Mvura Yose Yakaenda Kupi?

Cherrapunji, kuIndia, ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo inonaya mvura zvikuru pasi pano. Mumwaka wokunaya kwemvura zhinji, mvura inosvika mamirimita 9 000 inonyorovesa zvikomo zvayo, zviri mujinga meMakomo eHimalaya. Kunyange zvazvo zvingaita sezvinoshamisa, Cherrapunji inewo dambudziko rokuperevedza kwemvura.

SEZVO kuine zvinomera zvishoma zvasara kuti zvibate mvura, inomhanya ichienda nokukurumidza sokungonaya kwainoita kubva mudenga. Mwedzi miviri mvura zhinji inonaya yaenda, mvura inotanga kupera. Makore akati kuti apfuura Robin Clarke, mubhuku rake rinonzi Water: The International Crisis, akarondedzera Cherrapunji se“gwenga rinonaya mvura yakawanda kwazvo pasi pano.”a

Cherrapunji haisiri kure neBangladesh, nyika ine vanhu vakawanda, iri pakadzikira uye inonyanya kukanganiswa nemvura zhinji inoyerera murutivi mezvikomo zveIndia neNepal musina chinhu. Mumamwe makore, zvinopfuura zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveBangladesh zvinofukidzwa nemafashamo. Asi kana mafashamo acho apera, Rwizi rweGanges runotanga kuserera, uye nyika yacho inooma. Vanhu vanodarika mamiriyoni 100 muBangladesh vanotarisana nenhamo iyi yemafashamo nokushayikwa kwemvura gore negore. Zvakatoipisisa zvikuru, mvura yomumatsime ikoko yakasvibiswa nemakemikari anouraya sora, ingadaro yakatokuvadza mamiriyoni evanhu.

MuNukus, Uzbekistan, kusiri kure kubva paGungwa reAral, munyu ndicho chinetso panzvimbo pemakemikari. Tumunyu tuchena, twakaomarara twuri kunamira padonje uye kukanganisa kukura kwaro. Munyu wacho unokwira uchibva muivhu repasi rakazara nemvura. Chinetso ichi hachisi chitsva. Mabasa okurima evaMesopotamiya akaparara makore zviuru zvina apfuura nokuda kwechikonzero ichochi. Kunyanya kudiridza pamwe chete nokusamwirira kwemvura kunoita kuti munyu uri muvhu uungane pamusoro. Kuti pave nomukohwe wakanaka, mvura yakachena yakawanda inofanira kushandiswa. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira ivhu racho harizobatsiri—kuzvizvarwa zvichauya.

Mvura Yose Inoenda Kupi?

Zvinosuruvarisa kuti mvura yakawanda inonaya iri dzvotsvotsvo chairo. Inokonzera mafashamo uyewo inoita kuti pave nemvura inomhanya zvikuru ichienda mugungwa. Uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinowana mvura yakawanda, nepo dzimwe dzinowana shoma. Cherrapunji yave ichizivikanwa nokuwana mamirimita anopfuura 26 000 emvura pamwedzi gumi nemiviri, nepo Atacama Desert iri kuchamhembe kweChile ingapedza makore anoverengeka isina kana mvura inomboshamisira.

Uyezve, vanhu vakawanda pasi pano vanogara munzvimbo dzisina mvura yakawanda. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vashomanana vanogara munzvimbo dzinopisa dzomuAfrica neSouth America kunogara kuchinaya. Gore roga roga Rwizi rukuru rweAmazon runorasira 15 muzana yemvura inoyerera muAtlantic Ocean, asi nokuti hamuna vanhu vakawanda vanogaramo, mvura shomanana inodiwa kushandiswa nevanhu. Ukuwo, vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 60 vanogara muEgypt, musinganyanyi kunaya mvura, uye mvura yavanoda kushandisa yose inofanira kubva muRwizi rweNile rwasara neshoma.

Makore akati kuti apfuura kuwanika uye kushayikwa kwemvura kwakadaro kune dzimwe nzvimbo hakuna kukonzera zvinetso zvakakomba. Maererano neimwe ongororo, muna 1950 hakuna nzvimbo pasi pano yaiva nedambudziko rokushomeka kana kushayisisa mvura. Asi nguva idzodzo dzokuva nemvura yakawanda dzachinja. Munzvimbo dzisinganayi mvura dzeNorth Africa neCentral Asia, uwandu hwemvura inowanikwa pamunhu hwakadzikira kusvika pa10 muzana pane zvazvakanga zvakaita muna 1950.

Kunze kwokuwedzera kwevagari vepasi uye kunaya kwemvura shoma munharaunda dzinogara vanhu vakawanda, kudiwa kwemvura kwakawedzerawo nemhaka yezvimwe zvikonzero. Munyika nhasi, kufambira mberi nokubudirira zvinofambidzana nokuwanika zvakanaka kwemvura.

Kudiwa Kwemvura Kuri Kuwedzera

Kana uchigara munyika yakabudirira, pasina mubvunzo wakaona kuti mafekitari anovakwa pedyo nenzizi huru. Chikonzero chacho chiri pachena. Maindasitiri anoda mvura kuti agadzire zvinhu zvose, kubvira pamakombiyuta kusvikira kumapini okubatisa mapepa. Kugadzirwa kwezvokudya kunodawo mvura yakawanda chaizvo. Magwenya emagetsi anoda mvura nguva dzose uye anovakwa pedyo nemadhamu kana nzizi.

Kudiwa kwemvura mune zvokurima kwakatokura. Munzvimbo dzakawanda mvura inonaya ishoma kana kuti haikwani kuti pave nomukohwe wakanaka, saka kudiridza kunoratidzika sokuti ndiko kungatoraramisa nyika ine nzara. Nemhaka yokurarama nezvirimwa zvinoita zvokudiridzwa kurima kunoshandisa mvura yakachena yakawanda pasi pano.

Uyezve, mvura inoshandiswa pamba yakawedzerawo. Muma1990, vagari vatsva vomumaguta vanokwana mamiriyoni 900 vaida masiweji akanaka uye kukwanisa kuwana mvura yakachena. Zvinhu zvagara zvichipa vanhu mvura, zvakadai senzizi uye matsime, hazvichawanisi maguta makuru mvura yakakwana. Somuenzaniso, Mexico City inofanira kudhonza mvura kubva kunzvimbo iri kure nemakiromita 125 uye inopombwa nomumakomo akakwirira mamita 1 200. Mumushumo wake unoti: Water: The Life-Giving Source, Dieter Kraemer anoti mamiriro acho ezvinhu akaita semidzi yomuti iri kutsvaka mvura kwose kwose.

Saka, maindasitiri, zvokurima, uye maguta zvose zvave zvichichemera mvura yakawanda. Uye panguva ino mvura yakawanda yazvinoda yakaita zvokudhonzwa kubva munzvimbo dzinowanikwa mvura yepasi—mvura yepasi pevhu. Zvisipiti zvepasi ndizvo zvimwe zvine mvura yakachena pasi pano. Asi naizvo zvinopwawo. Zvisipiti zvakadaro zvakaita semari iri mubhengi. Haungakwanisi kuramba uchiitora kana uchiisa mari shoma. Pane imwe nguva, musi wokuzvidavirira uchasvika.

Kushandiswa Zvakanaka Nezvisina Kunaka Kwemvura iri Pasi Pevhu

Mvura iri pasi pevhu ndiyo yatinodhonza patinochera tsime. Mushumo weUnited Nations Children’s Fund unoti Groundwater: The Invisible and Endangered Resource unotaura kuti hafu yemvura inoshandiswa pamabasa epamba uye pakudiridza zvirimwa inobva pasi. Sezvo mvura iri pasi isinganyanyi kusvibiswa pane mvura inoyerera, ndiyo yatinonyanya kunwa, mumaguta uye mumaruwa. Dai taidhonza ine mwero, mvura iri pasi yaizoramba isingaperi, sezvo ichiramba ichiwedzerwa nemvura inonaya inomwirira muvhu yakananga kuzvisipiti izvi. Asi kwemakumi emakore vanhu vave vachidhonza mvura yakawanda pane inogona kutsiviwa neinonaya.

Izvi zvinoguma nokuti mvura iri pasi inodzikira, uye zvinobva zvadhura kana kuti zvinobva zvaoma kuchera zvakadzika kusvika pairi. Panooma tsime, vanhu noupfumi zvinopinda munjodzi. MuIndia njodzi dzakadaro dzakatotanga kuitika. Sezvo zvokudya zvevanhu bhiriyoni vanogara mumapani ari pakati peChina neIndia zvichidiridzwa nemvura yepasi, mamiriro acho ezvinhu anovhundutsa.

Kusvibiswa kwemvura kunowedzerawo pakuderera kwemvura iri pasi iyi. Fetiraiza, tsvina yevanhu nemhuka, makemikari omumaindasitiri zviri kusvibisa mvura iri pasi. “Kana chisipiti changosvibiswa, kuda kugadzirisa kungatora nguva yakareba uye kungadhura, kunyange kusabvira,” unotsanangura kudaro mushumo wakabudiswa neWorld Meteorological Organization. “Kusvibiswa kwayo zvishoma nezvishoma kwave kuchinzi ‘ibhomba rakangomirira kuputika.’ Zvinotyisidzira vanhu.”

Chinhu chokupedzisira chisingafadzi ndechokuti mvura inotorwa pasi ingaguma yava kukuvadza ivhu rainenge ichida kudiridza. Minda yakawanda inodiridzwa munyika dzisinganayi mvura kana kuti dzinonaya shoma iye zvino ine chinetso chomunyu. MuIndia neUnited States—nyika dzinorima zvokudya zvakawanda pasi pose—25 muzana yeminda inodiridzwa yakatoparadzwa zvakanyanya.

Rega Kupambadza Kuti Urege Kuzoshayiwa

Pasinei nezvinetso zvose izvi, mamiriro ezvinhu aisazooma zvakadai kudai mvura inokosha yepasi yaishandiswa nokungwaririra zvikuru. Nzira dzokudiridza dzinopambadza kakawanda kacho dzinopedza 60 muzana yemvura yacho isati yasvika kuzvirimwa zvacho. Kunyatsoshandisa zvinhu zviripo kunogona kuderedza mvura inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri nehafu. Uye kunyange mvura inoshandiswa mumaguta inogona kuderedzwa ne30 muzana dai pombi dzinoputika dzaikurumidza kugadziriswa.

Kuti vanhu vachengetedze mvura vanofanira kunge vachida kuita matanho akati kuti uye vachiziva nzira dzokuaita nadzo. Pane zvikonzero zvakanaka here zvokudavira kuti mvura inokosha yepasi redu ichachengetedzwa nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvichauya? Nyaya yedu yokupedzisira ichakurukura mubvunzo uyu.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 23]

MVURA INOITA KUTI PASI RISHANDE ZVAKANAKA

Anenge maindasitiri ose anoshandisa mvura yakawanda kwazvo.

◼ Kugadzira makirogiramu 1 000 esimbi kungada makirogiramu 280 000 emvura.

◼ Kugadzira mapepa anorema kirogiramu imwe kungada makirogiramu 700 emvura (kana fekitari yacho isingashandisizve mvura inenge yamboshandiswa).

◼ Pakugadzira motokari, mugadziri wacho anoshandisa mvura inopeta ka50 uremu hwemotokari yacho.

Zvokurima zvingashandisawo mvura yakawanda kwazvo, kunyanya kana zvipfuwo zvichichengetwa munzvimbo dzepasi dzisinganayi mvura yakawanda.

◼ Kugadzira kirogiramu imwe chete yenyama kubva pamombe dzenyama dzokuCalifornia kunoda marita 20 500 emvura.

◼ Kungogeza huku imwe nokuiisa mufiriji kunoda anenge marita 26 emvura.

[Girafu/Mifananidzo iri papeji 24]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

MVURA YACHO INOSHANDISWA KUPI?

Zvokurima 65%

Mumaindasitiri 25%

Mudzimba 10%

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 25]

Mamiriyoni emarita emvura anopambadzwa nemhaka yepombi dzinoputika uye pombi dzinosiyiwa dzakavhurika

[Kwazvakatorwa]

AP Photo/Richard Drew