Nhamba Dziri Kukura Dzavapoteri

HURUSA yenhau yevanhu yakashatiswa nehondo, nzara, uye chitambudzo. Somugumisiro, nguva dzose kwaive kune vanhu vaida utiziro. Munguva dzakapfuura, nyika nemarudzi vaipa utiziro kune vaihuda.

Mitemo yokugovera utiziro yaikudzwa nevaAziteki vekare, vaAsiria, vaGiriki, vaHebheru, vaMuslim, uye vamwe. Plato, muzivi wechiGiriki, akanyora anopfuura mazana amakore 23 akapfuura, kuti: “Mubvakure, akaparadzaniswa nevanhu vomunyika yake nemhuri yake, anofanira kuva munhu anodiwa zvikuru nevanhu nevamwari. Naizvozvo ngwariro dzose dzinofanira kuitwa kuitira kuti pasava nechinhu chakaipa chinoitirwa vabvakure.”

Mukati mezana remakore rechi20, nhamba yevapoteri yakawedzera zvikuru. Munhamburiko yokutarisira vapoteri vane mamiriyoni 1,5 vakasara paHondo Yenyika II, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) yakavambwa muna 1951. Kwaifungwa kuti ichagara kwemakore matatu, kwakavakirwa pamufungo wokuti vapoteri vaivapo vaizokurumidza kubatanidzwa munzanga dzavainge vawana utiziro. Pashure pezvo, kwakafungwa kuti, sangano racho raigona kuparadzwa.

Mukati memakumi emakore, zvisinei, nhamba yevapoteri yakakwira zvakatsiga. Pakasvika 1975 nhamba yavo yakanga yasvika mamiriyoni 2,4. Muna 1985 nhamba yacho yakanga yava mamiriyoni 10,5. Pakasvika 1995 nhamba yevanhu vakanga vachigamuchira dziviriro norubatsiro kubva kuUNHCR yakanga yawedzera zvikuru kusvika kumamiriyoni 27,4!

Vazhinji vaikarira kuti nhambo yepashure peHondo Yerwisano Yepfungwa Dzakasiyana yaizozarura nzira yokupedza nayo chinetso chenyika yose chevapoteri; haina. Panzvimbo pezvo, nyika dzakakamukana nemhaka yezvikonzero zvenhau kana kuti urudzi, kuchiguma nerwisano. Sezvo hondo dzakapisa, vanhu vakatiza, vachiziva kuti hurumende dzavo dzaisagona kana kuti dzaisazovadzivirira. Muna 1991, somuenzaniso, vagari veIraq vanodokusvika mamiriyoni maviri vakadirana vachipinda munyika dzakavakidzana. Kubvira ipapo, vanofungidzirwa kuva vapoteri vane 735 000 vakatiza muyaichimbova Yugoslavia. Ipapo, muna 1994, hondo yevagari vemo yomuRwanda yakamanikidza inopfuura hafu yevanhu vane mamiriyoni 7,3 venyika yacho kutiza misha yavo. Vagari veRwanda vanenge mamiriyoni 2,1 vakatsvaka utiziro munyika dzomuAfrica dziri pedyo.

Nei Chinetso Chacho Chiri Kuipa Zvikuru?

Kune zvikonzero zvinoverengeka zvinoparira nhamba iri kukura yevapoteri. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, dzakadai seAfghanistan neSomalia, hurumende dzenyika dzakaparara. Ikoku kwakasiyira zvinhu mumaoko evanhuwo zvavo vane zvombo vasiri varwi vanoparadza maruwa pasina kudzorwa, vachiparira kuvhunduka nokutiza.

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, rwisano inoparirwa nekusawirirana kwemadzinza kana kuti kworudzidziso kwakaoma kunzwisisa, umo chinangwa chikuru chemativi anorwisana chiri chokudzinga vagari vemo vasiri varwi. Pamusoro pehondo muyaichimbova Yugoslavia, mumiriri weUN akachema pakati pa1995, achiti: “Nokuda kwavanhu vazhinji kwakaoma zvikuru kunzwisisa zvisakiso zvehondo iyi: vari kurwa, zvikonzero zvokurwa. Kwakanga kune kubuda kwevanhu vazhinji kubva kune rumwe rutivi uye ipapo vhiki nhatu gare gare kwakanga kune kubuda kwevazhinji kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwacho. Kwakaoma zvikuru kunzwisisa kunyange nokuda kwevanhu vanofanira kukunzwisisa.”

Zvombo zvazvino uno zvinoparadza zvikuru—zvitundumusere musere zvinotumirwa zvakawanda chimwe pashure pechimwe, zvombo zvinokandwa, mabara, uye zvimwe zvakadaro—zvinowedzera kuuraya vakawanda ndokukudza nhandare yerwisano yacho. Mugumisiro wacho: vapoteri vanoramba vachiwanda. Munguva pfupi dzapfuura inenge 80 muzana yevapoteri venyika vakatiza munyika dzichiri kusimukira vachienda kunyika dzakavakidzana dzichiri kusimukirawo uye dzisina kushongedzerwa zvakakwana kuti dzitarisire avo vari kutsvaka utiziro.

Murwisano zhinji kushaikwa kwezvokudya kunoparira chinetso chacho. Apo vanhu vanenge vachiziya nenzara, zvichida nemhaka yokuti mudungwe wemotokari dzezvokuyamura wakadziviswa, vanomanikidzwa kutama. The New York Times, inoti: “Munzvimbo dzakafanana neHorn of Africa, mubatanidzwa wekusanaya kwemvura yakakwana nehondo wakaparadza kwazvo nyika yacho zvokuti haichagoni kugovera zvokurarama nazvo. Kubvunza kuti mazana ezviuru anoenda ari kutiza nzara kana kuti hondo hakuna kukodzera.”

Mamiriyoni Asingadikanwi

Nepo pfungwa yokugovera utiziro ichikudzwa mukutaura, nhamba huru yevapoteri inotyisa nyika. Mamiriro ezvinhu zvacho akafanana neEgipita yekare. Apo Jakobho nemhuri yake vakanotsvaka utiziro muEgipita kuti vanzvenge kuparadza kwenzara yemakore manomwe, vakagamuchirwa. Farao akavapa “nzvimbo yakaisvonaka” yokugara.—Genesi 47:1-6.

Sezvo nguva yakapfuura, zvisinei, vaIsraeri vakawanda, “nyika yakanga izere navo.” VaEgipita zvino vakatanga kuita utsinye, bva “asi vachiramba vachivanetsa [vaEgipita], ivo [vaIsraeri] vakaramba vachiwanda kwazvo vachingopararira, vakaora mwoyo nokuda kwavanakomana vaIsraeri.”—Eksodho 1:7, 12.

Nenzira yakafanana, nyika nhasi dzinonzwa “kuora mwoyo” sezvo nhamba yevapoteri inoramba ichiwanda. Chikonzero chikuru chokushushikana kwavo ndechoupfumi. Kunodya mari yakawanda kugovera zvokudya, zvokupfeka, dzimba, uye kudzivirira mamiriyoni evapoteri. Pakati pa1984 na1993, ndyiko yegore negore yeUNHCR yakakwira kubva pamamiriyoni 444 emadhora kusvika kumabhiriyoni 1,3 emadhora. Zhinjisa yemari yacho inopirwa nenyika dzakafuma zvikuru, dzimwe dzadzo dziri kutambura nezvinetso zvoupfumi zvadzo dzimene. Nyika dzinopa pane dzimwe nguva dzinonyunyuta, dzichiti: ‘Tiri kunetseka nokubetsera vasina misha vari mumigwagwa yedu timene. Tinogona sei kutarisira vasina misha vepasi rose zvikurukuru apo chinetso chacho sezvingabvira chingakura panzvimbo pokuderera?’

Chii Chinoomesa Zvinhu?

Vapoteri ivavo vanosvika munyika yakafuma kazhinji kazhinji vanowana kuti mamiriro avo ezvinhu akaomeswa nezviuru zvizhinji zvavanhu vakatamira kunyika imwe cheteyo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvoupfumi. Ava vanotamira zvoupfumi havasiri vapoteri vari kutiza hondo kana kuti chitambudzo kana kuti nzara. Panzvimbo pezvo, vakauya vachitsvaka upenyu huri nani—upenyu husina urombo. Nemhaka yokuti kazhinji kazhinji vanonyepedzera kuva vapoteri, vachinetsa masangano ezvoutiziro nokutaura kwenhema, vanokuita kuti kuve kwakaomera zvikuru vapoteri vechokwadi kuti vateererwe zvakarurama.a

Kupinda kwavapoteri nevanotama kwakafananidzwa nehova mbiri dzakaerera imwe iri kune rumwe rutivi imwe kune rumwe dzichipinda munyika dzakapfuma kwemakore. Zvisinei, mitemo yokutama iri kuramba ichioma yakamisa rukova rwevatami vanotsvaka zvoupfumi. Nokudaro, vakava rutivi rwerukova rwevapoteri, uye rukova urwu rwakafashamira ruchiita boporodzi.

Vachiziva kuti kungatora makore anoverengeka vachinzvera chikumbiro chavo choutiziro, vanotama nokuda kwoupfumi vanorangarira kuti vari mumamiriro ezvinhu okubudirira pasinei nemigumisiro. Kana chikumbiro chavo cheutiziro chikagamuchirwa, vanobudirira, sezvo vachigona kuramba vari mumamiriro oupfumi huri kubudirira zvikuru. Kana chikumbiro chavo chikarambwa, vanobudirirawo, nemhaka yokuti vachave vawana mari nokudzidza humwe unyanzvi hwokuenda nahwo kumusha.

Sezvo nhamba dzinowedzera dzevapoteri, pamwe chete nevanhu vanonyepedzera, dzinopinda mune dzimwe nyika, nyika zhinji hadzichagamuchiri vapoteri. Vamwe vakapfigira vari kutiza miganhu yavo. Dzimwe nyika dzakatanga mitemo nemiitiro zvinorambidza vapoteri zvakasimba zvinobudirira. Dzimwezve nyika dzakadzosa nokumanikidza vapoteri kunyika dzavakatiza. Chimwe chinyorwa cheUNHCR, chinoti: “Kuwedzera munhamba kusingadzokeri shure—kwavose vari vaviri vapoteri vechokwadi nevanotamira zvoupfumi—kwakapa nhamo yendangariro yakakomba pamuitiro une makore 3 500 woutiziro, kuchimuunza pedyo nokuda kuparara.”

Ruvengo Norutyo

Chiri kuwedzera kuzvinetso zvevapoteri chinetso mundangariro chorutyo rwevanhu vasingazivikanwi—kutya nokuvenga vabvakure. Munyika zhinji vanodavira kuti vanhu vokunze vanotyisidzira kuzivikanwa kwavo serudzi, tsika, uye mabasa. Rutyo rwakadaro pane dzimwe nguva runozviratidza rumene mumasimba masimba. Magazini yeRefugees, inoti: “Kondinendi yeEurope inoona kudenhwa kwedzinza kumwe mumaminiti matatu ari ose—uye nzvimbo dzokugamuchirira vanotsvaka utiziro kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru ndidzo nyajambwa.”

Chimwe chikwangwani nechapakati peEurope chinoratidza ruvengo rwakadzama, utsinye huri kuramba huchidzokororwa munyika zhinji dzapasi. Mashoko acho oruvengo anonanga mubvakure, okuti: “Ivo urwa hunonyangadza nehunorwadza mumuviri wenyika yedu. Rimwe boka redzinza risina tsika ipi neipi, tsika kana kuti mipimo yorudzidziso, mhomho inodzungaira inongopamba nokuba bedzi. Vane tsvina, vakazara nenda, vanozadza migwagwa nezviteshi zvechitima. Ngavarongedze madhende avo ane tsvina ndokuenda nokusingaperi!”

Vapoteri vazhinjisa, chokwadika, hapana chavaizoda zviri nani kupfuura “kuenda nokusingaperi.” Vanoshuva kuenda kumusha. Mwoyo yavo inorwadzirwa kugara upenyu hworugare, hwenguva dzose nemhuri neshamwari. Asi havana kumusha kwokuenda.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]

Nhamo Yevapoteri

“Waizviziva here kuti mazana ezviuru evana vevapoteri anorara ane nzara usiku huri hwose? Kana kuti mwana womupoteri mumwe bedzi pavasere akamboenda kuchikoro? Vazhinjisa vevana ava havana kutongoenda kumabhaisikopo, kana kuti paka, chida kumiziyamu. Vazhinji vanokurira muwaya ine minzwa kana kuti mumisasa iri kwayo yega. Havana kumboona mombe kana kuti imbwa. Vana vevapoteri vakawandisa vanofunga kuti uswa hwakasvibira ndechimwe chinhu chokudya, kwete chimwe chinhu chokutambira pamusoro nokumhanya. Vana vevapoteri ndivo rutivi runosuruvarisa zvikurusa rwebasa rangu.”—Sadako Ogata, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

[Kwazvakatorwa]

U.S. Navy photo

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Jesu Akanga Ari Mupoteri

Josefa naMaria vaigara muBhetrehema nemwanakomana wavo, Jesu. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakabva kuMabvazuva dzakauya nezvipo zvendarama, zvinonhuwira, uye mura. Pashure pokuenda kwavo ngirozi yakaoneka kuna Josefa, ichiti: “Simuka, utore mwana namai vake, utizire kuEgipita, ugareko kusvikira ndichikuudza; nokuti Herodhe uchatsvaka mwana kuti amuuraye.”—Mateo 2:13.

Nokukurumidza vatatu vavo vakatsvaka utiziro munyika yokumwe—vakava vapoteri. Herodhe akatsamwa kuti nyanzvi dzenyeredzi hadzina kushuma kwaari kwaiva neUyo akafanotaurwa kuti aizova mambo wevaJudha. Mukuedza kusina maturo kuuraya Jesu, akarayira varume vake kuuraya vakomana vaduku vose vaiva muBhetrehema nemakapoteredza.

Josefa nemhuri yake vakaramba vari muEgipita kutozosvikira ngirozi yaMwari yaonekazve kuna Josefa muchiroto. Ngirozi yacho, yakati: “Simuka, utore mwana namai vake, uende kunyika yavaIsraeri, nokuti vaitsvaka kuuraya mwana vafa.”—Mateo 2:20.

Sezviri pachena, Josefa aida kugara muJudhea, umo vakanga vachigara vasati vatizira kuEgipita. Asi akanyeverwa muchiroto kuti kwaizova kune ngozi kuita kudaro. Nokudaro tyisidziro yemasimba masimba zvakare yakapesvedzera upenyu hwavo. Josefa, Maria, uye Jesu vakaenda kuchamhembe kuGarirea ndokugara mutaundi reNazareta.

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 7]

Mumakore achangopfuura mamiriyoni evapoteri akatizira kune dzimwe nyika kuti azviponese

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Pamusoro nechokurubhoshwe: Albert Facelly/Sipa Press

Pamusoro nechokurudyi: Charlie Brown/Sipa Press

Pasi: Farnood/Sipa Press

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 4]

Mukomana ari kuruboshwe: UN PHOTO 159243/J. Isaac