Zvinoshaisa Mufaro Pasango Rinogara Richinaya
RICHIONEKWA uri mundege, sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon rinokuyeuchidza nezvekapeti yakakura sekondinendi, richiratidzika serakasvibira uye rakanaka zvino sezvarakanga rakaita apo Orellana akatanga kuriona. Sezvaunopfokocheka nomusango rinopisa, rine mwando uchifamba pasi, uchinzvenga zvipukanana zvoukuru hwezvinoyamwisa zviduku, unokuwana kwakaoma kuona musiyano wezvinhu chaizvoizvo nezvisiri zvinhu chaizvo. Anoratidzika kuva mashizha anova mafura, miti inomonera imwe inova nyoka, uye zvitanda kuva mbeva dzavhunduka dzinomhanya zvikuru dzichitiza. Musango reAmazon, idi richiri rakavhiringidzwa nezvokunyepedzera.
“Musiyano mukurusa nezvinokarirwa,” anodaro mumwe mucherekedzi, “ndewokuti zvinhu chaizvoizvo zveAmazon hazvidaviriki sengano dzaro.” Uye hazvidaviriki zvirokwazvo! Fungidzira sango rakakura seWestern Europe. Rifungidzire rakazadzwa nemarudzi anopfuura 4 000 akasiyana-siyana emiti. Fungidzira mashongedzerwo arakaitwa nerunako rwemarudzi anopfuura 60 000 emiti yemaruva. Riise ruvara nemavara akajeka emarudzi 1 000 eshiri. Ripfumise nemarudzi 300 ezvinoyamwisa. Rizadze nekuziririka zvichida kwemarudzi ezvipukanana ane mamiriyoni maviri. Zvino unogona kuona chikonzero nei munhu ari wose anorondedzera sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon achiguma nokushandisa zvipauro zvakanakisisa. Mamwe mashoko ose haarondedzeri zvakakwana kuwanda kwechipo chezvipenyu zveiri sango gurusa rinogara richinaya romunyika dzinopisa zvikuru riri pasi pano.
Zvakaparadzaniswa “Zvava Kuda Kutsakatika”
Makore makumi mapfumbamwe akapfuura mumwe munyori nomusetsi weAmerica Mark Twain akarondedzera iri sango rinofadza se“nyika inokwezva, nyika yakapfuma zvikuru nezvishamiso zvenyika dzinopisa zvikuru, nyika inofadza ndangariro umo shiri dzose nemaruva nemhuka zvakanga zvakasiyana zvokukodzera kuisa mumiziyamu, uye umo garwe nengwena netsoko zvinoratidzika kuva zvakasununguka zvikuru sokunge kuti zviri Munochengeterwa mhuka.” Nhasi, tsinhiro dzaTwain dzokuchenjera dzakamonyaniswa zvikuru. Mamiziyamu neMunochengeterwa mhuka nokukurumidza angava misha bedzi yasara nokuda kwenhamba iri kukura yezvishamiso zveAmazon zvenyika dzinopisa zvikuru. Nei?
Chikonzero chikuru sezviri pachena kutema sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon kwemunhu, achigobora musha womusikirwo wemiti nemhuka zvenharaunda yacho. Zvisinei, kunze kwekuparadzwa kukuru kwepokugara, kune zvimwe—zvinoparira—zvakaoma kunzwisisa zviri kuchinjira marudzi emhuka nemiti kuva “zvava kuda kutsakatika,” kunyange zvazvo zvichiri zvipenyu. Namamwe mashoko, zviremera zvinodavira kuti hapana chinogona kutadzisa marudzi acho kunyangarika.
Chimwe chikonzero chakadaro kuparadzaniswa. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofarira zvokuchengetedza vangarambidza kutemwa kwemiti pane imwe nharaunda musango kuti vave nechokwadi chokupona kwemarudzi anogara imomo. Zvisinei, chitondo chiri choga chinopa marudzi aya kariro yorufu pakupedzisira. Protecting the Tropical Forests—A High-Priority International Task rinopa muenzaniso wokuenzanisira chikonzero nei zvitondo zviri zvoga zvichikundikana kutsigira upenyu kwenguva yakareba zvikuru.
Marudzi emiti yomunyika dzinopisa zvikuru kazhinji kazhinji anoumbwa nemiti mirume nemikadzi. Kuti ibereke, inobetserwa nezviremwaremwa zvinotakura mikume kubva kumaruva marume kuenda kumakadzi. Chokwadika, iri basa rokuberekesa rinoshanda bedzi kana miti yacho ichikura mukati menharaunda yokubhururuka kwechiremwaremwa. Kana daro riri pakati pemuti mukadzi nemuti murume rikava rakakurisa—sezvinoitika kazhinji kazhinji apo sango riri roga rinoguma rakomberedzwa neziendanakuenda regwatukwatu—chiremwaremwa hachigoni kufamba daro refu rakadaro. Miti yacho, unodaro mushumo wacho, ipapo inova “‘yava kuda kutsakatika’ sezvo kubereka kwayo kwenguva refu kusingachabviri.”
Uku kubatana kuri pakati pemiti nezviremwaremwa ndehumwe hweukama hunoumba nzanga yomusikirwo yeAmazon. Kuchitaurwa nenzira yakapfava, sango reAmazon rakafanana neimba huru inogovera pokugara nezvokudya kuzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana asi zvine ukama hwapedyo. Kuti zvidzivise kutsvikinyidzana, zvinogara musango rinogara richinaya zvinogara zvimwe pasi zvimwe mudenga, zvimwe pedyo neuriri hwesango racho, zvimwe mudenga denga mumashizha. Zvinogaramo zvose zvine basa, uye zvinoshanda masikati nousiku—zvimwe masikati, zvimwe mukati meusiku. Kana marudzi ose akabvumirwa kuita mugove wawo webasa, iyi nzanga yakaoma kunzwisisa yemiti nemhuka dzeAmazon inoshanda zvakanaka pasina zvinetso zvipi nezvipi.
Zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo zveAmazon (“mhoteredzo” rinobva pana oiʹkos, shoko rechiGiriki rinoreva “imba”), zvisinei, hazvitani kufa. Kunyange kana kupindira kwomunhu munzanga iyi yomusango kwakaganhurirwa kukuparadza marudzi mashomanene, kuparadza kwake kunoita maungira kuchikwira nenhurikidzwa dzose dzemba dzesango. Norman Myers wezvokuchengetedza anofungidzira kuti kutsakatika kwerudzi rumwe rwemuti kunogona pakupedzisira kuparira kufa kwemarudzi emhuka akawanda se30. Uye sezvo miti mizhinjisa yomunyika dzinopisa zvikuru, ichitsamirawo pamhuka pakuparadzira mbeu, kutsvaira marudzi emhuka kwemunhu kunotungamirira kukutsakatika kwemiti yadzinobetsera. (Ona bhokisi rinoti “Ukama Hwemiti Nehove.”) Kufanana nokuparadzanisa, kuvhiringidza ukama kunoita kuti marudzi akawanda zvikuru emusango ave “ava kuda kutsakatika.”
Kutema Paduku, Kurasikirwa Kuduku Here?
Vamwe vanoruramisa kutema miti kwemunzvimbo duku vachipa zvikonzero zvokuti sango racho richatungazve ndokuva nezvinomera zvitsva panzvimbo inenge yatemwa yacho nenzira imwe cheteyo iyo miviri yedu inoita nayo ganda racho idzva paronda repamunwe. Ndizvo here? Eya, kwete chaizvoizvo.
Ichokwadi, zvirokwazvo, kuti sango rinokurazve kana munhu akasiya nzvimbo inenge yatemwa miti isina kudzongonyedzwa kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana. Asi ichokwadiwo kuti zvinomera zvitsva zvinofanana nesango ragara riripo kungofanana nokufanana kwefotokopi isina kubata zvakanaka nepepa rokutanga. Ima Vieira, nyanzvi yezvemiti yeBrazil, akafunda sango rakadyarwazve rava nezana ramakore muAmazon ndokuwana kuti pamarudzi emiti 268 aisikura musango rekare, 65 bedzi ndiwo anoumba rutivi rwesango racho rakadyarwazve nhasi. Uyu musiyano mumwe chetewo, inodaro nyanzvi yezvemiti yacho, ndewechokwadi nokuda kwemarudzi emhuka nenzvimbo yacho. Naizvozvo kunyange zvazvo kutema miti kusiri, seizvo vamwe vanotaura, kuchinja masango akasvibira kuva magwenga matsvuku, kuri kushandura mativi esango rinogara richinaya reAmazon kuva mufananidzo wakada kufanana nerapakuvamba.
Mukuwedzera, kutema kunyange nzvimbo duku yesango kazhinji kazhinji kunoparadza miti nemhuka zvinokura, zvinokambaira, uye zvinokwira munzvimbo iyoyo bedzi yesango uye kwete kumwe kupi nokupi. Vanzveri vari muEcuador, somuenzaniso, vakawana marudzi 1 025 emiti mune imwe nzvimbo yezvikamu zvinomwe mugumi yemasikweya kiromita 1,7 esango remunyika dzinopisa zvikuru. Anopfuura 250 emarudzi iwayo aikura munzvimbo iyoyo chete pasi pano. “Muenzaniso womuno,” inodaro nyanzvi yezvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo Rogério Gribel weBrazil, i“sauim-de-coleira (tsoko ine kumeso kusina mvere ine mavara akawanda, muchiShona),” tsoko duku, inokwezva inoratidzika sokunge kuti yakapfeka sikipa chena. “Shomanene dzasara dzinogara bedzi musango duku riri pedyo neManaus pakati peAmazon, asi kuparadzwa kwepokugara paduku ipapo,” anodaro Dr. Gribel, “kuchatsvaira rudzi urwu nokusingaperi.” Kutema kuduku asi kurasikirwa kukuru.
Kupeta “Kapeti” Ichidzokera Shure
Kutema miti zvakananga, zvisinei, kuri kuparira chinetso chinotyisa zvikurusa pasango rinogara richinaya reAmazon. Vagadziri vemigwagwa, vatemi vemiti, vacheri vemigodhi, uye boka guru revamwe vari kupeta sango richidzokera shure sekapeti yepauriri, vachiparadza zvipenyu zvose nemhoteredzo yazvo mukuhwaira kweziso.
Nepo kune kusabvumirana kwakakomba pamusoro penhamba chaidzoidzo dzomwero wegore negore weBrazil wokuparadzwa kwesango—fungidziro dzokungwarira dzinourangarira kuva masikweya kiromita 36 000 pagore—chikamu chose chesango rinogara richinaya reAmazon chakatoparadzwa chingava chinopfuura 10 muzana, nzvimbo yakakura kupfuura Germany. Veja, pepanhau revhiki nevhiki rinoparadzirwa zvikurusa reBrazil, rakashuma kuti moto yemusango 40 000 yakatungidzwa nevarimi vanopisa mavivi yakaroroma nomunyika yacho muna 1995—kakapeta kashanu kupfuura gore rakapfuura racho. Munhu ari kupisa sango nesimba zvikuru, yakayambira kudaro Veja, zvokuti mativi eAmazon angoita se“gomba remoto riri mumucheto wesango remiti.”
Marudzi Ari Kunyangarika—Kunoita Musiyanoi?
‘Asi,’ vamwe vanobvunza kuti, ‘tinoda here mabhiriyoni ose iwayo emarudzi?’ Hungu, tinoda, anodaro muchengetedzi wezviwanikwa Edward O. Wilson, wepaYunivhesiti yeHarvard. “Sezvo tichitsamira pazvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo zvinoshanda kuchenesa mvura yedu, kukodza ivhu redu uye kuita mhepo chaiyo yatinofema,” anodaro Wilson, “mhatsa youpenyu nenzira yakajeka haisiri chimwe chinhu chokubvisa nokusaitira hanya.” Bhuku rinonzi People, Plants, and Patents rinoti: “Kugona kuwana mhatsa huru yemavara okugara nhaka ndiko kuchava chinhu chinokosha kukurarama kwemunhu. Kana mhatsa ikanyangarika, tichatevera nokukurumidza.”
Zvirokwazvo, kutapura kwekuparadza marudzi kunopfuura nokure miti yakatemwa, mhuka dzinotyisidzirwa, uye vanogaramo vanonetswa. (Ona bhokisi rinoti “Zvinoitwa Nomunhu.”) Kudukupa kwemasango kungakutapura. Funga nezveizvi: Murimi ari muMozambique ari kutema zvitanda zvemufarinya, mai vari muUzbekistan vari kunwa piritsi rekudzora kubereka, mukomana ane ronda ari muSarajevo ari kupiwa morphine, kana kuti mutengi ari muchitoro cheNew York ari kunhuhwidza zvinonhuwira zvekunze kwenyika—vanhu ava vose, inodaro Panos Institute, vanoshandisa zvinhu zvakabva musango romunyika dzinopisa zvikuru. Sango riripo nokudaro rinobatsira vanhu kupota nyika yose—kubatanidza iwe.
Hapana Mabiko, Hapana Nzara
Sezvinobvumwa, sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon harigoni kugovera mabiko enyika yose, asi rinogona kubetsera kudzivisa nzara yenyika yose. (Ona bhokisi rinoti “Fungidziro Yokuti Rakaorera.”) Munzirai? Eya, muma1970, pamwero mukuru, vanhu vakavamba kudyara mamwe marudzi ezvirimwa aibudisa zvirimwa zvikuru. Kunyange zvazvo zadzamatura idzi dzakabetsera kudyisa mamiriyoni 500 evanhu okuwedzera, pane musungo. Sezvo dzisina kusiyana kwemavara okugara nhaka, hadzina kusimba uye dzinogona kubatwa nehosha. Vhairasi inogona kuparadza zadzamatura yenyika, kuchiparira nzara.
Naizvozvo kuti ibudise zvirimwa zvakasimba zvikuru ndokudzivisa kuziya, UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) zvino inokurudzira “kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana zvemavara okugara nhaka.” Uye ndipo pano apo sango rinogara richinaya nezvinogaramo zvapakuvamba zvinoshanda.
Sezvo masango omunyika dzinopisa zvikuru achigovera pokugara inopfuura hafu yemarudzi emiti yenyika (kubatanidza marudzi 1 650 ane bviro yokuva sezvirimwa zvokudya), nesari yaAmazon ndiyo nzvimbo yakanakisisa nokuda kwemunzveri upi noupi ari kutsvaka marudzi emiti yomusango. Mukuwedzera, vanogara musango racho vanoziva nzira yokushandisa nayo miti iyi. MaIndia eCayapo ekuBrazil, somuenzaniso, haagadziri bedzi mhando itsva dzezvirimwa asiwo anochengetedza mhando dzomuenzaniso mujinga megomo. Kuita kuti mhando dzezvirimwa zvomusango dzakadaro zvinogona kubatwa nehosha dziberekesane nezvirimwa zvinochengetwa pamusha kuchawedzera simba nokusimba kwezvirimwa zvokudya zvomunhu. Uye kuwedzera ikoko kuri kudikanwa nokukurumidza, inodaro FAO, nokuti “wedzero ye60% muzvokudya zvinogoverwa inodikanwa mumakore 25 anotevera.” Pasinei zvapo naikoku, makatapira anoparadza masango anoramba achipinda mukatikati mesango rinogara richinaya reAmazon.
Nemigumisiroi? Eya, kuparadza sango rinogara richinaya kwemunhu kwakafanana zvikuru nokudya kwemurimi mbeu yake—anopedza nzara yake yepanguva iyoyo asi anoisa mungozi migove yezvokudya yeramangwana. Rimwe boka renyanzvi dzemhatsa youpenyu nguva pfupi yapfuura rakayambira kuti “kuchengetedzwa nokukura kwemhatsa yezvirimwa yasara inhau inokosha yokuitira hanya kwenyika yose kunokosha.”
Miti Iri Kuvimbisa
Zvino pinda mu“chitoro chemishonga” chomusango, uye uchaona kuti jambwa remunhu rakabatanidzwa nemizambiringa yomunyika dzinopisa zvikuru nemimwe miti. Somuenzaniso, maalkaloid anobviswa mumizambiringa yeAmazon anoshandiswa kuregedzesa tsandanyama kuvhiya kusati kwaitwa; vana 4 pa5 vane leukemia vanobetserwa kuti vararame nguva refu nemhaka yemakemikoro anowanwa mumurosy periwinkle, ruva romusango. Sango racho rinogoverawo quinine, inoshandiswa kurwisa marariya; digitalis, inoshandiswa kurapa chirwere chemwoyo; uye diosgenin, inoshandiswa mumapiritsi okudzora kubereka. Mimwe miti yakaratidza kuvimbisa kurwisa AIDS nekenza. “MuAmazon moga,” unodaro mushumo weUN, “marudzi 2 000 emiti inoshandiswa somushonga nevagari vemo uye inobvira yoshandiswa muzvitoro zvemishonga yakanyorwa.” Munyika yose, inodaro imwe nzvero, vanhu 8 pa10 vari vose vanoshandisa mishonga yemiti kuti varape zvirwere zvavo.
Naizvozvo zvine mufungo kuponesa miti inotiponesa, anodaro Dr. Philip M. Fearnside. “Kurasika kwesango reAmazon kunorangarirwa semhinganidzo yakakomba inobvira kunhamburiko dzokuwana mushonga wekenza yevanhu. . . . Pfungwa yokuti budiriro dzinoshamisa dzemushonga wazvino uno dzinotibvumira kuparadza yakawanda yemiti iyi,” anowedzera kudaro, “inomirira chimiro chokunyanyozvivimba chine bviro yengozi.”
Kunyange zvakadaro, munhu anoramba achiparadza mhuka nemiti nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura kugona kuwanwa kwazvinoitwa nokunzwisiswa. Kunokuita kuti ushamisike kuti: ‘Nei kutema miti kuri kupfuurira? Ko muitiro wacho unogona kuchinjwa here? Sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon rine remangwana here?’
[Bhokisi riri papeji 15]
Fungidziro Yokuti Rakaorera
Pfungwa yokuti ivhu reAmazon rakaorera, inodaro magazini inonzi Counterpart, i“fungidziro yakaoma kubvisa.” Muzana remakore rechi19, mupanguri Alexander von Humboldt akarondedzera Amazon se“dura renyika.” Zana ramakore gare gare, Purezidhendi weUnited States Theodore Roosevelt nenzira yakafanana akafunga kuti Amazon yaivimbisa kurima kwakanaka. “Nyika yakapfuma neyakaorera zvakadaro,” akanyora kudaro, “haigoni kubvumirwa kuramba isingashandi.”
Zvirokwazvo, murimi anodavira sezvavaiita anowana kuti kwegore rimwe kana kuti maviri, nyika yacho inopa zvirimwa zvakanaka nemhaka yokuti madota emiti yakapiswa anoshanda sefetiraiza. Pashure pezvo, zvisinei, ivhu racho rinochinja kuva risingabereki. Kunyange zvazvo miti yakasvibira inokura zvakanaka yesango ichivimbisa kuti pasi pacho pane ivhu rakaorera, ivhu racho, chaizvoizvo, ndiro rutivi rusina kusimba rwesango racho. Nei?
Mukai! yakataura naDr. Flávio J. Luizão, mumwe munzveri paNational Institute for Research muAmazon uye nyanzvi yevhu remusango rinogara richinaya. Hedzino dzimwe dzetsinhiro dzake:
‘Kusafanana nemamwe mavhu mazhinji esango, ivhu zhinji riri mugova reAmazon hariwani zvinovaka pasi zvichikwira, kubva mudombo riri kuora, nemhaka yokuti ruware ruri pasi haruna zvinovaka uye ruri pasi zvakanyanyisa. Panzvimbo pezvo, ivhu rinenge ragezwa zvinovaka nemvura rinowana zvinovaka kubva pamusoro zvichienda pasi, kubva mumvura nemurakwani. Zvisinei, zvose zviri zviviri madonwe emvura nemashizha akawa zvinoda betsero kuti zvive zvinovaka. Nei?
‘Mvura inonaya musango rinogara richinaya haina zvinovaka zvakawanda iyo imene. Zvisinei, apo inorova mashizha ndokuerera nomuhunde dzemiti, inotora zvinovaka mumashizha, mapazu, zvinomera pamuti, maharagwe, dzimba dzemasvosve, huruva. Panosvika nguva apo mvura yacho inonyura muvhu, inenge yava kudya kwemiti kwakanaka. Kudzivisa izvi zvokudya zvinoerera kungoerera zvichipinda muhova, ivhu racho rinoshandisa musungo wezvinovaka unogadzirwa nemeti yemidzi mitetetete yakaparadzirwa mumasendimita mashomanene mose mevhu rapamusoro. Chibvumikiso chokushanda kwemusungo wacho ndechokuti hova dzinogamuchira mvura iyi dzinotova nezvinovaka zvishoma zvikuru pane ivhu romusango rimene. Naizvozvo zvinovaka zvinopinda mumidzi mvura isati yapinda muhova kana kuti nzizi.
‘Mamwe manyuko ezvokudya murakwani—mashizha akawa, tsotso, uye michero. Anenge matani masere emurakwani wakaisvonaka anoguma ave muhekita rimwe [maeka maviri nehafu] euriri hwesango gore rimwe nerimwe. Asi murakwani unopinda sei pasi pevhu uye mugadziriro dzemidzi yemiti? Majuru anobetsera. Anocheka zvidimbu zvakaita denderedzwa pamashizha ndokupinza zvidimbu izvi mudzimba dzawo dziri pasi pevhu. Zvikurukuru mukati memwaka wokunaya, anenge ari boka rinoshingaira, achiendesa 40 muzana inoshamisa yemurakwani wose wapauriri hwesango pasi pevhu. Imomo, anoshandisa mashizha acho kuvaka mapindu okurima howa. Howa uhu, hunozoodzawo zvinhu zvomuti zvacho ndokubudisa nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, uye mamwe maelement—zvinovaka zvinokosha kumiti.
‘Majuru anowanei pazviri? Zvokudya. Anodya howa uye angamedzawo tumwe tudimbu twemashizha. Tevere, zvisikwa zvisingaoneki nemaziso zviri muura hwemajuru zvinobatikana kuchinja zvokudya zvemajuru nemakemikoro, zvokuti, somugumiriso, tsvina yezvipukanana izvi inova zvokudya zvemiti zvine zvinovaka zvizhinji. Naizvozvo kunaya kwemvura nekutenderedzwa kwezvinovaka ndezvimwe zvinhu zviviri zvinoita kuti sango rinogara richinaya rirambe riripo uye richikura.
‘Zviri nyore kuona zvinoitika kana ukaguuna miti ndokupisa sango. Hapachina chifukidziro chokudzivirira mvura inonaya kana kuti murakwani unofanira kutenderedzwazve. Panzvimbo pezvo, mvura inotsvotsvoma inorova ivhu risina kufukidzwa zvakananga nesimba guru, uye kurova kwayo kunowomesa pamusoro pevhu. Panguva imwe cheteyo, chiedza chezuva chinowira zvakananga paivhu chinowedzera mwero wokupisa kwepamusoro pevhu ndokuomesa ivhu racho. Mugumisiro wacho ndewokuti mvura inonaya zvino inokukura nyika yacho, ichiisa zvinovaka kwete muvhu asi munzizi. Kurasika kwezvinovaka munyika yakatemwa miti nokupiswa kungava kukuru zvikuru zvokuti hova dziri pedyo nenzvimbo dzakatemwa miti dzacho dzinototambura nokuwandisa kwezvinovaka, kuchiisa mungozi upenyu hwemarudzi omumvura. Nenzira yakajeka, kana rikasadzonyongedzwa, sango rinozvitarisira rimene, asi kupindira kwomunhu kunoguma nengwavaira.’
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 13]
Zvinoitwa Nomunhu
Kuvhiringidza nokutema miti hazvisi kukuvadza miti nemhuka bedzi asi nevanhuwo. MaIndia anenge 300 000, akasara e5 000 000 aimbogara munharaunda yeAmazon yeBrazil, achiri kurarama pamwe nokugara zvakanaka nemhoteredzo yawo yesango. MaIndia acho anoramba achingodzongonyedzwa nevanotema miti, vanotsvaka ndarama, uye vamwe, vazhinji vavo vanorangarira maIndia se“mhinganidzo kubudiriro.”
Ipapo kune macaboclos, vanhu vakasimba vane vemusanganidzwa wedzinza rechichena nerechiIndia vane madzibaba akanogara muAmazon anenge makore 100 akapfuura. Vachigara mumashedhi akatsigirwa nematanda pamusoro pemvura akatevedza rwizi, vangave vasina kumbonzwa nezvemashoko okuti “ukama hwezvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo,” asi vanorarama nesango vasingariparadzi. Bva, kurarama kwavo kwezuva nezuva kunotapurwa nemapoka evatami vari kupinda zvino mumusha wavo womusango.
Chokwadika, musango rose rinogara richinaya reAmazon, remangwana revaunganidzi vemhodzi 2 000 000, vanotora rabha, varedzi, uye vamwe vagari vemo, vari kugara mutsinhirano nokutenderera kwesango racho nokuchinja kwenzizi maererano nemwaka, harina chokwadi. Vazhinji vanodavira kuti nhamburiko dzokuchengetedza sango racho dzinofanira kuita zvinopfuura kudzivirira miti yemukamba nemimanatee. Dzinofanira kudzivirirawo vanhu vanogara musango.
[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 16]
Ukama Hwemiti Nehove
Mukati memwaka wokunaya kwemvura, Rwizi rweAmazon runozara ndokuputira miti iri kukura mumasango akaderera. Pakunyanyisa kwemafashamo acho, miti mizhinjisa iri mumasango aya inobereka zvibereko ndokudonesa mbeu dzayo—asi hapana, chokwadika, mbeva dzakanyudzwa ipapo kuti dzidziparadzire. Ndipo panopinda hove inonzi tambaqui (Colonnonea macropomum), yakaita sechokutsemurisa mhodzi chiri kuyangarara chinonzwa hwema zvikuru. Inonzwa hwema hwemiti yava pedyo nokudonhesa mbeu. Apo mbeu dzacho dzinowira mumvura, hove yacho inopwanya mateko acho neshaya dzayo dzakasimba zvikuru, inomedza mbeu dzacho, inodzeya zvakapfava zvakaitenderedza, uye inodonhedza mbeu dzacho pauriri hwesango racho kuti dzigomera apo mafashamo emvura anoserera. Hove nomuti zvinowana chimuko. Tambaqui inochengeta mafuta, uye muti unobereka vana. Kutema miti iyoyo kunoisa mungozi kurarama kwetambaqui nemamwe marudzi anenge 200 ehove dzinodya michero.