Kuchengetedza Zvakatipoteredza—Tave Tichibudirira Zvakadini?

Kuchengetedza Zvakatipoteredza—Tave Tichibudirira Zvakadini?

CHERNOBYL, Bhopal, Valdez, Three Mile Island. Mazita akadai angangoita kuti munhu afunge nezvenjodzi dzakaitika kuzvakatipoteredza munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika. Imwe neimwe yenjodzi idzi inotiyeuchidza kuti zvakatipoteredza pasi pano zviri kurwiswa.

Vanhu nezviremera zvakasiyana-siyana vakataura mashoko enyevero. Vamwe vakatoita chiito paruzhinji kuti mafungiro avo azivikanwe. Mumwe mukadzi weChirungu anotarisira raibhurari akazvisungirira necheni pakatapira achitsutsumwa kugadzirwa kwomugwagwa waidarika nomusango riri kuparara. Vamwe vakadzi vaviri vechiAborigine kuAustralia vakatungamirira boka revanhu vairamba kuti uranium icherwe mupaki yemhuka. Mabasa okuchera akamiswa. Kunyange zvazvo zviine vavariro dzakanaka, zviito izvi hazvigamuchirwi zvakanaka nguva dzose. Somuenzaniso, mumwe kaputeni wengarava wehurumende yeSoviet aishushikana pamusoro pokubuda kwemwaranzi yaibva pangarava dzenyukireya dzepasi pemvura dzakanga dzanyura. Paakaratidza nzvimbo dzaiva nengarava dzacho, akasungwa.

Masangano akasiyana-siyana ave achiyambirawo nezvokukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Izvi zvinosanganisira United Nations Educational, Scientific, uye Cultural Organization; United Nations Environment Programme; neGreenpeace. Vamwe vangataura nezvezvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza kana zviine chokuita nebasa ravo chete. Vamwe vakazvipira kumabasa okubudisa pachena nhau dzezvakapoteredza. Greenpeace inozivikanwa kwazvo nokutumira vatsigiri vezvakatipoteredza munzvimbo dzinenge dzichinyanya magakava ezvezvakatipoteredza nokuita kuti vanhu vazive chaizvo nyaya dzakadai sokukwira kwetembiricha yepasi, mhuka dziri kutsakatika, uye ngozi dzezvirimwa nemhuka zvinoberekeswa zvachinjwa masikirwo azvo.

Vamwe vatsigiri vezvakatipoteredza vanotaura kuti vanoshandisa “nzira dzavanofunga voga kuti vabudise pachena zvinetso zviri munyika yose zvezvakatipoteredza.” Saka, vanoshandisa nzira dzakadai sokuzvisungirira necheni pamagedhi enzvimbo inochekerwa matanda vachitsutsumwira kuparadzwa kwemasango ekare. Rimwe boka revanotsigira zvakatipoteredza rakatsutsumwira imwe nyika yakatyora chibvumirano chenguva yokubata hove dzinonzi whale nokuenda kumahofisi anomiririra nyika yacho munyika dzakasiyana-siyana rakapfeka mboni huru dzemaziso kuratidza kuti zvaiitwa nenyika yacho zvakanga zvichicherechedzwa.

Kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvokufunga nezvazvo zvine chokuita nezvezvakatipoteredza. Somuenzaniso, nyevero dzinodzokororwa dzakabva kuvanhu nemasangano dzichitaura nezvengozi dzokusvibisa mvura. Kunyange zvakadaro, mamiriro ezvinhu acho anotaridzika seasina tariro zvachose. Vanhu vanosvika bhiriyoni imwe havawani mvura yokunwa yakachena. Maererano nemagazini inonzi Time, “mamiriyoni 3,4 anofa gore rimwe nerimwe nehosha dzinokonzerwa nemvura.” Kusvibisa mhepo ndechimwewo chinetso chakafanana. The State of World Population 2001 inoti “kusvibisa mhepo kunouraya vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva mamiriyoni 2,7 kusvika ku3,0 gore roga roga.” Inotizve “kusvibiswa kwemhepo iri kunze kwomusha kunokuvadza vanhu vanodarika mabhiriyoni 1,1.” Ichipa muenzaniso chaiwo, inoshuma kuti “tunhu tudukuduku tunosvibisa mhepo nditwo tunokonzera zvirwere zvokufema zvinosvika 10 muzana pavana vomuEurope.” Chokwadi, pasinei neyambiro uye nezvakaitwa kusvika zvino, zvinetso zvine chokuita nezvinhu izvi zvinokosha kwazvo zvinodiwa muupenyu zviri kungoramba zvichiipisisa.

Kune vakawanda, mamiriro acho ezvinhu ane makakatanwa. Mashoko akawanda kudarika kare anotaura nezvenyaya dzezvakatipoteredza avepo. Vanhu vakawanda nemasangano kudarika kare vanofarira kuona zvakatipoteredza zvichicheneswa. Hurumende dzakaumba madhipatimendi anobatsira kugadzirisa zvinetso zvacho. Tava noruzivo rwemichina rwakawanda kudarika kare runobatsira kugadzirisa zvinetso zvacho. Asi, zvinhu hazvisi kuratidza sezviri kuita nani. Nei?

Nhano Mberi, Nhano Mbiri Kumashure

Kubudirira kwemaindasitiri kwakaitirwa kurerutsa upenyu hwedu. Akarerutsa nedzimwe nzira. Zvisinei, “kubudirira” uku ndiko kuri kuwedzera zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza pasi pano. Tinofarira zvigadzirwa zvitsva uye kufambira mberi zvakaunzwa neindasitiri kwatiri, asi kugadzirwa kwezvinhu izvi uye kuzvishandisa kwatinoita kunowanzoguma nokuparadza nzvimbo dzenyika yedu.

Mumwe muenzaniso weizvi imotokari. Dzakaita kuti kufamba kuve nyore uye kukurumidze. Vanhu vashoma vangada kudzokera shure kunguva yaishandiswa zvifambiso zvaidhonzwa nemabhiza. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvifambiso zvemazuva ano zvakakonzera zvinetso zvakawanda. Chimwe chaizvozvi kukwira kwetembiricha yepasi redu. Vanhu vave vachichinja makemikari anoumba chadenga nokushandisa zvigadzirwa zvinobudisa mamiriyoni ematani egasi. Magasi iwaya anonzi anokonzera kudziya kwepasi, zvichiguma nokudziya kwechadenga. Tembiricha yakawedzera muzana remakore radarika. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency inoshuma kuti “makore 10 akanyanya kupisa muzana remakore rechi20 ose akaitika mumakore 15 okupedzisira ezana racho remakore.” Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti muzana remakore rechi21, avhareji yetembiricha munyika yose ingakwira nemadhigirii 1,4 kusvika ku5,8.

Zvinotarisirwa kuti tembiricha dzinopisa dzinokonzera zvimwe zvinetso. Sinou inofukidza Northern Hemisphere yave ichipera. Chando chainge chakapararira nemakiromita 3 250 kuAntarctica chakaparara kutanga kwa2002. Makungwa angangokwirira kwazvo muzana rino remakore. Sezvo chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevagari vepasi chichigara pedyo negungwa, izvi zvingazoguma nokuparadzirwa misha neminda. Zvinogonawo kukonzera zvinetso zvikuru kumaguta ari pedyo nemhenderekedzo.

Masayendisiti anodavira kuti kukwira kwetembiricha kuchaguma nokunaya kwemvura yakawandisa, pachigarova nemamiriro okunze anopfuura mwero. Vamwe vanofunga kuti mvura inonaya nemadutu makuru seiya yakauraya vanhu 90 uye ikaparadza mamiriyoni 270 emiti muFrance muna 1999 yaingova zviratidzo zvezvinhu zvichaitika. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanofunga kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuchaguma nokupararira kwezvirwere zvakadai semarariya, kupisa kwomuviri kunonzi dengue, uye korera.

Muenzaniso uyu wemotokari unoratidza kuoma kwemigumisiro yokubudirira muzvigadzirwa zvitsva—zvigadzirwa zvinobatsira vanhu, zvingakonzera zvinetso zvakawanda zvinokanganisa upenyu munzira dzakawanda. Mashoko eHuman Development Report 2001 ndeechokwadi anoti: “Kubudirira muzvigadzirwa zvitsva kwoga kwoga kunogona kuunza zvakanaka nezvisina kunaka, zvimwe zvacho zvisiri nyore kufanoona.”

Zvigadzirwa zvitsva pachazvo ndizvo zvinowanzotarisirwa kushandiswa kugadzirisa zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza. Somuenzaniso, vanoona nezvezvakatipoteredza vakabvira kare kushora kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene. Zvirimwa zvakachinjwa masikirwo azvo pazvakagadzirwa kuitira kuderedza kana kugumisa kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene, zvakaita sokunge kuti ruzivo rwezvigadzirwa zvitsva rwauya zvakanaka. Zvisinei, nezvembesa yechibage inonzi Bt, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuderedza makonye pasina kushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene, kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti inogona kuurayawo mashavishavi. Saka, zvinenge zvichitarisirwa “kugadzirisa zvinetso” dzimwe nguva zvinopa mugumisiro usina kunaka uye zvinogona kuguma nezvimwezve zvinetso.

Hurumende Dzinogona Kubatsira Here?

Sezvo kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza chiri chinetso chikuru kudaro, zvinoda kuti hurumende dzenyika dzishandire pamwe kuti chigadzirisike zvinobudirira. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinorumbidzwa kuti vamiririri vehurumende vakaratidza ushingi hunodiwa kuti pave nokuchinja kwakanaka kungabatsira zvakatipoteredza. Zvisinei, kukunda chaiko kwange kuri kushoma uye kuri kweapo neapo.

Mumwe muenzaniso weizvi ndouya womusangano wenyika dzakawanda wakaitirwa muJapan muna 1997. Nyika dzakaitirana nharo uye dzakakakavadzirana mashoko echibvumirano chokuderedza utsi hunonzi hunokonzera kukwira kwetembiricha dzepasi. Vakawanda vanoshamisika kuti pakupedzisira vakazobvumirana. Chibvumirano ichi chakazopiwa zita rokuti Kyoto Protocol. Nyika dzakabudirira, dzakadai sedziri muEuropean Union, Japan, uye United States, dzaizoderedza utsi neavhareji ye5,2 muzana panozosvika 2012. Zvakanzwika sezvakanaka. Zvisinei, mukuvamba kwa2001, hurumende yeUnited States yakaratidza kuti yakanga yava kusiya chibvumirano cheKyoto Protocol. Izvi zvakashamisa vanhu vakawanda, sezvo United States, nevagari vayo vari pasi pe5 muzana pavagari vari munyika yose, ichibudisa chikamu chimwe muzvina choutsi. Uyezve, dzimwe hurumende dzave dzichinonoka kushandisa chibvumirano chacho.

Muenzaniso watataura uyu unoratidza kuomera kwazvakaita hurumende kunyatsopedza dambudziko racho. Zvakaoma kuunganidza hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana kuti dzikurukurirane, uye zvakadziomera kuti dzibvumirane pamabatiro adzingaita nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza. Kunyange pakasainiranwa zvibvumirano, vamwe havazoiti zvinenge zvabvumiranwa. Vamwe vanowana zvibvumirano zvacho zvakaoma kutevedza. Muzvimwe zviitiko hurumende kana masangano vanonzwa vasingagoni kubvumirana nemari inozodiwa pakuchenesa zvakatipoteredza. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvinongokonzerwa nemakaro, sezvo masangano makuru ane simba ezvokutengeserana achinyengera hurumende zvakasimba kuti dzisashandise mitemo inoderedza purofiti yemasangano aya. Mabhizimisi nemasangano ezvokutengeserana ave achizivikanwa kuti anoda kuwana mari yakawanda muvhu pasinei nemigumisiro yakaipa yeremangwana.

Chinotowedzera kuomesa zvinhu ndechokuti, haasi masayendisiti ose anobvumirana kuti kusvibisa pasi kuchakonzera ngozi yakakura sei. Saka, vaumbi vemitemo yehurumende vangave vasina chokwadi kuti vorambidza kusvika papi kukura kwoupfumi kuitira kuderedza chinetso chingave kana kuti chingasave chikuru semafungiro anenge achiita vamwe.

Vanhu vari parumananzombe chaipo. Munhu wose anoziva kuti pane chinetso uye kuti chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuitwa kuchigadzirisa. Dzimwe nyika dziri kuedza nomwoyo wose, asi zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza zvizhinji, zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera. Pasi rakagadzirirwa kuti risakodzere zvaro kugarwa nevanhu here? Ngationgorore mubvunzo uyu munyaya inotevera.

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KUNYAUDZWA NORUZHA

Imwe mhando yokukanganisa zvakatipoteredza haioneki asi inonzwika—kunyaudzwa noruzha. Nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti kunofanira kufungwawo nokuti kunogona kukonzera kusanzwa, kushushikana, BP, kushayiwa hope, uye kutadza kushanda zvakanaka. Vana vanoenda kuchikoro vachinzwa ruzha vangatadza kuverenga zvakanaka.

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KUTEMA MITI KUNOGUMA NOKUWANDISA KWEMAKONZO

Maguta 15 muSamar, kuPhilippines, paakatambura nokuwandisa kwemakonzo, mashoko akabva kuhurumende akati zvakanga zvakonzerwa nokutemwa kwemiti munzvimbo yacho. Kurasikirwa nemasango kwakaguma nokuderera kwezvinodya makonzo pamwe nezvaanodya iwo makonzo acho. Mbeva dzacho dzakatamira munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu vakawanda dzichitsvaka zvokudya.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

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NDIVANAANI VANOKUVADZWA NEMARARA ANE CHEPFU?

Pazera remwedzi mitatu nehafu, Michael akawanikwa aine neuroblastoma, mhando yechirwere chekenza. Kudai anga ari iye oga, zvingadai zvisina kushamisa. Zvisinei, zvakazoonekazve kuti vana vanenge 100 vomunzvimbo duku iyoyi vaivawo nekenza. Izvi zvakatyisa vabereki vakawanda. Vamwe vakafunga kuti nhamba huru iyi yevainge vabatwa nekenza yainge iine chokuita nemakambani emakemikari omunzvimbo yacho. Ongororo yakawana kuti imwe kambani yakazvimirira yokurasa marara yainge yambotora madhiramu aiva nemakemikari ane chepfu pane imwe kambani ndokuarasira papurazi raichimbochengeterwa huku, dzimwe nguva ichidira pasi. Vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti matsime emvura omunzvimbo iyoyo aiva nechepfu. Vabereki vakashaya zvokuita asi kungoziva kuti ndizvo zvingadaro zvakakonzera kenza kuvana vavo.

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

MAKEMIKARI ANE CHEPFU

Hondo Yenyika II yapera, matani 120 000 ezvinhu zvine chepfu, zvizhinji zvacho zviri phosgene negasi remastard, zvakapfigirwa mungarava ndokunyudzwa mugungwa, zvimwe kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweNorthern Ireland. Masayendisiti okuRussia akayambira kuti zvinhu izvi zvava pangozi yokubvinza.

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MHEPO YAKASVIBA INOURAYA

World Health Organization inotaura kuti nzufu dziri pakati pe5 ne6 muzana munyika yose dzinoitika gore roga roga dzinokonzerwa nemhepo yakasviba. MuOntario, Canada yoga, zvinonzi vagari vemo vanorasikirwa nemari inodarika bhiriyoni rimwe remadhora (mabhiriyoni Z$594) gore roga roga pamusana pokurovha basa uye vachirapwa izvi zvakonzerwa nemhepo yakasvibiswa.

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KUFA KWENZVIMBO DZINONZI MACORAL REEFS

Vamwe vanobata hove muSoutheast Asia vanoshandisa mushonga wecyanide kudhakisa hove, zvichiita kuti dzibatike nyore nyore. Chepfu yacho inobuda muhove, zvichiita kuti hove yacho igone kudyiwa. Zvisinei, chepfu yacho inosara mumvura yegungwa, ichiparadza nzvimbo dzinonzi macoral reefs.

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UNOFANIRA KUPFEKA MASIKI YACHIREMBA WOKUVHIYA HERE?

Magazini yeAsiaweek inoshuma kuti yakawanda yemhepo yakasviba iri mumaguta eAsia inobva kumotokari. Injini dzinoshandisa dhiziri neinjini huru kazhinji kacho ndidzo dzinosvibisa zvikuru, dzichibudisa utsi hwakawanda hunogara mumhepo. Uhwu hunokonzera zvinetso zvakawanda zvoutano. Magazini iyoyo inoti: “Nyanzvi huru inoona nezvezvinokonzerwa nokusvibiswa kwemhepo yokuTaiwan, Dr. Chan Chang-chuan, inotaura kuti utsi hwedhiziri hunokonzera kenza.” Vamwe vanhu vomumaguta eAsia vanopfeka masiki dzavanachiremba vokuvhiya kuedza kuzvidzivirira. Masiki idzi dzinobatsira here? Dr. Chan anoti: “Masiki idzi hadzibatsiri. Yakawanda yemhepo yakasviba igasi uye tuubvuru-bvuru tuduku kwazvo zvokuti tunogona kupinda mumasikiwo zvayo. Zvakare, . . . dzinopinza mhepo. Saka dzinopa pfungwa yenhema yokuchengeteka.”

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Kudyarazve miti musango kubatsira kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

AFP/Getty Mifananidzo; kumusoro nechokuruboshwe: Yakabudiswa nemvumo yeThe Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London (IWM H 42208); kumusoro nechokurudyi: Howard Hall/howardhall.com