“Usakanganwa Amburera Yako!”
NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUBRITAIN
ANENGE mazuva ose muBritain, vanhu vakawanda vanofamba neamburera. Unenge usina chokwadi kana kusingazonayi. “Usakanganwa amburera yako!” tinoudzana kudaro patinenge tava kubva pamusha—uye takarivara tinogona kuisiya mubhazi kana muchitima kana muchitoro. Chokwadi, tinowanzoona kaimba kedu kokufamba nako sekasina basa, sezvo tichingogona kutenga kamwe. Asi amburera haina kungogara ichionekwa sechinhu chenhando kudaro.
Nhoroondo Inokosha
Zviri pachena kuti amburera dzokutanga dzaive dzisiri dzokudzivirira mvura. Dzaiva zviratidzo zvezvinzvimbo uye rukudzo, dzaingova dzevanhu vanokosha chete. Zvivezwa nemifananidzo yezviuru zvemakore zveAssyria, Egypt, Persia, neIndia zvinoratidza vashandi vakabatira vatongi amburera kuti vasapiswe nezuva. MuAssyria, mambo chete ndiye aibvumirwa kuva neamburera.
Nhau inoratidza kuti amburera yakaramba ichishandiswa kumirira simba, zvikurukuru muAsia. Ukuru hwamambo hwaiwedzera maererano nenhamba dzeamburera dzaainge anadzo, sezvinoratidzwa namambo wokuBurma uyo ainzi Ishe weAmburera Makumi Maviri neIna. Dzimwe nguva uwandu hwenhurikidzwa dzayo hwaikosha. Amburera yamambo wokuChina yaiva nenhurikidzwa ina, uye yamambo weSiam yaiva nenomwe kana kuti pfumbamwe. Kunyange nanhasi amburera ichiri chiratidzo chechiremera mune dzimwe nyika dzoKumabvazuva uye dzeAfrica.
Amburera Dzechitendero
Payakatanga kuvapo munhau, amburera yakava nechokuita nechitendero. VaIjipiti vekare vaifunga kuti mwarikadzi Nut aidzivirira pasi rose nomuviri wake, sezvinongoita amburera. Saka vanhu vaifamba vari pasi pe“matenga” avo avaitakura kuti vadzivirirwe naye. MuIndia neChina, vanhu vaidavira kuti amburera yakabhebhenurwa yaimirira denga rose. VaBuddha vokutanga vaiishandisa sechiratidzo chaBuddha, uye matenga ezvivako zvavo aiwanzoiswa amburera. Amburera dzinoshandiswawo nevaHindu.
Amburera dzakasvikawo muGirisi kuma500 B.C.E., uko dzaitakurwa pamusoro pezvifananidzo zvavanamwari navanamwarikadzi pamitambo yechitendero. Vakadzi vokuAtene vaiva nevashandi vaivabatira amburera kuti vasapiswe nezuva, asi varume vashoma vaishandisa chinhu chakadaro. Kubva kuGirisi tsika yacho yakapararira ichipinda muRoma.
Chechi yeRoma Katurike yaishandisawo amburera pazvipfeko zvayo zvemhemberero. Papa aitanga kuoneka akafuka amburera yesiriki ine mitsetse mitsvuku neyero, nepo vafundisi vakuru nemabhishopu vaiva nedzakasvibira semashizha. Kunyange nhasi zvivako zvacho zvine chigaro chapapa chinenge chiine amburera ine mavara apapa. Mufundisi mukuru anotungamirira chechi papa afa kusvika pasarudzo yomumwe ane amburera yakewo inoratidza chinzvimbo chake munguva iyi.
Kubva Pakudzivirira Zuva Kuenda Pakudzivirira Mvura
Nhasi tinosiyanisa amburera inotidzivirira pamvura, neamburera inotidzivirira pazuva, asi pakutanga pamashoko acho hapana rine chokuita nemvura. Shoko rechiShona rokuti “amburera” rinobva pane rechiLatin rokuti umbra, rinoreva kuti “mumvuri.” Vanhu vokuChina kana kuti zvichida vakadzi veRoma yekare ndivo vakatanga kuisa mafuta nenamo paamburera dzavo dzezuva kuti vazvidzivirire pamvura. Zvisinei, pfungwa yokuzvidzivirira pazuva kana kuti pakunaya yakanyangarika muEurope kutozosvika muzana remakore rechi16 apo vanhu vokuItaly, uye gare gare vokuFrance, vakadziwanirazve basa.
Pakasvika zana remakore rechi18, vakadzi vomuBritain vakanga votanga kutakura amburera, kunyange zvazvo varume vakanga vachiri kuramba kutakura yavaiona semidziyo isina basa yakangokodzera vakadzi. Varidzi vezvitoro zvaitengeswa kofi ndivo chete vainge vasingadaro, nokuti vaiona kunaka kweamburera pakudzivirira kwayo vatengi pamamiriro okunze asina kunaka sezvavaiburuka mungoro dzavo. Vafundisi vakawanawo dzichibatsira chaizvo muzvivanze zvechechi pavaiita zvemariro mvura ichinaya.
Jonas Hanway mufambi aibatsira vanhu ndiye akachinja kushandiswa kweamburera muEngland. Anonzi ndiye murume wokutanga akava noushingi hwokuitakura paruzhinji muLondon. Acherechedza dzichishandiswa nevarume munzendo dzake dzemhiri kwemakungwa, akanga akatsunga kusveeredzwa nehasha nevatyairi vengoro dzemabhiza avo vaimudira mvura ine matope nemaune yaiyerera sezvavaipfuura. Kwemakore 30 Hanway aiwanzoonekwa aine amburera yake, uye panguva yaakafa muna 1786, varume nevakadzi vakanga vava kutakura amburera dzavo vachifara.
Kushandisa amburera yemvura mazuva iwayo kwaiva kusiri nyore. Amburera dzacho dzaiva dzakakura, dzairema, uye dzisingaratidziki zvakanaka. Machira adzo esiriki aiva nemafuta kana kuti erimwe jira nenhungo dzadzo uye mubato wadzo wainge wakagadzirwa netsanga kana pfupa rewhale zvaiita kuti dzisave nyore kuvhura padzainge dzatota, uye dzaipinda mvura. Kunyange zvakadaro, kushandiswa kwadzo kwakawedzera, zvikurukuru sezvo zvainge zvisingadhuri kutenga amburera pane kuhaya ngoro kana kwonaya. Vagadziri veamburera nezvitoro zvaigadzira zvakawedzera, uye vagadziri vadzo vakatanga kufunga nezvokudzinatsurudza. Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, Samuel Fox akanyoresa pamutemo somugadziri wokutanga weamburera yakanzi Paragon, yaiva yesimbi dzakareruka asi yakasimba. Machira asingaremi akadai sesiriki, kotoni, uye rineni yakaiswa namo akatsiva machira ekare airema. Amburera yemazuva ano yakanga yasvika.
Amburera Yeimwe Fashoni
Amburera yokuzvidzivirira pazuva zvino yakanga yakurumbira chaizvo seamburera yaiva mufashoni yomukadzi anoda zvomucheno muEngland. Zvichiratidza kuchinja kwefashoni, amburera yake inoyevedza yakaramba ichikura uye yaifukidzwa nesiriki yemhando dzose ine ruvara rwakajeka. Aiwanzotakura amburera inoenderana nezvaainge akapfeka uye yaisungirirwa tuchira twairembera, maribhoni, zvishongo, uye kunyange minhenga. Chokwadi pakasvika zana remakore rechi20, hakuna mukadzi anoremekedzeka uyo aida kuramba akataridzika zvakanaka aionekwa asina amburera.
Muma1920, amburera yedehwe rakasukutwa nezuva yakashandiswa chaizvo, uye amburera yejira yakanga yoda kunyangarika. Kwakabva zvino kwasvika nguva yejaya romuguta raipfeka richitevedzera mamwe majaya, raipfeka ngowani nhema, neamburera nhema inovharika yaraishandisawo setsvimbo.
Pashure pehondo yenyika yechipiri, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu rutsva rwakaita kuti pave neamburera dzaiva nani pamusika, dzakadai sedziya dzaigona kupeteka, dzaiva dzakagadzirwawo nemachira enylon isingapindi mvura, dzepolyester, uye dzepurasitiki. Zvitoro zvishoma zvichiripo zvinogadzira amburera dzakanaka dzinodhura. Asi mazuva ano, mafekitari anogadzira amburera dzisingadhuri dzakawanda dzemavara noukuru hwakasiyana-siyana, kubvira paamburera dzinokwana vanhu vaviri nehuru dzinokwana vakawanda kusvika kuduku dzakakura masendimita 15 dzinokwana mubhegi duku.
Kunyange zvazvo yaimboonekwa seyakanga isinganyanyi kukosha uye sechiratidzo chechinzvimbo munzanga, iye zvino amburera yava kutengeka nyore, uye iri pakati pezvinhu zvisingatani kurasika. Mudziyo unobatsira chaizvo pamamiriro okunze asina kunaka chero kupi zvakwo munyika yose, uye kushandiswa kwayo kwepakutanga sechokudzivirira nacho zuva kwavazve mufashoni mune dzimwe nyika, sezvo nyevero dzinowedzera kupiwa dzenjodzi dzinokonzerwa nezuva. Saka zvichida paunobva pamba pako nhasi, iwewo uchanzwa uchiyeuchidzwa kuti: “Usakanganwa amburera yako!”
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]
Kutenga Nokutarisira Amburera Yako
Sarudza uchitarisa zvayakanakira uye kusimba kwayo. Iya inopeteka isingadhuri inokwana muhomwe huru ingangove iine nhungo shoma asi haigoni kuramba yakabhebhenuka kana kuine mhepo yakanyanya. Ukuwo, iya isingapeteki ingadhura chaizvo, asi haiwanzokuvadzwi nemamiriro okunze uye inogara nguva refu. Zvechokwadi, amburera yakanaka inogona kugara makore akawanda. Chero mhando yaunosarudza, idzivirire padova uye pangura nokuisiya wakaivhura kuti iome zvakakwana usati waipeta zvakare. Kuichengeta muhomwe yayo kuchaita kuti irambe yakachena uye isina guruva.
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 17]
Mushandi anoitira mumvuri mambo weAsiria
Mukadzi womuGirisi yekare akabata amburera
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Mifananidzo: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]
Amburera yokuvhara zuva munenge muna 1900
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Culver Pictures