Kutsvaka Paradhiso Isina Zvinetso

“CHATIRI kuda kuita chete kugadzira mararamire akachengeteka uye zvichida akare umo vanhu vanoitirana hanya,” vakatsanangura kudaro vamwe varoorani veBritain. Vakasarudza kutsvaka paradhiso yapachitsuwa chomunzvimbo dzapasi dzinopisa uye imomo voita nzanga yaizogara pamwe chete norugare. Pasina mubvunzo unogona kunzwisisa mirangariro yavo. Ndiani asingasvetukiri mukana wokurarama muparadhiso isina zvinetso?

Kuzviparadzanisa Ndiyo Mhinduro Here?

Pfungwa yokugara pachitsuwa inofadza vatsvaki veparadhiso vakawanda, nokuti kuzviparadzanisa kunogovera mwero wakati wechengeteko. Vamwe vanosarudza zvitsuwa zviri pedyo nePacific Coast yePanama muCaribbean, zvakadai seizvo zviri pedyo neBelize. Vamwe vanoisa ngwariro yavo kunzvimbo dzinofadza dziri muIndian Ocean—Seychelles, somuenzaniso.

Maudzame anobatanidzwa mukuita nzanga iri yoga anokurira fungidziro. Kunyange kudai mari yakakwana yaiwanika, mitemo yehurumende iripo ingaganhurira kutenga nzvimbo kwokukurumidza. Asi ngatitii chitsuwa chomunzvimbo dzapasi dzinopisa chakakodzera chaigona kuwanika, waizofara ikoko here? Paradhiso yako yaizova isina zvinetso here?

Zvitsuwa zviri kure zviri mumahombekombe eBritain zvino zvine vagari vemo vanowedzera. Vagari vemo vazvo vatsva zvikurukuru vanhu vari kutsvaka kuva voga norugare. Mumwe murume anogara ari oga pachitsuwa chamaeka 250 cheEorsa, pedyo nemahombekombe okumavirira kweScotland, anoti haatongosurikirwi nemhaka yokuti ane zvakawanda kwazvo zvokuita achitarisira boka rake ramakwai ane zana. Vamwe vakatsvaka kuva voga pachitsuwa nokukurumidza vakasurikirwa. Vamwe vanoshumwa kuve vakaedza kuzviuraya uye vaida kununurwa.

Vanhu vakawanda vanodavira kuti chitsuwa chinofadza chomunzvimbo dzapasi dzinopisa chaizova paradhiso. Kugara mumamirire okunze anofadza ane kunyanyisa kwamamirire okunze kushoma kunokwezva kwavari. Asi kuitira hanya pamusoro pokudziya kwokunze kwenyika kunobvira nomwero wegungwa unopedzisira wakwira zvakaparira kuvhunduka pakati pavagari vapazvitsuwa vakawanda. Vagari vomuzvitsuwa zvecoral zvakaderera zvinoumba nharaunda yeTokelau muWestern Pacific pamwe chete naavo vemumaMaldives akapararira muzvitsuwa zveIndian Ocean, zvakakwirira asingapfuuri mafiti matanhatu kupfuura mwero wegungwa kana mvura yakwirira, vanonzwa vatyisidzirwa nenzira yakafanana.

Dzinenge hurumende 40 dzakasiyana-siyana dzakabatana pamwe chete mumubatanidzwa weSmall Island Developing States kuti dziwane tsigiro munhamo yadzo. Kunyange zvazvo vagari vapazvitsuwa zviduku kazhinji kazhinji vane nduramo refu youpenyu uye kufa kwavacheche vavo kwakaderera, vanopfuurira kutarisana nezvinetso zvemhoteredzo zvakakomba. Mafuta anorasikira nemakungwa anetsvina anovhiringidza upfumi hwezvimwe zvitsuwa. Zvimwe zvinova pokurasira tsvina ine chepfu iyo nyika huru zvikuru dzinoda kurasa.

Kunyange kudiwa chaiko kwezvitsuwa senzvimbo dzavatsvaki veparadhiso kunotyisidzira. Sei? Vashanyi vanodirana kumahombekombe anopisa vanoparira kuwandisa kwavanhu nokupedza zvokushandisa zvishoma. Vashanyi ava vanoparira chinetso chokushatsa. MuCaribbean, somuenzaniso, chikamu chimwe bedzi mugumi chetsvina yavashanyi vane mamiriyoni 20 pagore chinoiswa mushonga.

Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoitika mudzimwe nzvimbo dzinoshanyirwa. Rangarira chinoitika cheGoa iri kumavirira kwamahombekombe eIndia. “Vashanyi vakawandisa ‘vari kushatisa paradhiso,’” yakadaro Independent on Sunday yeLondon. Fungidziro dzehurumende dzinoratidza wedzero kubva pavashanyi 10 000 muna 1972 kusvika kuvanopfuura miriyoni imwe pamavambo ama90. Rimwe boka rinonyevera kuti ukama hwezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo hweGoa husingatani kuparara netsika yayo yechienzi zviri kutyisidzirwa noudyire hwavaridzi vehotera vanodisa kuwana mari kuvashanyi vanouya vakawanda. Mushumo wehurumende yeIndia unosimbisa kuti mamwe mahotera avapo pamahombekombe zvisiri pamutemo. Jecha racherwa, miti yatemwa, uye mirwi yejecha yaparadzwa. Tsvina inorasirwa pamahombekombe kana kuti inopinda mumatoro ari pedyo, zvichiparadzira kushatsa.

Pasina Utsotsi Here?

Kupinda zvishoma nezvishoma kwoutsotsi kunoshatisa mukurumbira wenzvimbo kunyange dzine rugare zvikurusa. Kuchitsuwa chiduku cheCaribbean cheBarbuda kunouya mushumo une musoro unoti “Kuuraya muParadhiso.” Wakatsanangura muudzame kuurawa kunotyisa kwavanhu vana vaiva mugwa roumbozha raiva raenda kure nemahombekombe echitsuwa. Zviitiko zvakaita seichi zvinokudza kuva nehanya pamusoro pokupararira kwoutsotsi munharaunda yacho yose.

“Zvinodhaka Zvinoparira Hondo Dzamapoka ‘muParadhiso’” waiva musoro womushumo muThe Sunday Times yeLondon pamusoro peimwe nyika yeCentral America. Mupepeti wenhau womunzvimbomo akakungura kuti rugare pakanga pasisina, achitsinhira kuti: “Zvino ndokwenguva dzose kumuka mangwanani uchiwana mwana ane makore 16 okukura akarara mudziva reropa mumugwagwa.”

Avo vanovavarira kugara muparadhiso yenzanga vanokarira kukwezva vanhu vachabvuma kugara norugare. Asi ndezvipi zviri zvinhu chaizvoizvo? Kusabvumirana kwakakurumidza kuvapo muchinoitika chavaroorani veBritain vadudzwa pamavambo. Vamwe vakakumbira kukumbanira chirongwa chavo nenzira yakajeka vaida kuita mari kubva muchirongwa chacho. “Hatidi vatungamiriri,” akazivisa kudaro muvambi wacho. “Pfungwa yacho ndeyokupa pfuma yedu kuti zvinhu zvose zviitwe. Ndinoidaidza kuti nzanga yeUtopia.” Ichi hachisi chirongwa chokutanga chakadaro.—Ona bhokisi “Kuedzwa kweParadhiso Yenzanga.”

Vamwe vatsvaki veparadhiso vanodavira kuti vachasvika nharidzano dzavo kupfurikidza nokuhwina rotari. Asi kashoma kuti mhindu inowanika nenzira iyi iunze mufaro. Muna February 1995, The Sunday Times yakashuma kuti mhuri yomuhwini werotari mukurusa weBritain kusvika panguvayo akatambura kurwisana kwakakomba; kuhwina hakuna kuvaunzira chinhu kunze kwe“pfundepfunde, kurwisana uye kuora mwoyo.” Izvi hazvisi zvechienzi mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.

Mukunzverwa kwokutsvaka kwomunhu Utopia, mutori wenhau Bernard Levin anotsinhira pamusoro pe“chiroto chokupfuma pakarepo,” uye anoti: “Sezvakangoita zviroto zvakawanda kwazvo, chiroto chakashata hachisi kure. Kune nyaya dzakawanda dzine ufakazi dzoupfumi hwapakarepo hunotungamirira kunjodzi chaiyo (kubatanidza kuzviuraya) kuti tidzirambe samasanga.”

Zvakadini Namasekete Ezuva Rokutongwa?

Zvimwe zvirongwa zveparadhiso zvakava nezvakashata zvikuru. Richishuma nezvekukombwa kwomusha wavaBranch Davidian navanoita kuti mitemo yehurumende iteererwe shure muna 1993, paWaco, Texas, pepanhau rakatsinhira pamusoro po“musanganiswa wepfuti, kudzorwa kwendangariro uye muporofita wezuva rokutongwa” uyo wakatungamirira kungwavaira. Nenzira inosuruvarisa, ichi hachisi chiitiko chechienzi.

Vateveri vomushakabvu Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, mutungamiriri womudzimu wechiIndia, vakaita nzanga muOregon asi vakagumbura vavakidzani vavo. Kupfuma kwomutungamiriri wavo nokuedza vatano kwavaiita kwakashoresa kutaura kwavo kwokuva vakaita “nzvimbo yakaisvonaka.”

Masekete mazhinji anotungamirirwa navanhu vane tariro dzeparadhiso vanorayira vateveri vavo kuita miitiro yechienzi, iyo dzimwe nguva inoguma namasimba masimba. Anonyora chikamu chepepanhau Ian Brodie anotsanangura kuti: “Masekete anogovera nzvimbo tsvene nenzanga yakarongwa nokuda kwaavo vanorangarira kuti havana tariro kana kuti vasingagoni kugonana nedzvinyiriro dzenyika chaiyoiyo.” Kunyange zvakadaro, mashoko ake anopupurira idi rokuti vanhu vakawanda vangafarira kugara muparadhiso.

Paradhiso Isina Zvinetso

Ndaza yezvinetso inoita seisingaperi: kushatsa, utsotsi, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwemirimo, kutsvikinyidzana, kurwisana kwamadzinza, kumukira kwezvamatongerwe enyika—tisingatauri chinhu pamusoro pezvinetso zviya zvinozivikanwa navanhu vose, hosha norufu. Mhedziso inofanira kuva yokuti hakuna pasi pano kune paradhiso isina zvinetso chose chose. Bernard Levin anobvuma kuti: “Pane chiratidzo chitema pachinyorwa chomunhu, uye chinoratidzika kuve chave chiripo nguva yakareba sokuvapo kwomunhu. Chiri muchimiro chokusakwanisa kwomunhu kugara achifara pedyo navamwe vanhu vanopfuura vashomanene zvikurusa.”

Zvisinei, kuchava neparadhiso yapasi rose ichava zvechokwadi isina zvinetso. Kugara kwayo kunovimbiswa nesimba rinopfuura romunhu. Zvirokwazvo, kunyange zvino vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni mashanu vari kushandira nharidzano iyoyo, uye nechekare vanofarikanya chinzwano chinokosha uye mhoteredzo ine zvinetso zvishoma pakati pavo vamene. Unogona kuvawana kupi? Unogona sei kugoverana tariro yakafanana nebetsero dzavanofarikanya zvino? Uye Paradhiso iyoyo iri kuuya ichagara kwenguva yakareba sei?

[Bhokisi riri papeji 6]

Kuedzwa kweParadhiso Yenzanga

Mumavambo ezana ramakore rechi19, wezvegutsaruzhinji wechiFrench Étienne Cabet (1788-1856) navasonganiri 280 vakagadzira nzanga muNauvoo, Illinois, yakanga yakarongwa sezvaaifunga. Asi mukati mamakore masere gakava guru rakamuka munzanga zvokuti nokukurumidza yakaparara, sezvakaita mapoka akafanana muIowa neCalifornia.

Mumwe murume wechiFrench, Charles Fourier (1772-1837), akatanga pfungwa dzenzanga yomushandirapamwe wokurima ine mitoro inochinja nokuda kwemitezo yayo yose. Munhu mumwe nomumwe aizowana mubhadharo wakavakirwa pakubudirira kweboka rose zvaro. Asi nzanga dzakavakirwa papfungwa idzi mose muri muviri muFrance nomuUnited States dzakavapo kwenguva pfupi.

Painenge nguva imwe cheteyo, wezvokuchinjwa kwenzanga wechiWelsh Robert Owen (1771-1858) akakarakadza misha yemushandirapamwe umo mazana avanhu aizogara pamwe chete ane kicheni nenzvimbo dzokudyira zvenzanga. Mhuri dzimwe nedzimwe dzaizogara mudzimba dzadzo dzimene ndokutarisira vana vadzo dzimene kusvikira vasvika zera ramakore matatu. Pashure pezvo, kutarisirwa kwavo kwaiitwa nenzanga yose. Asi kuedza kwaOwen kwakakundikana, uye akarasikirwa nepfuma yake zhinji.

John Noyes (1811-1886) akava muvambi weinonzi neThe New Encyclopædia Britannica “nzanga yakabudirira zvikurusa yeutopian socialism muUnited States.” Apo vateveri vake vakarega kuroora mukwanyina mumwe ndokubvumidza vatano nokungobvumirana bedzi pakati pavose, Noyes akasungwa nokuda kwoupombwe.

Guta reLaissez Faire, rudzi rwe“Utopia yecapitalism” muCentral America, kuedza kwazvino uno kwokugadzira nzanga yakadaro yeUtopia, yakashuma kudaro The Sunday Times yeLondon. Chirongwa chakatsvaka vanotanga mabhizimisi. Vakwezviwa nekariro dzokugara mu“guta rechishamiso romuzana ramakore rechi21,” vatsvaki veparadhiso vakakumbirwa kutumira $50 000 vokumbanira rudzi rwokutengesa kunopfuudzwa kuvamwe, vachitsvaka vanhu vane pfungwa yakafanana avo, vaizoshandisawo mari yavo mubhizimisi. Kunoshumwa kuti, zvinongoitwa neichi chitsama chose chemari kubhadhara tikiti rendege rokunoona nzvimbo “kana nyika ichizombonyengetedzwa kupa nzvimbo yokuvakira, uye kuti hotera duku ivakwe ipapo,” rakatsinhira kudaro pepanhau racho. Hapana tariro chaiyoiyo ye“paradhiso” ipi neipi inoitwa ipapo.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

Chitsuwa chinofadza vatsvaki vakawanda veparadhiso. Asi nhasi utsotsi hunosvipisa kunyange nzvimbo dzine rugare zvikurusa