 parutivi rumwe norumwe, chine uriri hutanhatu. Iye anoudza Gilgamesh kuti dutu racho rakapedza mazuva matanhatu nousiku hutanhatu, uye ipapo iye anoti: “Apo zuva rechinomwe rakasvika, dutu, Boporodzi, katyamadzo yehondo yakaparadzwa, iyo yakanga yarova sehondo. Gungwa rakaterama, dutu rakapera, Boporodzi rakaguma. Ndakatarira pagungwa uye manzwi akanga aguma. Uye rudzi rwose rwomunhu rwakanga rwatendeukira kumunyakwe.”

Pashure pokunge ngarava yacho yagara paGomo reNisir, Utnapishtim akasunungura njiva iyo yakadzokera kuigwa apo yakanga isingagoni kuwana nzvimbo yokuzorora. Iyoyi yakateverwa nenyenganyenga iyo yakadzokerawo. Gunguo ipapo rakasunungurwa, uye apo risina kudzokera, iye akaziva kuti mvura yakanga yaserera. Utnapishtim ipapo akasunungura mhuka ndokuita chipiriso chechibairo.

Iyi ngano yekare zvikuru yakati fananei nenhauro yeBhaibheri yaMafashamo. Zvisinei, inoshaiwa udzame hwakajeka norupfave rwenhauro yeBhaibheri, uye haisati ichipa mwero ine mufungo yeareka kana kuti kugovera nhambo yenguva inoratidzirwa muMagwaro. Somuenzaniso, Detembedzo raGilgamesh rakataura kuti dutu rakapedza mazuva matanhatu nousiku hutanhatu, nepo Bhaibheri richitaura kuti “mvura zhinji ikanaya panyika mazuva ana makumi mana nousiku huna makumi mana”—mvura huru inopfuurira iyo pakupedzisira yakafukidza pasi rose nemvura.—Genesi 7:12.

Kunyange zvazvo Bhaibheri richidudza vapukunyuki vasere vaMafashamo, mungano yechiGiriki Deucalion bedzi nomudzimai wake, Pyrrha, vakapukunyuka. (2 Petro 2:5) Mukuwirirana neiyi ngano, pamberi paMafashamo pasi raigarwa navanhu vane masimba masimba vanonzi vanhu vekare kare. Mwari Zeus akasarudza kuvaparadza namafashamo makuru ndokuudza Deucalion kuvaka ngarava hombe ndokupinda mairi. Apo mafashamo akaserera, ngarava yakagara paGomo reParnassus. Deucalion naPyrrha vakaburuka mugomo ndokutanga rudzi rwomunhu zvakare.

Ngano dzeFar East

MuIndia mune ngano yaMafashamo umo Manu ari mupukunyuki wohunhu. Iye anoita ushamwari nehove duku iyo inokura kusvikira kuukuru hukuru uye inomunyevera nezvamafashamo anoparadzanya. Manu anovaka igwa, iro hove inokweva kutozosvikira ragara pagomo muHimalayas. Apo mafashamo anoserera, Manu anoburuka mugomo uye naIda, chibairo chake chinotaurwa somunhu, anomutsiridza dzinza romunhu.

Mukuwirirana nengano yamafashamo yechiChina, mwari wemheni anopa zino kuvana vaviri, Nuwa naFuxi. Iye anovaraidza kurisima nokuhwanda mudende raizokura richibva mariri. Muti unokurumidza kukura uchibva muzino uye unobereka dende hombe. Apo mwari wemheni anoparira mvura zhinji, vana vanokwira mudende. Kunyange zvazvo mafashamo anovapo somuuyo achinyudza rutivi rwose rwasara rwavagari vapasi, Nuwa naFuxi vanopukunyuka ndokugarazve pasi.

MuAmerica

MaIndia eNorth America ane ngano dzakasiana-siana dzine musoro wakafanana wamafashamo ayo anoparadza zvose kunze kwavanhu vashomanene. Somuenzaniso, vaArikara, vanhu veCaddo, vanotaura kuti pasi raimbogarwa nedzinza ravanhu vakasimba kwazvo zvokuti ivo vakanyomba vamwari. Mwari Nesaru akaparadza idzi hofori kupfurikidza namafashamo asi akachengeta vanhu vake, mhuka, uye chibage mubako. VaHavasupai vanotaura kuti mwari Hokomata akaparira boporodzi iro rakaparadza rudzi rwomunhu. Zvisinei, munhu Tochopa akachengeta mwanasikana wake Pukeheh kupfurikidza nokumunamira mudanda rine mwena.

MaIndia muCentral neSouth America ane ngano dzamafashamo dzine fanano huru. VaMaya veCentral America vaidavira kuti nyoka huru yemvura yakaparadza nyika nemvura zhinji. MuMexico nhauro yavaChimalpopoca inotaura kuti mafashamo akanyudza makomo. Mwari Tezcatlipoca akanyevera munhu Nata, uyo akachera mwena mudanda umo iye nomudzimai wake, Nena, vakawana uvando kutozosvikira mvura yaserera.

MuPeru vaChincha vane ngano yamafashamo amazuva mashanu ayo akaparadza vanhu vose kunze kwomumwe uyo llama inotaura yakatungamirira kukotsekano pagomo. VaAymara vePeru neBolivia vanotaura kuti mwari Viracocha akabuda muNyanza Titicaca ndokusika nyika navanhu vahombe zvechienzi, vakasimba. Nemhaka yokuti iri dzinza rokutanga rakamushatirisa, Viracocha akavaparadza namafashamo.

MaIndia eTupinamba eBrazil akataura nezvenguva apo mafashamo makuru akanyudza vakare vavo vose kunze kwaavo vakapukunyuka vari mumagwa kana kuti pamusoro pemiti mirefu. VaCashinaua veBrazil, vaMacushi veGuyana, vaCaribs veCentral America, uye vaOna navaYahgan veTierra del Fuego muSouth America vari pakati pamarudzi akawanda ane ngano dzamafashamo.

South Pacific neAsia

MuSouth Pacific mose, ngano dzamafashamo dzine vashomanene vanopukunyuka dzinozivikanwa navose. Somuenzaniso, muSamoa mune ngano yamafashamo munguva dzapakuvamba ayo akaparadza munhu ari wose kunze kwaPili nomudzimai wake. Ivo vakawana kotsekano pabwe, uye pashure pamafashamo vakagarazve pasi. MuZvitsuwa zveHawaii, mwari Kane akatsamwiswa navanhu ndokutumira mafashamo kuzovaparadza. Nuʹu bedzi akanzvenga ari muigwa hombe iro pakupedzisira rakagara pagomo.

PaMindanao muPhilippines, vaAta vanotaura kuti pasi rakambofukidzwa nemvura iyo yakaparadza munhu ari wose kunze kwavarume vaviri nomukadzi. VaIban veSarawak, Borneo, vanotaura kuti vanhu vashomanene bedzi vakanzvenga boporodzi kupfurikidza nokutiza vachienda kumakomo marefu zvikurusa. Mungano yavaIgorot vePhilippines, hanzvadzi nehanzvadzi bedzi vakapukunyuka kupfurikidza nokuhwanda paGomo rePokis.

VaSoyot veSiberia, Russia, vanotaura kuti datya hombe, iro rakanga richitsigira pasi, rakafamba ndokuparira pasi kufashamirwa. Mumwe murume akwegura nemhuri yake vakapukunyuka vari paigwa raakanga aita. Apo mvura yakaderera, igwa rakagara pagomo refu. VaUgrian veSiberia yokumadokero neHungary vanotaurawo kuti vapukunyuki vamafashamo vakashandisa magwa asi vakaenda kumativi akasiana-siana apasi.

Mavambo Mamwewo

Chii chatinogona kugumisa kubva muidzi ngano dzakawanda dzaMafashamo? Kunyange zvazvo dzichisiana zvikuru muudzame, idzo dzine mativi mamwewo. Iwawa anoratidzira mavambo mungwavaira hombe neisingakanganwiki. Pasinei zvapo nemisiano yakajeka munhau mumazana amakore apfuura, musoro wadzo mukuru wakafanana netambo inodzisungira kuchinoitika chimwe chikuru—Boporodzi rapasi rose rinorondedzerwa munhauro yeBhaibheri yakapfava, isina kuipa.

Sezvo ngano dzaMafashamo dzichiwanzowanwa pakati pavanhu vasina kuonana neBhaibheri kutozosvikira mumazana amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kwaizova chikanganiso kutaura kuti nhauro yapaMagwaro yakavapesvedzera. Uyezve, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, inoti: “Kupararira kwenhauro dzamafashamo kunowanzorangarirwa soufakazi hworuparadziko hwakapararira hwedzinza ravanhu rwakaitwa namafashamo . . . Uyezve, dzimwe dzenhauro dzakare dzakanyorwa navanhu vaishora zvikuru gamuchidzanwa rechiHebheru nechiKristu.” (Vol. 2, peji 319) Naizvozvo tinogona kugumisa nenzira ine chivimbo kuti ngano dzaMafashamo dzinosimbisa zvomene yenhauro yeBhaibheri.

Sezvatinorarama munyika yakazadzwa namasimba masimba noutere, tinoita zvakanaka kurava nhauro yeBhaibheri yaMafashamo, seyakanyorwa muna Genesi ganhuro 6 kusvikira ku 8. Kana tikafungisisa pachikonzero cheBoporodzi iroro rapasi rose—kuitwa kwechakanga chakaipa pamberi paMwari—tichaona mariri nyevero inokosha.

Nokukurumidza tsika yakaipa yazvino yezvinhu ichatambura rutongeso rwakaipa rwaMwari. Nomufaro, kunyanguvezvo, kuchava navapukunyuki. Iwe ungava pakati pavo kana ukateerera mashoko omuapostora Petro: “Nazvo nyika, yaivapo panguva iyo [yaNoa], yakafukidzwa nemvura ikaparadzwa; asi denga, riripo zvino, nenyika, zvakavigirwa mwoto neshoko ireri, zvinochengetererwa zuva rokutonga, nerokuparadzwa kwavanhu vasingadi Mwari. . . . Izvi zvose zvazvichaparadzwa saizvozvo, imi munofanira kuva vanhu vakadiniko pamufambire wenyu mutsvene nokunamata Mwari, imi munotarira nokushuvawo kwazvo kuuya kwezuva raMwari.”—2 Petro 3:6-12.

Ko iwe uchasanorangarira kuvapo kwezuva raJehovha here? Kana ukaita saizvozvo ndokuita mutsinhirano nokuda kwaMwari, uchafarikanya zvikomborero zvikuru. Avo vanodarozvo kufadza Jehovha Mwari vanogona kuva nokutenda munyika itsva iyo Petro anonongedzera kwairi apo anowedzera, kuti: “Kune matenga matsva nepasi idzva zvatakamirira mukuwirirana nechipikirwa [chaMwari], uye kururama kuchagara muna izvozvi.”—2 Petro 3:13, NW.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Ngano dzamafashamo dzeBhabhironia dzakapfuudzwa dzichibva kuchizvarwa chimwe kuenda kuchimwe

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Uri kuteerera nyevero yaPetro here kupfurikidza nokusanorangarira zuva raJehovha?