Hondo Dzorudzidziso muFrance
PASVONDO, March 1, 1562, muchinda weGuise nomunin’ina wake Charles, mufundisi wekuLorraine—vatungamiriri vaviri vechiKaturike chomuFrance—vakanga vakatasva mabhiza nevarindi vavo vane zvombo vakananga Vassy, musha uri kumabvazuva kweParis. Vakasarudza kumira pachechi iri muVassy kuti vapinde Misa.
Kamwe kamwe vakanzwa nziyo dzichiimbwa. Kuimba kwacho kwakabva kumazana anoverengeka evaPurotesitendi vakanga vakaungana muziimba kuti vanamate. Varwi vakapinda nechisimba. Mukati mevhiringidziko yakatevera yacho, pakatukanwa uye ipapo vakavamba kutemana nematombo. Varwi vakatanga kupfura, vachiuraya vaPurotesitendi vakawanda nokukuvadza vamwe vane zana.
Zviitikoi zvakatungamirira kuuku kupondwa kwevakawanda? VaPurotesitendi vakaitei?
Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare Enhau
Mukati mehafu yokutanga yezana remakore rechi16, France yakanga ichibudirira uye ine nhamba yavagari vemo yakanaka. Kubudirira kwezveupfumi uku nokuwanda kwevagari vemo kwakava pamwe chete nenhamburiko dzokushandisa chimiro chechiKaturike choumudzimu nechouhama zvikuru. Vanhu vakanga vachida chechi yaizova yakapfuma zvishoma uye iri tsvene zvikuru. Mimwe mitezo yeboka revafundisi pamwe chete nevamwe vatsoropodzi vakadzidza vakarayira chinjo dzerudzidziso kuti varwise kubata zvisina kufanira kwaiitwa nevakuru vakuru verudzidziso nokusakwanirisa kwevafundisi vaduku. Mumwe mufundisi uyo akavavarira kuita chinjo akanga ari bhishopu weKaturike Guillaume Briçonnet.
Muruwa rwake rweMeaux, Briçonnet akakurudzira vose kurava Magwaro. Akatoripira kushandurwa patsva kweMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki kuisa muchiFrench. Nokukurumidza akatsamwirwa neSorbonne University of Theology muParis, muchengeti weorthodox yeKaturike, kuchidzongonyedza nhamburiko dzake. Asi bhishopu akanga ane dziviriro yaFrancis I, mambo weFrance kubvira muna 1515 kusvikira muna 1547. Panguva yacho, mambo wacho akanga achifarira chinjo.
Francis I, zvisinei, akashivirira kutsoropodzwa kwechechi kusvikira bedzi kumwero wokuti kwaisazotyisidzira nhevedzano yavose nokubatana kwenyika. Muna 1534, vanyanyisi vechiPurotesitendi vakamisa zvikwangwani zvaituka Misa yeKaturike sekunamata zvidhori, vachitorovera chikwangwani pasuo reimba yamambo yokurara.
Udzvinyiriri Hweutsinye
VaPurotesitendi nokukurumidza vakanga vava kupisirwa padanda. Vatsoropodzi vazhinji, vanyaradzi vavo, uye vateveri vechiPurotesitendi chitsva vakatiza munyika. Zviremera zvakavamba kunzvera zvinobudiswa mumabhuku nokudzora vadzidzisi, vabudisi vezvinyorwa, uye vadhindi.
VaWaldense veFrance vakagamuchira musengwa wose wechishoro chehurumende. Vakanga vari boka revashoma revanhu vaida zveBhaibheri vaigara mumisha yourombo nechekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwenyika yacho. Vamwe vakapisirwa padanda, mazana akapondwa, uye inenge 20 yemisha yavo yakaparadzwa.—Ona bhokisi riri papeji 6.
Ichiziva nezvekudikanwa kwokuchinja mukati mechechi, musangano wemabhishopu eKaturike wakaitwa muna December 1545, muTrent, Italy. Apo musangano wacho wakaguma muna 1563, maererano neThe Cambridge Modern History, “mugumisiro [wayo] mukuru . . . wakanga uri wokutsigira avo vakanga vakatsunga kuparadza chiPurotesitendi.”
Mavambo Ehondo
Yaneta nokumirira chinjo, mitezo mizhinji yesango rechinjo riri mukati meChechi yeKaturike yakatsigira chiPurotesitendi. Munenge muna 1560, machinda mazhinji eFrance nevatsigiri vawo akakumbanira vaHuguenot, seizvo vaPurotesitendi vakanga vava kudanwa. VaHuguenot vakaramba vachiwedzera kutaura norusununguko. Misangano yavo yavose, padzimwe nguva, yakanga iri yaigumbusa nokushoresa. Somuenzaniso, muna 1558, vane zviuru vavo vakaungana muParis kwemazuva mana akatevedzana kuti vaimbe mapisarema.
Ikoku kwose kwakatsamwisa vose vari vaviri vakuru vakuru veChechi yeKaturike vane simba nevanhuwo zvavo veKaturike. Vachikurudzirwa nomufundisi mukuru Charles weLorraine, King Henry II, uyo akanga agara nhaka baba vake, Francis I, akazivisa Murayiro weÉcouen, muna June 1559. Donzo rawo rakanga raziviswa rakanga riri rokuparadza “mukurumbira wakaisvoipa wevanhu veLutheran vaisava nemukurumbira wakanaka.” Ikoku kwakatungamirira kunhimbe inotyisa muParis mukurwisana nevaHuguenot.
Henry II akafa vhiki shomanene gare gare nemaronda aakakuvara mumutambo wevarwi vokubayana nemapanga. Mwanakomana wake, King Francis II, achikurudzirwa nemhuri yeGuise, akamutsiridza murayiro wairayira mutongo werufu nokuda kwevaPurotesitendi vaiomerera. Gore rakatevera racho Francis II akafa, uye mai vake, Catherine de Médicis, vakatonga munzvimbo yemukoma wake aiva nemakore gumi okukura, Charles IX. Muitiro waCatherine wekuyanana wakanga usingadikanwi neveGuise, avo vakanga vatsunga kuparadza chiPurotesitendi.
Muna 1561, Catherine akaronga musangano muPoissy, pedyo neParis, apo vafundisi veKaturike nevechiPurotesitendi vakaungana. Mumurayiro wakabudiswa muna January 1562, Catherine akapa vaPurotesitendi rusunguko rwokuungana kuti vanamate kunze kwemaguta. VaKaturike vakagumbuka! Ikoku kwakagadzirira nzira zvakazoitika mwedzi miviri gare gare—kupondwa kwevaPurotesitendi paziimba riri mumusha weVassy, sezvarondedzerwa pakuvamba.
Hondo Nhatu Dzokutanga
Kuuraya kwepaVassy kwakavamba yokutanga munhevedzano yehondo dzorudzidziso sere dzakanyudza France mukuurayana kunotyisa kubvira muna 1562 kutozosvikira pakati pema1590. Kunyange zvazvo nhau dzezvamatongerwo enyika nedzenzanga dzakanga dzichibatanidzwawo, chishava chacho chakasundwa zvikurukuru norudzidziso.
Pashure peHondo yeDreux muna December 1562, iyo yakaparadza upenyu 6 000, hondo iyoyo yokutanga yorudzidziso yakaguma. Chibvumirano Cherugare cheAmboise, chakasainwa muna March 1563, chakapa machinda evaHuguenot rusununguko rwakaganhurirwa rwokunamata mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakati.
“Hondo yechipiri yakaparirwa nekutya kwevaHuguenot rangano yevaKaturike yemunyika dzakawanda,” rinodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Panguva yacho, mamejasitiriti eKaturike akanga achingosungirira vagari vemo nokuda bedzi kwokuva vaHuguenot. Muna 1567 kuedza kwevaHuguenot kubata King Charles IX namai vake, Catherine, kwakaparira hondo yechipiri.
Pashure pokutaura nezvehondo yakava nechishava zvikuru paSt.-Denis, kunze kweParis, vezvenhau Will naAriel Durant vakanyora kuti: “France zvakare yakashamisika kuti rwakanga rwuri rudzidziso rudzii irworwu rwakatungamirira vanhu kukuuraya kwakadaro.” Nokukurumidza pashure pacho, muna March 1568, Chibvumirano Cherugare cheLongjumeau chakabvumira vaHuguenot kushivirira kwakadzikama kwavakanga vambofarikanya pasi peChibvumirano Cherugare cheAmboise.
VaKaturike, zvisinei, vakagumburwa ndokuramba kuita zvairayirwa nechibvumirano chacho. Nokudaro, muna September 1568, hondo yechitatu yorudzidziso yakaitika. Chibvumirano chorugare chakatevera chacho chakapa vaHuguenot maruramiro akatokura zvikuru. Vakapiwa mataundi akasimbiswa, kubatanidza chiteshi chengarava cheLa Rochelle. Uyewo, muchinda anokosha wechiPurotesitendi, Admiral de Coligny, akagadzwa mukanzuru yamambo. Zvakare vaKaturike vakagumbuka.
Kuponda Kwepazuva ra“Musande” Bhartoromeo
Rinenge gore rimwe gare gare, pana August 22, 1572, Coligny akapukunyuka kurwisa kwokuda kuuraya muParis kwakaitika apo akanga achifamba achibva muimba yoUmambo yomuLouvre achienda kuimba yake. Vatsamwa, vaPurotesitendi vakatyisidzira kuita matanho akakasharara kuti vazvitsivire kana ruramisiro yakanga isina kuitwa nokukurumidza. Mumusangano wapachivande, King Charles IX wechiduku, mai vake Catherine de Médicis, nemamwe machinda akasiyana-siyana vakasarudza kubvisa Coligny. Kudzivisa kutsiva kupi nokupi, vakarayirawo kupondwa kwevaPurotesitendi vose vakanga vauya kuParis kuzopinda muchato waHenry MuPurotesitendi weNavarre nemwanasikana waCatherine Margaret weValois.
Pausiku hwaAugust 24, mabhera echechi yeSaint-Germain-l’Auxerrois, yakatarisana neLouvre, akarira sechiratidzo chokuti kuponda kuvambe. Muchinda weGuise nevarume vake vakamhanyira kuchivako uko Coligny akanga akarara. Imomo Coligny akaurawa ndokukandwa napafafitera, uye chitunha chake chakakuvadzwa-kuvadzwa. Muchinda weKaturike akaparadzira shoko rokuti: “Vaurayei vose. Murayiro wamambo.”
Kubvira pana August 24 kusvikira 29, zviitiko zvinotyisa zvakasvibisa migwagwa yeParis. Vamwe vakati rwizi Seine rwakanga rwakati piririviri neropa raiyerera neropa rezviuru zvavaHuguenot vakaurawa. Mamwe mataundi akaona zvishava zvawo amene. Vanofungidzirwa kuva vakafa vanobvira pa10 000 kusvikira ku100 000; zvisinei, vazhinjisa vanobvumirana panhamba inenge 30 000.
“Chimwe chinhu, chinotyisa sokuponda kwacho kumene,” akashuma kudaro mumwe wezvenhau, “wakanga uri mufaro wakwakanyandura.” Pakunzwa nezvekuponda kwacho, Pope Gregory XIII akarayira kuti kuitwe mutambo wokuonga ndokutumira makorokoto ake kuna Catherine de Médicis. Iye akarayirawo kuti nyembe chaiyo igadzirwe kurangarira kuurawa kwevaHuguenot ndokubvumira kunyorwa kwemufananidzo wekuponda kwacho, une mashoko okuti: “Papa vanotendera kuurawa kwaColigny.”
Kunonzi, pashure pokuponda kwacho, Charles IX akaona zviono zvevaakauraya uye aichema kuna mukoti wake achiti: “Izanoi rakaipa randateerera! Haiwa Mwari wangu, ndikanganwirei!” Akafa muna 1574 pazera remakore 23 uye akatsiviwa nomunin’ina wake Henry III.
Hondo Dzorudzidziso Dzakapfuurira
Panguvayi, vanhu veKaturike vakanyandurwa nevakuru vakuru vavo kurwisana nevaHuguenot. MuToulouse, vafundisi veKaturike vakakurudzira vateveri vavo kuti: “Urayai vose, paradzai; tiri madzibaba enyu. Tichakudzivirirai.” Kupfurikidza nokudzvinyirira kwemasimba masimba, mambo, paramende, magavhuna, uye makaputeni akagadza muenzaniso, uye vanhuwo zvavo veKaturike vakatevera.
Zvisinei, vaHuguenot vakatsiva. Mukati memwedzi miviri yekuponda kweZuva ra“Musande Bhartoromeo, vakavamba hondo yorudzidziso yechina. Uko vakanga vakawanda kupfuura vaKaturike, vakaparadza zvidhori, michinjikwa, uye atari muchechi dzeKaturike, uye vakatouraya. “Mwari haadi kuti taundi kana kuti vanhu vasare,” akazivisa kudaro John Calvin, mutungamiriri wechiPurotesitendi cheFrance, mubhukwana rake rinonzi Declaration to Maintain the True Faith.
Dzimwe hondo ina dzorudzidziso dzakatevera. Yechishanu yakaguma muna 1576 naKing Henry III achisaina chibvumirano cherugare chakagovera vaHuguenot rusununguko ruzere rwokunamata kwose kwose muFrance. Guta rakazara nevaKaturike reParis pakupedzisira rakamukira ndokudzinga Henry III, airangarirwa kuva ainyanya kunzwira vaHuguenot tsitsi. VaKaturike vakaumba hurumende inopikisa, Mubatanidzwa Mutsvene, weKaturike waitungamirirwa naHenry weGuise.
Pakupedzisira, hondo yechisere, kana kuti Hondo yavanaHenry Vatatu, yakaita kuti Henry III (Mukaturike) aite mubatanidzwa neaizomutsiva mune remangwana, Henry weNavarre (muPurotesitendi), mukurwisana naHenry weGuise (Mukaturike). Henry III akakwanisa kuita kuti Henry weGuise aurawe, asi muna August 1589, Henry III amene akaurawa nemumongi weDominica. Nokudaro, Henry weNavarre, uyo akanga asiyiwa ari mupenyu makore 17 akanga apfuura mukati meKuponda Kwezuva ra“Musande” Bhartoromeo, akava King Henry IV.
Sezvo Henry IV akanga ari muHuguenot, Paris yakaramba kuzviisa pasi pake. Mubatanidzwa Mutsvene weKaturike wakaronga bato rokumurwisa raive nezvombo munyika yose. Henry akakurira muhondo dzinoverengeka, asi apo hondo yeSpain yakasvika kuti izotsigira vaKaturike, akasarudza pakupedzisira kurega chiPurotesitendi ndokugamuchira kutenda kwechiKaturike. Agadzwa pana February 27, 1594, Henry akapinda muParis, umo vanhu, vakanga vati rukutu nehondo, vakamukwazisa samambo.
Nokudaro Hondo dzoRudzidziso dzeFrance dzakaguma pashure pemakore anopfuura 30 umo vaKaturike navaPurotesitendi vakaurayana panhambo nenhambo. Pana April 13, 1598, Henry IV akabudisa Murayiro weNantes wakakurumbira, uyo wakabvumira rusunguko rwehana nokunamata kuvaPurotesitendi. Maererano napapa, murayiro wacho wakanga uri “chinhu chakaipisisa chaigona kufungidzirwa nemhaka yokuti wakapa rusununguko rwehana kumunhu ari wose, chiri chinhu chakanga chakaipa zvikurusa munyika.”
MuFrance mose, vaKaturike vakafunga kuti murayiro wacho wakanga uri kufumurwa kwevimbiso yaHenry yokutsigira zvitendero zvavo. Chechi haina kumira kutozosvikira, rinodokusvika zana ramakore gare gare, Louis XIV akabvisa Murayiro weNantes, achitanga kutambudzwa kwakatokomba zvikuru kwevaHuguenot.
Mugumisiro Wehondo Dzacho
Pakasvika mugumo wezana ramakore rechi16, kubudirira kweFrance kwakanga kwanyangarika. Hafu youmambo hwacho yakanga yakombwa nemauto, yapambwa, yadzikinurwa, kana kuti kuparadzwa. Varwi vacho vakaraira zvakawandisa kuvanhu, uko kwakatungamirira kukumukira kwevanhuwo zvavo. Vanhu vechiPurotesitendi, vaparadzwa nokutongerwa rufu, kupondwa, kuendeswa kunze kwenyika, uye kureururiswa, vakapinda muzana ramakore rechi17 vave vashoma.
Sezviri pachena, vaKaturike vakanga vakunda muHondo dzoRudzidziso dzeFrance. Asi Mwari akakomborera rukundo rwavo here? Sezviri pachena kwete. Vapedzwa simba nokuuraya uku kwose muzita raMwari, vanhu vazhinji vokuFrance vakava vasingadi zvorudzidziso. Ndivo vakatangira chakazonzi chimiro chendangariro chavanopesana neChikristu chezana ramakore rechi18.
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 9]
“Mwari haadi kuti taundi kana kuti vanhu vasare.” Akazivisa kudaro mutungamiriri wechiPurotesitendi cheFrance
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]
VaWaldense Vakamira Vakatsiga—Netapuroi?
PIERRE VALDES, kana kuti Peter Waldo, akanga ari muzvinabhizimisi akapfuma muFrance yemuzana ramakore rechi12. Mukati menguva iyi apo Chechi yeRoma Katurike yakachengeta vanhu vasingazivi Bhaibheri nemaune, Waldo akaripira kushandurirwa kweEvhangeri nemamwe mabhuku eBhaibheri mumutauro unozivikanwa navose wevanhu vekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweFrance. Ipapo akarega bhizimisi rake ndokuzvitsaurira kukuparidza Evhangeri. Nokukurumidza vazhinji vakamukumbanira, uye muna 1184 iye nevasonganiri vake vakadzingwa naPope Lucius III.
Pashure penguva yakati, mapoka aya aida zveBhaibheri evaparidzi akasvika pakuzivikanwa sevaWaldense. Akatsigira kudzokera kuzvitendero nemiitiro zveChikristu chapakuvamba. Vakaramba miitiro yegamuchidzanwa yechiKaturike nezvitendero, kubatanidza kuderedzwa kwechirango chisingagumi, kunyengeterera vakafa, purigatori, kunamatwa kwaMaria, minyengetero kuva“sande,” rubhabhatidzo rwavacheche, kunamatwa kwemuchinjikwa, uye kushanduka kwenenji kwezviratidzo zvomuviri neropa zvaJesu. Somugumisiro, Sekete racho reChikristu kazhinji kazhinji rakatambudzwa zvakaipisisa neChechi yeKaturike. Wezvenhau Will Durant anorondedzera mamiriro acho ezvinhu apo King Francis I akavamba nhimbe yokurwisana nevasiri vaKaturike:
“Mufundisi mukuru de Tournon, achitaura pasina ufakazi kuti vaWaldense vakanga vari kuronga kumukira hurumende, akanyengetedza Mambo airwara, aidzungaira kusaina mutemo (January 1, 1545) wokuti vaWaldense vose vaiwanwa vane mhaka yokupandukira chechi vaiurawa. . . . Mukati mevhiki imwe (April 12-18) misha inoverengeka yakaroromeswa; mune mumwe wayo varume, vakadzi, uye vana 800 vakaurawa; mumwedzi miviri 3 000 vakaurawa, misha makumi maviri nemiviri yakaparadzwa, varume 700 vakaendeswa kuzvikepe. Vakadzi makumi maviri nevashanu vakanga vatyiswa, vachitsvaka utiziro mubako, vakaurawa nokukachidzwa nemoto wakaveswa pamuromo paro.”
Pamusoro pezviitiko zvenhau zvakadaro, Durant akatsinhira kuti: “Zvitambudzo izvi kwakanga kuri kukundikana kukurusa kwokutonga kwaFrancis.” Asi chii chakanga chiri tapuro paavo vakacherekedza kutsiga kwevaWaldense mukati mezvitambudzo zvakabvumirwa namambo? Durant akanyora kuti: “Ushingi hwevafiri kutenda hwakapa chiremera nembiri kuchinangwa chavo; zviuru zvevacherekedzi zvinofanira kuve zvakaororwa nokuvhiringidzwa, avo, pasina uku kuuraya kunoorora, vangadai vasina kutongofunga kuchinja kutenda kwavo kwakagarwa nhaka.”
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]
Kuponda kwepaVassy kwakavamba hondo dzorudzidziso
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]
Kuponda Kwezuva ra“Musande” Bhartoromeo, umo zviuru zvevaPurotesitendi zvakaurawa nevaKaturike
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Photo Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 8]
VaPurotesitendi vakaparadza zvivako zvechechi ndokuuraya vaKaturike (pamusoro nepasi)
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris