Midzanga Unoiramba Here?
Rudzi rwakabetsera kupinza fodya kunyika iri kutungamira mukunyevera nezvengozi dzayo.
“FODYA,” akanyora kudaro mumwe wezvenhau, “haina nhau chaiyoiyo yakatangira America isati yawanika.” Vagari vakaberekerwa muCaribbean vakaipa kuna Columbus. Kutengeswa kwayo kunze kwenyika kwakavimbisa kupukunyuka kweJamestown, nharaunda yeBritain yechigarire yokutonga muNorth America. Kutengeswa kwayo kwakabetsera kuwanira mari kuMukira kweAmerica. Uye mapurezidhendi apakuvamba eU.S. George Washington naThomas Jefferson akanga ari varimi vefodya.
Munguva pfupi zvikuru yapfuura, Hollywood yakashandisa midzanga sechiratidzo chenyengano, zvinofadza, uye ujaya. Varwi veAmerica vakaipa kuvanhu avo vakasangana navo munyika umo vakarwa. Uye kunotaurwa kuti pashure pehondo yenyika yechipiri, midzanga yakanga iri semari “kubvira muParis kusvikira kuPeking.”
Asi zvinhu zvakachinja. Pana January 11, 1964, mukuru webato rezvoutano reU.S. akabudisa mushumo wamapeji 387 unobatanidza kuputa neemphysema, kenza yamapapu, uye dzimwe hosha dzakakomba. Nokukurumidza mutemo wemubatanidzwa wakada nyevero “Ngwarira: Kuputa Midzanga Kungava Kune Ngozi Kuutano Hwako” pamapakiti ose emidzanga anotengeswa muUnited States. Zvino, kuputa kunotaurwa kuva kunoparira nzufu dzinofungidzirwa kuva 434 000 pagore muUnited States. Ikoko kunopfuura nhamba yevaAmerica vose vakaurawa muhondo muzana ramakore rapfuura!
Ganhuriro Dzakagadzwa
Anopfuura makore gumi apfuura, Aspen, Colorado, nzvimbo yokutandarira yakakurumbira yomunguva yechando yakakurumbira, yakarambidza kuputa mutumahotera twayo. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, nzvimbo dzisingabvumidzwi kuputira dzakava dzakakurumbira zvikuru mutumahotera, panzvimbo yebasa, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzavose. Makore anoverengeka apfuura, mumwe munhu wokuCalifornia akabvunza mwanasikana wake kwakanga kune chikamu chisingabvumirwi kuputa mukahotera keVirginia. “Baba,” akapindura kudaro, “ino inyika yefodya!” Pakasvika shanyo yake yakatevera, hafu yekahotera ikako yakanga yakachengeterwa vasingaputi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, haana kuona munhu aiputa imomo.
Asi kuva nenzvimbo dzakachengeterwa vaputi hakuna kupedza chinetso chacho. Zvikwangwani zvikuru zvinotsigirwa nehurumende mumigwagwa mikuru yeCalifornia zvakabvunza, kuti: “Munofunga kuti chiutsi hachisviki kuchikamu chavanhu vasingaputi here?”
Apo New York City yakarambidza kuputa mutumahotera twayo tukuru, varidzi vakaramba kuti ikoku kwaizoparadzanisa vashanyiri vanobva Europe uko, ivo vakati, mitemo mishomanene inodzora kuputa. Bva, nzvero yapakuvamba yakaitwa kare yakanga yawana kuti 56 muzana yavaAmerica sezvinobvira zvikuru yaizoenda kukahotera kasingabvumidzwi kuputa, nepo 26 muzana bedzi vaisada kuita saizvozvo.
Chiratidzo muzvitima zvinofamba napasi zveNew York City chinoti: “Mumutauro upi noupi shoko racho ndirimwe chetero: Musaputa nguva ipi neipi, kwose kwose, muzviteshi zvedu kana kuti muzvitima zvedu. Mazviita.” Chiratidzo chacho chinotaura iri shoko kwete bedzi muchiRungu asiwo mumimwe mitauro 15.
Nhau yacho yakakomba chaizvoizvo zvakadaro here? Hungu. Kudai vanhu 300 vaizofa mungwavaira huru, kungaziviswa munhau kwemazuva, zvichida kunyange vhiki dzakati. Asi imwe nyaya muThe Journal of the American Medical Association yakati kwakafungidzirwa kuti vaAmerica 53 000 vanofa gore rimwe nerimwe nemigumisiro yenguva refu yokufema chiutsi chemidzanga yevamwe vanhu. Ikoko, yakadaro, kwaizoita kuti kufema utsi hwefodya hwechipiri hwakadaro, kana kuti hwemhepo yakapoteredza, chisakiso chikuru chinodzivisika “chetatu, chorufu pashure pokuputa nechinodhaka.”
Vana—Vanyajambwa Vasina Dziviriro
Asi zvakadiniko nokuputira mumusha? Healthy People 2000, chinyorwa chehurumende yeU.S. chakagadza nharidzano dzokuderedza “rufu runouya nguva isati yakwana uye hosha dzisiri madikanwa nokuremara,” yakati: “Kushandisa fodya kunoparira runopfuura rumwe rwenzufu nhanhatu dziri dzose muUnited States uye ndicho chisakiso chimwe chinokosha zvikurusa chinodzivisika chorufu nehosha munzanga yedu.”
Chakawedzera, kuti: “Kuputa midzanga mukati mokuva napamuviri kunoparira 20 kusvikira ku30 muzana yevana vanoberekwa vane huremu hushoma, kusvikira ku14 muzana yevanoberekwa nguva isati yakwana, uye inenge 10 muzana yenzufu dzose dzevacheche.” Vanamai vanoputa, chakadaro, vanogona kupfuudza zvinosvibisa zveutsi hwefodya, kwete bedzi kupfurikidza nokuyamwisa mucheche kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuputira pedyo nemucheche asiwo kupfurikidza “nokuisa mucheche mukamuri umo kuputa kwaitika nguva pfupi yapfuura.”
Vanababawo vanobatanidzwa. Chinyorwa chimwe chetecho chakanyevera, kuti: “Kana vanhu vanoonana nevana vachifanira kuputa, vanofanira kuputira kunze kana kuti munzvimbo dzisingaiti kuti mhepo isvike kunzvimbo idzo vana vangave vari.” Ngozi yacho inowedzera nenhamba yavakuru vanoputira mukamuri rimwe chetero uye nenhamba yemidzanga inoputwa. Nokudaro, Joycelyn Elders, aichimbova mukuru webato rezvoutano, weU.S. akati: “Vana venyu ndivo vanyajambwa vasina mhaka vokupindwa muropa kwenyu.”
Vamwe vanhu variwo mungozi. Kumwe kushambadza kwomuterevhizheni kunotsigirwa nehurumende muCalifornia kwakaratidza harahwa yakagara yoga. Iyo yakataura kuti mudzimai wayo nguva dzose akanga ‘achimukurudzira kurega kuputa’. “Iye akatotyisidzira kurega kunditsvoda kana ndisina kurega. Ndakati mapapu angu, uye upenyu hwangu. Asi ndakanga ndichikanganisa. Handina kurega. Handina kuziva kuti upenyu hwandaizorasikirwa nahwo hwakanga husiri hwangu . . . Hwakanga huri hwake.” Ichitarira pamufananidzo wake norusuruvaro, harahwa yacho yakawedzera, kuti: “Mudzimai wangu akanga ari upenyu hwangu.”
Murangariro Wakachinjwa
Nyevero dzakadaro dzakaparira kuderera kukuru mukuputa muUnited States. Nenzira inoshamisa, mamiriyoni 46 evaAmerica anofungidzirwa—49,6 muzana yeavo vakamboputa—yakarega!
Zvisinei, makambani efodya ane mari zhinji yakarongwa yokushambadzira uye ari kudzivisa. Kuderera mukuputa kwanonoka. Joseph A. Califano, Jr., weCenter on Addiction and Substance Abuse paUnivhesiti yeColumbia kuNew York, akati: “Tyisidziro hurusa kuutano hwevanhu inobva muindasitiri yefodya [ndiko] kushandisa kwayo kushambadzira nounyanzvi hwokutengesa kwakanangidzirwa kuvana nevechiduku vanomirira boka idzva revapindwi muropa kuzvigadzirwa zvayo zvinouraya.”
The Journal of the American Medical Association yakati: Vanhu vaduku vanofungidzirwa kuva 3 000, zvikurusa vacho vana uye navayaruki, vanova vaputi venguva dzose zuva rimwe nerimwe. Ikoku kunomirira inenge 1 miriyoni yavaputi vatsva gore rimwe nerimwe avo vanotsiva zvishoma vanodokuva vaputi 2 miriyoni vanorega kana kuti zvimwe kufa gore rimwe nerimwe.”
Inopfuura hafu yavaputi vose veU.S. inotanga pazera ramakore 14. David Kessler, mukuru weU.S. Food and Drug Administration, akataura kuti pavana vane 3 000 vanovamba kuputa zuva rimwe nerimwe, vanodokuva 1 000 vachafa nezvirwere zvine chokuita nokuputa.
Kana nhamba dzakadaro dzichikunetsa, kwaizova kwakanaka kuyeuka kuti vana vedu vanotevera muenzaniso wedu. Kana tisingadi kuti vapute, isuwo hatifaniri kudaro.
Kutengesa Kwemhiri Kwemakungwa
Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwemidzanga muU.S. kwaderera, kutengesa kunze kwenyika kunokura. Los Angeles Times yakashuma kuti “kutengesa kune dzimwe nyika kwakapetwa nakanopfuura katatu uye kutengesa kwenzvimbo dzefodya dzeU.S. dziri kune dzimwe nyika kwakawedzera zvikuru.” The New England Journal of Medicine yakataura kuti munyika dzichiri kusimukira “kusimbiswa kushoma kunoiswa pangozi dzokuputa,” kuchibvumira makambani efodya “kupinda mukutengesa mune dzimwe nyika dzokumwe nokukurumidza.”
Bva, Patrick Reynolds, mwanakomana waR. J. Reynolds, Jr., uye muzukuru wemuvambi wekambani inogadzira midzanga yeCamel neWinston, akataura kuti rufu 1 mu5 muUnited States rwuri nemhaka yekuputa. Reynolds akashumwawo seaitaura kuti kuputa kunoparira nzufu dzakawanda gore negore kupfuura cocaine, zvinodhaka, heroin, mwoto, kuzviuraya, kuparira rufu rwomunhu, AIDS, uye tsaona dzemotokari zvakabatanidzwa uye kuti chisakiso chimwe chinodzivisika zvikurusa chorufu, hosha, uye kupindwa muropa munguva yedu.
Kunoratidzika sokwechienzi here kuti rudzi rwakabetsera nyika kudzidzira kuputa rwakavamba chishoro chorudzi chinokura kufodya chomunyika? Kana zvakadaro, kungava kwakanaka kuzvibvunza timene kuti, ‘Ndiani anofanira kuziva zvakanakisisa?’
Magazini yeModern Maturity yakataura nezvemumwe mukadzi akanga aputa kwamakore anopfuura 50. Iye akati: “Apo unenge wapindwa muropa, wabatwa.” Asi iye akabvisa chakavanzika chakanga chaita kuti atange kuputa pakutanga, akaongorora pembedzo dzokupfuurira kwake, uye akarega.
“Kuedze,” akanyora kudaro. “Kunoshamisa.”
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Kwaka“fungidzirwa kuti mukati mama1990 munyika dzakasimukira, fodya ichaparira inenge 30 muzana yenzufu dzose pakati peavo vane makore 35 kusvikira ku69 ezera, kuchiita chisakiso chimwe cherufu rusati rwakwana munyika yakasimukira.”—NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
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NYEVERO DZEKENZA
Nyevero dzinotevera dzinobva mumabhurocha eAmerican Cancer Society Facts on Lung Cancer neCancer Facts & Figures—1995:
• “Vadzimai vasingaputi vane ngozi yakakwirira zvikuru ye35% yekenza yamapapu kana varume vavo vachiputa.”
• “Inofungidzirwa kuva 90% yehosha yekenza yamapapu muvarume uye 79% muvakadzi inoparirwa nekuputa midzanga.”
• “Kumuputi anoputa mapakiti maviri pazuva aputa kwamakore anopfuura 40, mwero wokufa nekenza yamapapu wakakwirira zvikuru neinenge 22 kupfuura asingaputi.”
• “Nzira yakanakisisa yekenza yamapapu ndeyokusatongotanga kutanga kuputa, kana kuti kurega nokukurumidza.”
• “Hakuna chinhu chakadai somudzanga usingakuvadzi.”
• “Kutsengwa kwefodya yokutsenga kana kuti bute kunowedzera ngozi yekenza yomuromo, dokoriro, pahuro, uye gurokuro uye muitiro unopinda muropa zvikuru.”
• “Ngozi yokuwedzera yekenza yechirebvu uye matadza ingasvika kanodokupetwa makumi mashanu akapetwa kaviri pakati pevashandisi venguva refu vebute.”
• “Vanhu vanorega kuputa, pasinei zvapo nezera, vanorarama nguva yakareba kupfuura vanhu vanopfuurira kuputa. Vaputi vanorega vasati vasvitsa zera ramakore 50 vane hafu yengozi yokufa mumakore 15 anotevera zvichienzaniswa neavo vanopfuurira kuputa.”
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DAMBUDZIKO RAVARIMI
Kwezvizvarwa fodya yakatsigira mhuri dzine mapurazi maduku zvikuru zvokusagovera mubayiro wokurarama nawo nechimwe chirimwa chipi nechipi. Idi irori sezvinooneka rinopa chinetso chehana nokuda kwavanhu vakawanda. Stanley Hauerwas, purofesa wetsika dzorudzidziso paUnivhesiti yeDuke, chikoro chakavambwa nomurimi mukuru wefodya, akati: “Ndinofunga kuti marwadzo makuru avanhu vanorima fodya . . . ndeapo vakatanga kuirima, havana kuziva kuti yaizouraya munhu upi noupi.”
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Chiutsi hachirambiri muchikamu chokuputira
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Kuputa mukati mokuva napamuviri kunoparira inenge 10 muzana yenzufu dzose dzavacheche