Nhamburiko Dzokuponesa Vana

“Taungana paWorld Summit for Children kuti tiite mushandirapamwe uye kuti tiite mukumbiro wokukurumidzira womunyika yose—kupa mwana ari wose nguva yemberi iri nani.”—United Nations Conference, 1990.

VANAPUREZIDHENDI namakurukota makuru vanobva munyika dzinopfuura 70 vakaungana muNew York City pana September 29 na 30, 1990, kuti vakurukure mugariro wavana venyika.

Musangano wakanangidzira ngwariro yamarudzi ose pakutambura kunonzwisa urombo kwavana, ngwavaira yomunyika yose yakachengetwa iri chakavanzika. Nhume yeUnited States Peter Teeley yakaonesa kuti: “Kudai mazizi 40 000 ane matsaratsate akanga achifa zuva riri rose, kwaizova nekatyamadzo. Asi vana vane 40 000 vari kufa, uye hakutongocherekedzwi.”

Misoro yose yakaungana yehurumende yakabvumirana kuti chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuitwa—nokukurumidza. Vakaita “bvumirano yakakomba yokupa nzvimbo yokutanga yakakwirira kumaruramiro avana, kukupukunyuka kwavo uye kukudzivirirwa kwavo nokukura.” Zvikarakadzoi chaizvoizvo zvavakaita?

Upenyu Huduku Hunopfuura Mamirioni 50Huri Mumugariro Usina Kutsarukana

Vavariro huru yakanga iri yokusunungura vana vanopfuura mamirioni 50 avo sezvingabvira vangafa mukati mama 1990. Hwakawanda hwouhwu upenyu huduku hungagona kuponeswa kupfurikidza nokushandisa iyi mipimo youtano inotevera.

• Kana vanamai vose vari munyika dziri kubudirira vakapesvedzerwa kuyamwisa vacheche vavo kweinenge mwedzi mina kusvikira kumitanhatu, vana vane mirioni imwe vangaponeswa gore negore.

• Kushandiswa kukuru kweoral rehydration therapy (ORT) kungagona kuderedza mwero worufu runoparirwa norupanzo, runouraya vana vana mamirioni mana gore riri rose.a

Kubaiwa nhomba kwakapararira nokushandiswa kwemishonga inoparadza utachiona isingadhuri kungagona kudzivisa mamirioni edzimwe nzufu dzinoparirwa nehosha dzakadai segwirikwiti, tetanus, uye mabayo.

Rudzi irworwo rwepurogiramu youtano runobvira here? Mutengo zvimwe ungasvika mabhirioni Z$17,5 pagore panozosvika kupera kwamakore gumi. Mumitengo yomunyika yose iyi ndyiko ingava duku. Makambani efodya eAmerica anopedza chitsama ichecho gore rimwe nerimwe—pakuzivisa midzanga chete. Zuva riri rose marudzi enyika anopambadza chitsama chimwe chetecho pandyiko dzehondo. Mari dzakadaro dzingagona kupedzerwa zviri nani pautano hwavana vari mungozi here? United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Child nomutoo wakananga inoti “rudzi rwomunhu rune ngava yezvakanakisisa kumwana zvarunazvo zvokupa.”

Chokwadika, kupa “mwana ari wose nguva yemberi iri nani” kunobatanidza zvakawanda zvikuru kupfuura kuvaponesa parufu runokurumidza. Sandra Huffman, purezidhendi weCenter to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition, anotsanangura mumagazini yeTime kuti “ORT haidzivisi rupanzo, inongoponesa bedzi vana pakufa nayo. . . . Chatinofanira kuita zvino,” anowedzera kudaro, “kunangidzira ngwariro pamadzivisire atinogona kuita chirwere, kwete bedzi rufu.”

Nokuda kwokuvandudza—pamwe chete nokuponesa—upenyu hwamamirioni avana, purogiramu dzine gwinyiro dzakatangwa. (Ona bhokisi riri papeji 6.) Hapana neimwe ichava iri nyore kuita.

Mvura Yakachena Iri Pedyo

Felicia Onu aisimbopedza maawa mashanu zuva riri rose achiteka mvura nokuda kwemhuri yake. Mvura yaaiendesa kumba yaiwanzova noutachiona. (Mvura yakadaro inouya nedenda regore negore routachiona hwehonye yeguinea uye inoparira kutanga kworupanzo.) Asi muna 1984, mumusha wake weUgwulangwu mumabvazuva eNigeria, tsime rakacherwa uye chibhorani chakaiswa.

Zvino anofanira kufamba bedzi mamita ane mazana mashomanene kuti awane mvura yakachena. Vana vake vane utano hwakanaka zvikuru, uye upenyu hwake hwava huri nyore zvikuru. Vanhu vanopfuura bhirioni rimwe vakafanana naFelicia vakasvika kumvura yakachena mukati mama 1980. Asi mamirioni avakadzi navana achiri kupedzera maawa akawanda zuva rimwe nerimwe vakatwara mabhakiti ane mvura shoma isingasviki huwandu hunowanzogwejemurwa nechimbudziwo zvacho chokuMadokero.

Migariro Yakanaka Neyakashata Mudzidzo

Maximino mukomana akangwara ane makore gumi nerimwe okukura anogara munharaunda iri yoga yeColombia. Pasinei hapo nokupedzera maawa anoverengeka pazuva achibetsera baba vake kutarisira zvirimwa zvavo, ari kuita zvakanaka kuchikoro. Anoenda kuEscuela Nueva, kana kuti Chikoro Chitsva, icho chine purogiramu inochinjika yakagadzirirwa kubetsera vana kudzidza izvo vamwe vadzidzi vakadzidza mukati mokusavapo kwavo kana vachifanira kupotsa kufunda kwamazuva mashomanene—chinoitika chinozivikanwa navose, zvikurukuru panguva yokukohwa. Vadzidzisi vashomanene zvikuru muchikoro chaMaximino. Mabhuku anoshandiswa haana kukwana. Vana vanokurudzirwa kubetserana nezvavasinganzwisisi, uye ivo vamene vanoita zhinjisa rebasa rinobatanidzwa mukutarisira chikoro. Iyi igadziriro itsva—zvikurukuru yakaitirwa kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvenzanga dzomumaruwa dzine urombo—iri kuedzwa mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda.

Zviuru zvamakiromita kubva Colombia, muguta guru reAsia, munogara mumwe ane makore gumi nerimwe okukura akangwara, anonzi Melinda. Pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi akarega chikoro kuti ape maawa 12 pazuva kukunhonga zvimedu zvesimbi nepurasitiki kubva murimwe ramadurunhuru mahombe amarara eguta. “Ndinoda kubetsera baba vangu kuti tigone kuwana chimwe chinhu chokudya zuva riri rose,” Melinda anodaro. “Kana ndisina kumubetsera, tingasatongokwanisa kuva nezvakawanda zvokudya.” Kunyange pazuva rakanaka, anounza kumba inenge Z$1,75 bedzi.

Vashandi Veutano Hwavana

Mumaruwa eguta reIndia reBombay mune taundi redzimba dzakashata rinonzi Malvani, umo hosha yanguve ichiwanzowanwa. Pakupedzisira zvinhu zviri kuvandudzika, nokuda kwavashandi voutano vane simba vakadai saNeetu naAziz. Vanoshanyira mhuri kuti vanzvere kana vana vaduku vakabaiwa nhomba, kana kuti kana vari kutambura rupanzo, mhezi, kana kuti kushaiwa ropa. Neetu naAziz vanongova namakore gumi nerimwe bedzi okukura. Vakazvipira kuti vashande mupurogiramu umo vana vakura vanogoverwa kutarisira utano hwaavo vari pasi pamakore mashanu okukura. Nemhaka yenhamburiko dzaNeetu naAziz—uye nhamburiko dzavazhinji vavamwe vana vakafanana navo—vanodokuva vechiduku vose veMalvani vakabaiwa nhomba, vabereki vazhinjisa vanoziva maitirwe eoral rehydration therapy, uye utsanana hwose hwavandudzika.

Munyika yose, nhanho hurusa dziri kuitwa kubaya nhomba vana vaduku kudzivirira hosha dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa. (Ona chati riri papeji 8.) Bangladesh zvino yakadzivirira pakubatira utachiona vanopfuura 70 muzana vechiverengero chavacheche vayo, uye China yakadzivirira pakubatira utachiona vanopfuura zvikuru 95 muzana. Kudai nyika iri yose iri kubudirira yaigona kusvika chiratidzo che 90 muzana, nyanzvi dzoutano dzinodavira kuti kudzivirirwa pakubatira utachiona kweboka kwaizova muuyo. Apo voruzhinjisa zvikurusa vanodzivirirwa pakubatira utachiona, kwakaoma zvikuru kuti hosha ive inopfuudzwa.

Urombo, Hondo, uye AIDS

Kunyanguvezvo, idi rinosuruvarisa nderokuti nepo fambiro mberi iri kuitwa mutarisiro youtano nedzidzo, zvimwe zvinetso zvinoramba zvakasimba sanekare. Zvitatu zvezvisingadzoreki zvikurusa urombo, hondo, uye AIDS.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya vanhu varombo venyika vave vachiva varombo zvikuru. Mari chaiyoiyo munharaunda dzine urombo dzeAfrica neLatin America yakaderera negumi muzana kana kuti kupfuura mumakore gumi apfuura. Vabereki vari munyika idzi—umo 75 muzana yemari yemhuri inopedzerwa pazvokudya—havangambogoni kukwanisa kupa vana vavo zvokudya zvakadzikama.

‘Ipa vana mirivo namabhanana,’ Grace akaudzwa kudaro pakiriniki yokwake youtano yomunzvimbomo. Asi Grace, amai vavana gumi, anogara muEast Africa, haana mari yezvokudya, uye hakuna mvura yakakwana yokuti arime zvirimwa izvozvo papuroti yemhuri yechikamu chimwe chezvina cheeka. Havana chisarudzo kunze kwokurarama nechibage nebhinzi uye padzimwe nguva kuva nenzara. Kana migariro yazvino uno ikapfuurira, kariro hadzina bviro yokuvandudzika nokuda kwemhuri yaGrace kana kuti nokuda kwamamirioni edzimwe dzakafanana neyake.

Vana vaGrace, kunyange zvazvo vari varombo, vane upenyu huri nani kupfuura Kim Seng ane makore masere okukura wokuSoutheast Asia, ana baba vakaurawa muhondo yavagari vemo yokuuraya hama dzako uye ana amai vakatevera kufa nokuziya nenzara. Kim Seng, uyo akadokufawo nezvokudya zvisingavaki muviri, pakupedzisira akawana utiziro mumusasa wavapoteri. Vakawanda vavana vana mamirioni mashanu vanopera simba mumisasa yavapoteri kupota nyika vakatambura nhamo dzakafanana.

Pakuvamba kwezana ramakore, vashanu muzana bedzi vavakuvadzwi vehondo vakanga vasiri varwi. Zvino nhamba iyeyo yakawedzera kusvika ku 80 muzana, uye voruzhinjisa vaava vanyajambwa vehondo vakadzi kana kuti vana. Avo vangapukunyuka kuvadziko yomuviri vachiri vanotambura mumurangariro. “Handigoni kukanganwa maurairwe akaitwa amai vangu,” anodaro mumwe mwana ari mupoteri anobva munyika iri pakati pakadziva kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica. “Vakabata amai vangu ndokuita zvinhu zvakashata kwavari. Pashure pacho vakavasungirira ndokuvabaya. . . . Pane dzimwe nguva ndinorota pamusoro pako.”

Sezvo rwisano dzamasimba masimba dzinopfuurira kuitika munyika imwe neimwe, kunoratidzika sokusingabviri kuti vana vasina mhaka vachapfuurira kutambura kuparadza kwehondo. Kupfuurirazve, kurwisana kwamarudzi ose kunokuvadzawo vana avo vasingabatanidzwi nomutoo wakananga murwisano. Mauto anoshandisa zvitsama zvikuru zvemari ingagona kupedzerwa mukugovera dzidzo iri nani, utsanana, uye tarisiro youtano. Kupambadza kwamauto enyika yose kunoitwa nenyika dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kunopfuura mari yegore negore yakabatanidzwa yehafu yavarombo zvikurusa vorudzi rwomunhu. Kunyange nyika 46 dzine urombo zvikurusa dzenyika dzinopedza yakawanda pamichina yavo yehondo kupfuura yavanopedzera pautano nedzidzo kana zvabatanidzwa.

Kunze kwourombo nehondo, mumwe muurayi anoronda vana venyika. Mukati mama 1980, apo enderero mberi inocherekedzwa yakanga ichiitwa mukurwisa gwirikwiti, tetanus, uye rupanzo, chimwe chinoitika chinotyisa chakabuda: AIDS. World Health Organization inowana kuti panozosvika gore ra 2000, vana vane mamirioni gumi vachava neutachiona. Vazhinjisa vaivava havasati vachizotongosvika zuva ravo rokuberekwa regore rechipiri, uye hapatongorina upi noupi achararama kwamakore anopfuura mashanu. “Kutoti chimwe chinhu chikaitwa nokukurumidza, AIDS inotyisidzira kuparadza enderero mberi yose yatakaita mukurarama kwavana mumakore gumi akapfuura,” anochema achidaro Dr. Reginald Boulos, chiremba wavana weHaiti.

Kubva muiyi hwirudzuro pfupi, kuri pamhene kuti pasinei hapo nezvakaitwa zvinorumbidzwa, vavariro yo‘kupa mwana ari wose nguva yemberi iri nani’ inoramba iri basa gurusa. Pane tariro ipi neipi here yokuti rimwe zuva fungidziro ichazadzika?

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 6]

Nharidzano dzama 90—Denho Yokuponesa Vana

Marudzi anopinda World Summit for Children akaita bvumirano chaidzo dzinoverengeka. Izvi ndizvo zvaanokarira kuwana panozosvika gore ra 2000.

Kubaya nhomba. Purogiramu dzokubaya nhomba dzazvino uno dzinoponesa vana vane mamirioni matatu gore rimwe nerimwe. Asi vamwe vane mamirioni maviri vachiri kufa. Kupfurikidza nokudzivirira kutapurwa noutachiona 90 muzana kana kuti kupfuura yavana venyika pahosha dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa, dzoruzhinjisa dzeidzi nzufu dzingagona kudziviswa.

Dzidzo. Mukati mama 1980, kunyoresa kwechikoro kwakaderera chaizvoizvo mudzakawanda dzenyika dzine urombo zvikurusa dzenyika. Nharidzano ndeyokuchinja muitiro iwowo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti panozosvika kupera kwamakore gumi, mwana ari wose anenge ava nebanza rokuenda kuchikoro.

Kushaika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri. Vakuru vakuru veUnited Nations Children’s Fund vanodavira kuti “nemiitiro yakarurama, . . . nyika zvino inokwanisa kudyisa vana venyika vose uye kukurira zvimiro zvakaipisisa zvokushaika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri.” Zvikarakadzo zvakaitwa kuderedza chiverengero chavana vanoshaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri mukati memakore gumi azvino uno. Kuwana kwakadaro kunganunura vana vane mamirioni 100 pakuruma kwenzara.

Mvura yakachena noutsanana. Muna 1987, Mushumo weBrundtland wakatsanangura, kuti: “Munyika iri kubudirira, chiverengero chamapombi emvura ari pedyopo chiratidzo chiri nani choutano hwenzanga kupfuura chiverengero chemibhedha yechipatara.” Panguva ino vanhu vanopfuura bhirioni rimwe havagoni kuwana mvura yakachena, uye vakawanda nekanopeta nakaviri havana madurunhuru outsanana amarara. Vavariro ndeyokugovera kukwanisa kwavose kuwana mvura yokunwa yakanaka nemitoo youtsanana nokuda kwezvimbudzi.

Dziviriro. Mumakore gumi apfuura, hondo dzakaparira kuvadziko dzavana dzinopfuura mamirioni mashanu. Vamwe vana vane mamirioni mashanu vakaitwa kuti vasave nemisha. Ava vapoteri, pamwe chete nevana vomumugwagwa navana vari vashandi, nokukurumidzira vanoda dziviriro. Convention on the Rights of the Child—zvino yakabvumirwa nedzinopfuura nyika dzine zana rimwe—inotsvaka kudzivirira ava vana vose pamasimba masimba nokudyeredzerwa.

[Chati iri papeji 7]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

ZVISAKISO ZVIKURU ZVENZUFU DZAVANA

(Vana Vari Pasi Pamakore Mashanu)

MAMIRIONI ENZUFU GORE RIMWE NERIMWE (fungidziro dza 1990):

MAMIRIONI 0,51 Chipembwe

MAMIRIONI 0,79 Neonatal Tetanus

MAMIRIONI 1,0 Marariya

MAMIRIONI 1,52 Gwirikwiti

MAMIRIONI 2,2 Zvimwe Zvirwere Zvokuzarirwa

MAMIRIONI 4,0 Hosha Yorupanzo

MAMIRIONI 4,2 Zvimwe Zvisakiso

Manyuko: WHO neUNICEF

[Chati iri papeji 8]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

FAMBIRO MBERI MUKUBAIWA NHOMBA KWAVANA MUNYIKA IRI KUBUDIRIRA 1980-1988

Pesendeji yavanavari pasi pemwedzi 12 vakabaiwa nhomba

MAKORE

1980 1988

DPT3* 24% 29%

PORIYO 66% 72%

RURINDI 20% 15%

GWIRIKWITI 66% 59%

* DPT3 Kubaya nhomba kwomubatanidzwa kweDIPHTHERIA, CHIPEMBWE (PERTUSSIS), uye TETANUS.

MANYUKO: WHO neUNICEF (nhamba dza 1980 hadzibatanidzi China)

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 4]

Photo: Godo-Foto