Rutivi 4

Sayenzi—Kutsvaka Zvokwadi Kunopfuurira Kworudzi Rwomunhu

Kumutsidzirwa kweSayenzi neChinjo

KANGAIDZIKO yakarovanya nyika mukati mehafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 18 sezvo chinjo dzakashandura mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kutanga muAmerica, tevere muFrance. Munguva ino, muEngland rudzi rwakasiana rwechinjo rwakavamba, chinjo mumabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Yakanga ine zvakawanda zvokuita zvikurusa norumwe rudzi rwechinjo, iya yesayenzi.

Vamwe vanoti sayenzi yakaberekwazve kubvira muma 1540, apo nyanzvi yePoland yemitumbi yomudenga Nicolaus Copernicus uye nyanzvi yeBelgium yokunzverwa kwomuviri yezvinhu Andreas Vesalius vakabudisa mabhuku akatapura zvikurukuru kufunga kwesayenzi. Vamwe vanoti chinjo yakava pakuvamba zvikuru, muna 1452, apo Leonardo da Vinci akaberekwa. Munzveri wenguva dzose akabetsera zvikuru mune zvesayenzi, Leonardo akatanga mifungo yakanga iri mune zvinoitika zvakati mavambo ezviitwa zvitsva zvakakwaniswa mumazana amakore gare gare, zvakadai sendege, matangi ehondo, uye parachuti.

Asi sayenzi sezvatinoiziva zvino, anodaro Ernest Nagel, purofesa akarega basa asi achine zita rorukudzo paColumbia University, “haina kutsigiswa zvakasimba zvakatsiga sesangano rinopfuurira munzanga yokuMadokero kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechigumi namanomwe nerechigumi namasere.” Apo sayenzi yakava yakatsigiswa zvakasimba, nhambo yechinjo huru munhau yomunhu yakanga yasvikwa. Bhuku rinonzi The Scientist, rinoti: “Pakati pepanenge pa 1590 na 1690 vazivi vakawanda . . . vakatanga kunzvera kunotekeshera kusingatongoenzaniswi muimwe nhambo ipi neipi yamakore 100.”

Zvinhu Zvakashata Zvinosvibisa Nzira

Sayenzi dzenhema dzatekesherawo, kufanana nezvinhu zvakashata zvine rondedzero dzisina kururama zvakadzivisa enderero mberi chaiyoiyo yesayenzi. Rondedzero yephlogiston yakanga iri imwe yaidzodzi. “Phlogiston,” rinobva muchiGiriki, rinoreva kuti “zvakapiswa.” Rakatangwa muna 1702 naGeorge Ernst Stahl, uyo aidavira kuti phlogiston zvinopiswa zvakabudiswa apo zvinhu zvinotsva zvakapiswa. Akafunga nezvako senheyo panzvimbo pechinhu chaichoicho, asi chitendero chokuti chakanga chiri chinhu chaichoicho chakakura kwamakore. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier akanga asingakwanisi kuramba kudavira iyi rondedzero kutozosvikira pakati pa 1770 na 1790.

The Book of Popular Science rinobvuma kuti nepo rondedzero yephlogiston “yakanga isina kururama chose chose, bva kwenguva yakati yakagovera rondedzero inoshanda iyo sezvinooneka yakatsanangura zvinoitika zvakawanda zvomusikirwo. Yaingova bedzi imwe yerondedzero dzakawanda dzesayenzi dzakayedzwa muchiyereso ndokuwanwa dzichiperevedza mumakore ose apfuura.”

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwesimbi kuva ndarama rwakanga rwuri chimwe chinhu chakashata. Harrap’s Illustrated Dictionary of Science rinohurondedzera so“mubatanidzwa wouzivi, mashiripiti uye ruzivo rwezvamakemikoro, wakatanga muzera rapamberi pechiKristu, uchitsvaka nomutoo wakasiana-siana kushandurwa kwesimbi kuva ndarama, kurebeswa kwoupenyu nechakavanzika chokusafa.” Rusati rwarambwa, ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwesimbi kuva ndarama rwakabetsera kuvanzarika hwaro nokuda kwechemistry yazvino uno, chinjo yakapedzwa pakazosvika kupera kwezana ramakore rechi 17.

Naizvozvo kunyange zvazvo zviri zvinhu zvakashata, rondedzero yephlogiston noruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwesimbi kuva ndarama zvakanga zvine mativi akati anokosha. Hakuna kudaro, zvisinei, vaiti vezvakashata vohunhu avo nemhaka yechitendero chorudzidziso vakatsigira zvimiro zvendangariro zvinorwisana nesayenzi. Kukwikwidzana pakati pesayenzi nedzidziso youmwari—zvose zviri zviviri zvichitaura kuti ndicho chiremera bedzi panhau dzechisiko chapose pose—kazhinji kazhinji kwakatungamirira kurwisano chaiyoiyo.

Somuenzaniso, muzana ramakore rechipiri N.V., nyanzvi yemitumbi yomuchadenga yakakurumbira Ptolemy yakaita rondedzero yegeocentric, kureva kuti apo nyika dzomuchadenga dzinenge dzichitenderera mudenderedzwa, musimboti wedenderedzwa, unonzi epicycle, unofambawo kunze kwedenderedzwa rerimwe denderedzwa. Hwakanga huri unyanzvi hwamasvomu hwakanakisisa uye yakanga iri tsananguro yokufamba kunooneka mudenga kwezuva, mwedzi, nyika dzomuchadenga, uye nyeredzi hwakagamuchirwa zvakafara kutozosvikira zana ramakore rechi 16.

Copernicus (1473-1543) akatanga rondedzero yokutsiva nayo. Aidavira kuti nepo nyika dzomuchadenga, kubatanidza pasi, zvichitenderera zuva, zuva rimire. Uyu mufungo—pasi rinofamba harisichirizve musimboti wechisiko chapose pose—kana uri wechokwadi, waizova nemiuyo inobatanidza zvakawanda. Asingasviki makore ane zana gare gare, nyanzvi yeItaly yemitumbi yomuchadenga Galileo Galilei kupfurikidza namabheko akaita cherekedzo dzakamupwisa kuti rondedzero yaCopernicus yapasi rinotenderera zuva yakanga iri yechokwadi zvamazvirokwazvo. Asi Chechi yeKaturike yakaramba mirangariro yaGalileo sedzidziso yenhema ndokumugombedzera kuchinja.

Zvikanganiso zvorudzidziso zvakanga zvaparira vafundisi vechechi kuramba zvokwadi yesayenzi. Chechi haina kubvisa pomero dzedzidziso yenhema kutozosvikira anenge makore 360 gare gare. L’Osservatore Romano, muchinyorwa chayo chevhiki nevhiki chaNovember 4, 1992, “yakabvuma chikanganiso chomunhu oga chorutongeso” mumhaka inorwisana naGalileo.

Zvinhu Zvakashata Zvichiriko

Nenzira yakafanana, muzana rino ramakore rechi 20, marudzidziso echiKristudhomu anoratidzira ruzvidzo rwakafanana nokuda kwezvokwadi. Anoita ikoku kupfurikidza nokusarudza rondedzero dzisina kubudiswa dzesayenzi mukunangana nezvokwadi, dzose dziri mbiri yesayenzi neyorudzidziso. Muenzaniso wakanakisisa irondedzero isingabvumikiswi yemhindumupindu, zvikurukuru muuyo usingatenderwi we“zivo” yesayenzi yakakanganiswa zvakakomba nedzidziso dzenhema dzorudzidziso.a

Charles Darwin akabudisa bhuku rake rinonzi On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection pana November 24, 1859. Asi mufungo wemhindumupindu unobva chaizvoizvo munguva dzapamberi pechiKristu. Somuenzaniso, muzivi wechiGiriki Aristotle akafananidzira munhu ari pamusoro pomutsetse achishanduka-shanduka kubva paupenyu hwemhuka hwakaderera zvikuru. Pakutanga, vafundisi vakaramba rondedzero yaDarwin, asi The Book of Popular Science rinoti: “Mhindumupindu [gare gare] yakava chimwe chinhu chinopfuura rondedzero yesayenzi . . . Yakava ziviso yechiratidzo chehondo uye kunyange uzivi.” Mufungo wokupukunyuka kwavakasimba zvikurusa wakafadza vanhu vaivavarira kuti vasvike panzvimbo yakakwira zvikurusa muupenyu.

Kudzivisa kwavafundisi kwakapera nokukurumidza. The Encyclopedia of Religion rinotaura kuti “rondedzero yaDarwin yemhindumupindu haina kungowana bedzi kugamuchirwa asi rumbidzo inoungira,” uye kuti “pakazosvika nguva yorufu rwake muna 1883, vafundisi vanofunga zvikurusa uye vanodekudza vakanga vasvika pamhedziso yokuti mhindumupindu yakanga ichiwirirana chose nenzwisiso yakavhenekerwa yorugwaro.”

Ikoku pasinei hapo nokubvuma kunotevera kwakaitwa neThe Book of Popular Science, kwokuti: “Kunyange vatsigiri vakatsiga zvikurusa vedzidziso yemhindumupindu yezvinhu vaitofanira kubvuma kuti makanga mune kusarurama kwakatanhamara uye mikaha murondedzero yapakuvamba yaDarwin.” Richitaura kuti “rondedzero hurusa yapakuvamba yaDarwin yakavandudzwa kana kuti kubviswa,” hunyanguvezvo bhuku rinotaura kuti “pesvedzero ye[mhindumupindu] parunenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwomubato wohunhu yave iri huru zvikuru. Nhau, ruzivo rwokuchera matongo uye ruzivo rwamadzinza avanhu zvakachinja zvikurusa nemhaka yerondedzero.”

Nhasi, vezvesayenzi vanofunga vakawanda vanopanikira zvakakomba rondedzero yemhindumupindu. Changamire Fred Hoyle, muvambi weCambridge Institute of Theoretical Astronomy uye mutezo unokumbanira weAmerican National Academy of Sciences, akanyora makore gumi apfuura, kuti: “Ini somunhu oga, ndinopanikira zvikuru kuti vezvenhau vesayenzi vomunguva yemberi vachakuwana kuva kusinganzwisisiki kuti rondedzero yaigona kuonwa kuva isingashandi yakasvika pakuva inodavirwa zvakafara.”

Zvainodenha hwaro humene hwokuvapo kwavanhu, mhindumupindu inobira Musiki chakafanira chake. Inorambawo kutaura kwayo kwokuva yesayenzi uye haibetseri kukutsvaka zvokwadi yesayenzi kunopfuurira kworudzi rwomunhu. Karl Marx akafara kugamuchira mhindumupindu uye ‘kupukunyuka kwavakasimba zvikurusa’ kuti atsigire kumuka kwechiKomonizimu. Asi mhindumupindu chinhu chakashata chorudzi rwakashata zvikurusa.

Vanyajambwa Ndivanaani?

Munhu upi noupi anonyengerwa kupinda mukudavira rondedzero dzesayenzi yenhema anova nyajambwa. Asi kunyange kudavira zvokwadi dzesayenzi kunoparira ngozi. Enderero mberi dzesayenzi dzakatanhamara dzinobva muchinjo yesayenzi dzakanyengera vazhinji kupinda mukudavira kuti kwakanga kusina chinhu zvino chisingasvikiki.

Ichi chitendero chakakudziridzwa sezvo enderero mberi yesayenzi yakapfuurira kukukura chimiro chendangariro chokuramba sayenzi icho chakanga chambochengetwa norudzidziso rwenhema. Kutengeserana uye zvamatongerwe enyika zvakavamba kubvuma sayenzi sechishandiswo chine simba chinofanira kushandiswa mukuwana nharidzano dzavo, ingava tuso yezvemari kana kuti kusimbiswa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchitaurwa nomutoo wakajeka, sayenzi zvishoma nezvishoma yakanga ichitanga kuva mwari, ichikura kuva husayenzi. Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary rinorondedzera ihwohwu se“chivimbo chakatutsirwa murubudiriro rwemitoo yesayenzi yomusikirwo inoshandiswa kunzvimbo dzose dzokufeyafeya.”

Zana ramakore rechi 19 zvarakasvika kumugumo, vanhu vakabvunza icho zana ramakore rechi 20 raizounza. Sayenzi yaizogadza “denga chairoiro pasi pano” iro vazhinji vakaifunga kuva inokwanisa kuunza here? Kana kuti zvinhu zvayo zvakashata zvaizopfuurira kuparadzira munhandare yehondo yechinjo mitumbi yakaita mhiyepiye yavanyajambwa vokuwedzera here? Inoti: “‘Mashiripiti’ eZana Ramakore Rechi 20 Anoshanda,’” inobuda muchinyorwa chedu chinotevera, ichapindura.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 20]

Pakubviswa kwePuragi

PAMISI ichangobva kupfuuura iyi somukuvamba mezana ramakore rechi 19, magetsi airangarirwa sechishamiso chinofadza asi aine kushandiswa kuduku kunobetsera. Varume vomunyika dzakasiana-siana uye migariro yakasiana-siana, kubatanidza H. C. Ørsted (1777-1851), M. Faraday (1791-1867), A. Ampère (1775-1836), uye B. Franklin (1706-90), vakaita kuwana kunokosha, zvisinei, uko kwakabvumikisa neimwe nzira, kupfurikidza nako vachivanzarika hwaro nokuda kwenyika yanhasi yamagetsi—nyika iyo isingagoni kushanda isina magetsi.

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 21]

Nicolaus Copernicus

Galileo Galilei

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Mifananidzo yakatorwa muGiordano Bruno and Galilei (Chinyorwa cheGermany)