Kutonga Kwavakuru Vorudzidziso—Ndiko Mhinduro Here?

VANHU munyika yose vaneta nokusaruramisira, dzvinyiriro, uye ushati hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Ivo vanoda chimwe chinhu chiri nani, sezviri pachena munhamburiko dzavo dzokuchinja vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika. Asi vatungamiriri vatsva havasati vachiwanzounzira vanhu gutsikano.

Vamwe vanofunga kuti kutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso kwaizoguma nehurumende iri nani. Ivo vanodavira kuti vakuru vorudzidziso vaizopinza mavara oumwari muzvinhu zvehurumende. Zvimwe mukuru worudzidziso Marion (Pat) Robertson, aikarirwa kuva purezidhendi weU.S. muna 1988, akanyengetera kuti “vanhu voumwari” vaizowana nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika achirangarira ikoku. Asi ikoku kwaizopindura chaizvoizvo here kudikanwa kwavatongi vari nani?

Apo Vakuru Vorudzidziso Vakatonga Europe

Mukati meMiddle Ages, vakuru vorudzidziso vaiva nesimba guru renyika. Chokwadi, vanapapa vaikwanisa kupfekedza korona nokubvisa pachigaro choumambo madzimambo! Muna 800 N.V., Pope Leo III akapfekedza korona mambo weFrank Charlemagne samambo woUmambo Hutsvene hweRoma. Kwamakore ane chiuru, uyu mambo akamirira mubatanidzwa weChechi neHurumende, uye mukati menguva iyoyo vakuru vorudzidziso vakafarikanya mwero yakasiana-siana yesimba pazviremera zvenyika.

Kuvambira muzana ramakore rechi 11, vanapapa vakatora basa romutungamiriri muEurope. Muna ikoku, The Columbia History of the World, rakarongwa naJohn Garraty naPeter Gay, rinoti: “Chechi yakanga iri hurumende hurusa yeEurope.” Bhuku iri rinotaurawo kuti chechi yakakwanisa ku“shandisa simba guru rezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura imwe hurumende ipi neipi yokuMadokero.” Ndoupiko wakanga uri mugariro wavanhu mukutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso?

Hakuna munhu akanga akasununguka kunamata sezvaaida kana kuti kutaura mirangariro inorwisana neiyo yavakuru vorudzidziso. Uku kusashivirira kwavakuru vorudzidziso kwakaparira mugariro worutyo muEurope mose. Chechi yakatanga Bvunzurudzo kuti iparadze vanhu vamwe navamwe vaitsunga kuva nemirangariro yakasiana. Zvavairangarirwa kuva vapanduki, ivo vaiunzwa pamberi pavabvunzi, avo vaivatambudza nokuda kwokureurura. Kazhinji kazhinji, avo vaiwanwa vaine mhaka vaipisirwa padanda.

Pamusoro pokutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso muSpain, The Columbia History of the World inoti: “Hondo nepfungwa dzinorwisana zvakanga zvabatanidza pamwe chete vakuru vakuru vanogamuchirwa navanozvitutumadza navakuru vorudzidziso avo vaiva nesimba rose muhurumende. Upenyu hune mufungo hwakanga hwakuvadzwa nokuongorora neBvunzurudzo, izvo zvakanga zvashandiswa pamunhu upi noupi airamba rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti zvimwe muitiro wehurumende.”

Mubhuku rake The Age of Faith, Will Durant akati: “Tichiita kubvumira kuri kwose kunodikanwa kuwezvenhau ndokubvumidzwa kumuKristu, tinofanira kuisa Bvunzurudzo, pamwe chete nehondo nezvitambudzo zvenguva yedu, sezviri pakati pezviratidzo zvakasviba zvikurusa pachinyorwa chorudzi rwomunhu, kuchizivisa kutyisa kusingazivikanwi muchikara chipi nechipi.” MuMiddle Ages, kutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso kwakareva ruparadziko rworusununguko rwomunhu oga.

Ko mumutsidziri wePurotestendi John Calvin akasiana navakuru vorudzidziso veKaturike here? Eya, rangarira chakaitika apo Michael Servetus akatiza achibva muchitambudzo chakaitwa navakuru vorudzidziso veSpain uye akasungwa muGeneva, Switzerland. Ikoko, Calvin akanga atanga nzanga pairi iye navafundisi vake vakatonga nesimba rakakwana. Nemhaka yokuti Servetus akaramba Utatu, Calvin akawana chakanga chanzvenga Bvunzurudzo. Servetus akashurikidzirwa kurufu nokuda kwokupanduka uye akapisirwa padanda. Calvin nokudaro akaratidza kusashivirira kumwe cheteko nokwavakuru vorudzidziso veKaturike.

Ko kutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso hurumende dzenyika kwakareva rugare nokuda kwavanhu veEurope here? Aiwa, zvamazvirokwazvo. Panzvimbo pokufarikanya rugare, ivo vaitofanira kutsungirira makore ehondo yakakurudzirwa navakuru vorudzidziso. Pope Urban II akatanga Hondo yamaKristu Yokutanga uye nokudaro akavamba nhevedzano yehondo iyo yakagara kwamakore 200. Uyezve, hondo dzakanyandurwa navakuru vorudzidziso mukurwisana navanhu vairangarirwa kuva vapanduki dzakaguma norufu rwezviuru zvavarume, vakadzi, uye vana.

Ko kutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso kwakabvisa ushati here? Nyangwe. Bhuku rinonzi A History of the Modern World, rakanyorwa naR. R. Palmer naJoel Colton, rinoti: “Nenzira inowedzera upenyu hwechechi hwakashatiswa nemari. Hakuna munhu aidavira fufuro; asi munhu ari wose aiziva kuti vanhu vazhinji vechechi vakakwirira (kufanana navakuru vehurumende vakakwirira vazhinji vanhasi) vaigona kufufurwa.” Ushati pakati pavakuru vorudzidziso hwakanga huri nyunyuto inozivikanwa navose.

Ko kutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso kwakaguma nengoni nokuda kwavanhuwo zvavo here? Haisva. Somuenzaniso, rangarira chakaitika apo Cardinal Richelieu weFrance akadzora zvinhu zvehurumende mukati mokutonga kwaLouis XIII. Bhuku rinonzi The History of the Nations, rakarongwa naHenry Cabot Lodge, rinotaura kuti “muitiro [waRichelieu] wakanga wakavakirwa pakuparadzwa kworusununguko rweFrance.”

MuMexico mukati mezana ramakore rechi 17, mataundi eIndia aiwanzotongwa navakuru vorudzidziso. Mukuwirirana nebhuku rinonzi Many Mexicos, rakanyorwa naLesley Simpson, vakuru vorudzidziso vairangarira nzvimbo yokudzora kuva “yamuro inokosha yokudyara nokuchengeta zvakanaka zvechiKristu, pamwe chete neyokurangwa kwemhaka dzenyika.”

Mabhuku enhau nokudaro anotigonesa kuongorora chinyorwa chokutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso mumazana ose amakore apfuura. Chiiko chinozivisa chinyorwa ichocho? Kuzvidzwa kunokatyamadza kwomufarwa, garikano, uye rusununguko rwavanhuwo zvavo. Zvamazvirokwazvo, kutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso kwave kuri dzvinyiriro isingatsungiririki. Daniel Defoe akanyora mubhuku rake rinonzi The True-Born Englishman: “Uye pamadambudziko ose ayo rudzi rwomunhu runotukwa nawo, kushusha kwavakuru vechechi ndiko kwakaipisisa.”

Sezvinooneka, ipapoka, kutonga kwavakuru vorudzidziso hakusi mhinduro kukuda kwomunhu hurumende iri nani. Naizvozvo, ndikunaani kwatinogona kutendeukira? Mhinduro inogona kusvikwa nomunhu ari wose, sezvatichaona.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 4]

MuPurotestendi Calvin akaratidza kusashivirira kumwe cheteko nokwavakuru vorudzidziso veKaturike

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum