Ngoma dzeAfrica Dzinotaura Chaizvoizvo Here?
Yakanyorwa nomunyori weMukai! muNigeria
MUKATI morwendo rwake achidzika noRwizi rwaCongo muna 1876-1877, mupanguri Henry Stanley akava nomukana muduku wokurangarira kunaka kwokuridza ngoma kwomunzvimbomo. Nokuda kwake navaaifamba navo, shoko rengoma raigona kazhinji kazhinji kupfupikiswa mushoko rimwe: hondo. Kuririra pasi uko vakanzwa kwaireva kuti vakanga voda kurwiswa navarwi vanotyisa vakashonga mapfumo.
Makanga muri bedzi munguva dzapashure, maive norugare zvikuru umo Stanley akaziva kuti ngoma dzaigona kutaura zvakawanda zvikuru sei kupfuura kudaidzira hondo. Achirondedzera rimwe boka rorudzi raigara mumativi eCongo, Stanley akanyora kuti: “[Ivo] havasati vava nezviratidzo zvamagetsi asi vane, zvisinei, mutoo wokufambiswa kwamashoko unoshanda zvakanaka zvakafanana zvikuru. Ngoma dzavo huru dzinorohwa mumativi akasiyana-siyana dzinopa mutauro wakajeka zvakafanana kunyanzvi somutauro unotaurwa.” Stanley akaziva kuti varidzi vengoma vaitumira chinopfuura zvikuru chiratidzo chehwamanda kana kuti bhero; ngoma dzaigona kutumira mashoko chaiwo.
Mashoko akadaro aigona kupfuudzwa kubva pamusha kuenda pamusha. Dzimwe ngoma dzainzwika kwechinhambwe chamamaira mashanu kusvika kumanomwe, zvikurukuru kana dzairidzwa usiku mugwa rinoyangarara kana kuti pamusoro pegomo. Varidzi vengoma vari kure vaiteerera, vainzwisisa, uye vaipfuudza mashoko acho kuna vamwe. Mufambi weEngland A. B. Lloyd akanyora muna 1899 kuti: “Ndakaudzwa kuti kubva pamusha mumwe kuenda kune mumwe, chinhambwe chamamaira anopfuura 100, shoko raigona kutumirwa muasingasviki maawa maviri, uye ndinodavira zvikuru kuti kunobvira kuti kuitwe munguva pfupi zvikuru.”
Muzana ramakore rechi20 chaimo, ngoma dzakapfuurira kuita rutivi rwunokosha mukupfuudza mashoko. Bhuku rinonzi Musical Instruments of Africa, rakabudiswa muna 1965, rakati: “Ngoma dzinotaura dzinoshandiswa sefoni uye teregirafu. Marudzi ose amashoko anotumirwa—kuzivisa kuzvarwa, nzufu, uye michato; mitambo, kutamba, uye mitambo yokugadza; mashoko ehurumende, uye hondo. Dzimwe nguva ngoma dzinopfuudza guhwa kana kuti majee.”
Asi ngoma dzacho dzaifambisa sei mashoko? MuEurope nokumwewo, mashoko aitumirwa namagetsi nomuwaya dzeteregirafu. Bhii rimwe nerimwe rearufabheti raipiwa chiratidzo charo rimene kuitira kuti mashoko nemitsetse zvigogona kupereterwa bhii panguva. Vanhu veCentral Africa, zvisinei, vakanga vasina mutauro unonyorwa, naizvozvo ngoma dzaisaperetera mashoko. Varidzi vengoma veAfrica vaishandisa mutoo wakasiyana.
Mutauro Wengoma
Chinokosha kukunzwisisa kufambisa mashoko nengoma chinotsamira pamitauro yeAfrica pachayo. Mitauro mizhinji yeCentral neWest Africa ine zvikurukuru kunzwika kuviri—sirabhuro rimwe nerimwe reshoko riri rose rinotaurwa rine kumwe kwokunzwika kuviri kunokosha, kwakakwira kana kuti zvimwe kwakaderera. Kuchinja kunzwika kunochinja shoko racho. Rangarira, somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti lisaka, romutauro weKele weZaire. Apo masirabhuro ose matatu anodudzwa nenzwi rakaderera, shoko racho rinoreva kuti “matope kana kuti murove”; kududzwa kwamasirabhuro kwakaderera-kwakaderera-kwakakwira kunoreva kuti “chipikirwa”; kududza kwakaderera-kwakakwira-kwakakwira kunoreva “chepfu.”
Ngoma dzine gomba dzeAfrica dzinoshandiswa kutumira mashoko dzinewo kurira kuviri, kwakakwira nokwakaderera. Nenzira yakafanana, apo ngoma dzakakakwa nedehwe dzinotumira mashoko, dzinoshandiswa dziri mbiri mbiri, imwe ngoma inorira zvakakwira imwe inorira zvakaderera. Nokudaro, muridzi wengoma ane unyanzvi anofambisa mashoko kupfurikidza nokutevedzera mutoo wokunzwika wamashoko anoumba mutauro wacho. Bhuku rinonzi Talking Drums of Africa rinoti: “Uyu unonzi mutauro wengoma wakafanana zvikuru nomutauro unotaurwa worudzi rwacho.”
Chokwadika, mutauro une kunzwika kuviri kazhinji kazhinji une mashoko mazhinji ane kunzwika nemasirabhuro zvakafanana. Somuenzaniso, mumutauro weKele, mazita anenge 130 ane mutoo wokunzwika wakafanana (kukwidza-kukwidza) sasango (baba). Anopfuura 200 ane mutoo wakafanana (kuderera-kukwidza) sanyango (amai). Kudzivisa nyongano, varidzi vengoma vanogovera mashoko akapoteredza nokuda kwamashoko akadaro, vachiabatanidza nechitsama chamashoko chipfupi chinonyatsozivikanwa chine musiyano wakakwana zvokugonesa muteereri kunzwisisa zviri kutaurwa.
Kutaura Nengoma Dzine Gomba
Rumwe rudzi rwengoma inotaura ingoma yomuti ine gomba. (Ona mufananidzo uri papeji 23. Ngoma dzakadaro dzinogadzirwa kupfurikidza nokuchera gomba muchikamu chomuti. Hapana dehwe rakakakwa kumugumo mumwe nomumwe. Kunyange zvazvo ngoma iri pamufananidzo ine makomba maviri, zhinji dzine gomba rimwe refu. Kurova pamuromo pegomba kunoburitsa kurira kwakakwira; kurova pane mumwe muromo kunoburitsa kurira kwakaderera. Ngoma dzine gomba kazhinji kazhinji dzakareba mita inenge imwe, kunyange zvazvo dzichigona kuva pfupi sehafu yemita kana kuti kureba samamita maviri. Kukora kungava masendimita 20 kusvika kuinenge mita imwe.
Ngoma dzine gomba dzaishandiswa zvinopfuura kungotumira mashoko kubva pamusha kuenda pamusha. Munyori weCameroon Francis Bebey akarondedzera basa reidzi ngoma mukwikwidzano dzomutsimba. Sezvo mapoka maviri anokwikwidzana aigadzirira kusangana panzvimbo yemitambo yomumusha, shasha dzacho dzaitamba zvinowirirana nomutinhimira wengoma dzine gomba apo ngoma dzaiimba rumbidzo dzadzo. Ngoma yorumwe rutivi ingazivisa kuti: “Shasha, wakambosangana neakafanana newe here? Ndiani anogona kukwikwidzana newe, tiudze kuti ndiani? Izvi zvisikwa zvinonzwisa tsitsi . . . zvinofunga kuti zvinogona kukukurira nekamwe [kamunhu] kazvinodaidza kuti shasha . . . , asi hakuna anombogona kukukurira.” Vaimbi vari munzvimbo yokukwikwidzana vainzwisisa uku kutuka kunosetsa ndokuridza mhinduro yokukurumidza yechirevo vachiti: “Katsoko . . . katsoko . . . kanoda kukwira muti asi munhu ari wose anofunga kuti kachawa. Asi katsoko kane chisimbwa, hakawi kachibva mumuti, kachakwira kusvika kumusoro chaiko, aka katsoko.” Ngoma dzaipfuurira kuvaraidza mumakwikwi ose omutsimba.
Ngoma Dzinotaura Zvakanakisisa Kupfuura Dzose
Ngoma dzakakakwa dzinodzipfuura. Ngoma yauri kuona mumufananidzo uri kurudyi inonzi dundun; ndiyo ngoma yakakurumbira inotaura yeYoruba, muNigeria. Yakaita sehourglass, iyi ngoma yakakakwa nedehwe rembudzi kurutivi rumwe norumwe, rakatetepa, rakasukutwa. Mativi anobatanidzwa netambo dzedehwe. Apo tambo dzacho dzinodhonzwa, dehwe rinokakika kuitira kuti rigogona kuburitsa manotsi akawanda. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa chimuti chokuridzisa chakakombama uye kuchinja maririro nomutinhimira, muridzi wengoma ane unyanzvi anogona kutevedzera kukwira nokuderera kwenzwi romunhu. Varidzi vengoma nokudaro vanogona kuita “kurukurirano” navamwe varidzi vengoma avo vanogona kududzira ndokuridza mutauro wengoma.
Muna May 1976 mano anoshamisa evaridzi vengoma okufambisa mashoko vachishandisa ngoma akaratidzirwa navaimbi vomuzinda wamambo weYoruba. Vazvipiri vaibva muvateereri vakazevezera nhevedzano yemirayiridzo kumuridzi wengoma mukuru uyowo, akaridzira mirayiridzo yacho kune mumwe muimbi aiva kure nechivanze chomuzinda. Achidavidza kumirayiridzo yairidzwa, muimbi akafamba achibva panzvimbo imwe achienda pane imwe uye akaita chiito chipi kana chipi chaakakumbirwa kuita.
Hakusi nyore kudzidzira kutumira shoko rengoma. Munyori I. Laoye akati: “Kuridza ngoma kweYoruba unyanzvi hunonetsa nohwakaoma hunoda makore akawanda okufunda. Muridzi wengoma haangodikanirwi bedzi kuva namano makuru okushandisa maoko neokunzwisisa mutinhimira, asiwo yeuko yakanaka yenhetembo nenhau yetaundi.”
Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura ngoma dzeAfrica hadzichatauri zvikuru sezvadzaiita, kunyange zvazvo dzichine rutivi rwunokosha mukuimba. Bhuku rinonzi Musical Instruments of Africa rinoti: “Kudzidzira kuridza mashoko pangoma kwakaoma zvikurusa; nokudaro, uhu unyanzvi huri kunyangarika nokukurumidza muAfrica.” Nyanzvi yezvinobudisa mashoko Robert Nicholls anowedzera kuti: “Ngoma huru zvikurusa dzomunguva yakapfuura, dzaiva nokurira kwaifamba mamaira uye idzo dzaiva nebasa bedzi rokupfuudza mashoko, dzava kutsakatika.” Vanhu vazhinjisa mazuva ano vanokuwana kwakakodzera zvikurusa kushandisa runhare.
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 25]
Ngoma ine gomba
Ngoma yeYoruba inotaura