Kuva Navana—Kunobetsera Here kana kuti Hakubetseri?
NHAU yokuronga mhuri yakasanobatana neicho chinowanzonzi wedzero yechiverengero chavagari vapasi. Munhau huru yose yorudzi rwomunhu, kukura kwechiverengero chavagari vapasi kwakanga kuchinonozeka zvikuru; chiverengero chavaifa chakanga chakadokufanana nechiverengero chaiberekwa. Pakupedzisira, munenge mugore ra 1830, chiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika chakasvika bhirioni rimwe.
Ipapo kwakasvika fambiro mberi dzokurapa nedzesayenzi dzakasakisa nzufu shoma zvikuru dzinoparirwa nehosha, zvikurukuru hosha youhwana. Pakuzosvika munenge muna 1930, chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakasvika vanhu vane mabhirioni maviri. Pakuzosvika muna 1960, rimwe bhirioni rakanga rawedzerwa. Pakuzosvika muna 1975, rimwe bhirioni. Pakuzosvika muna 1987, chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakasvika mabhirioni mashanu.
Kukutarira neimwe nzira, chiverengero chavanhu vari panyika chiri kuwedzera munguva ino navanhu vanenge 170 paminiti iri yose. Ikoko kunohwerengedza kusvikira kuvanhu vane 250 000 pazuva riri rose, vakakwana nokuda kweguta rine ukuru hwakati. Ikoku kunorevawo kuti, gore rimwe nerimwe rinounza wedzero yechiverengero chavagari vapasi chavanhu vanopfuura mamirioni 90, yakaenzana nechiverengero cheCanada chinowanziridzwa nekatatu kana kuti yakaenzana nechiverengero chavagari vapasi cheMexico. Inopfuura 90 muzana youku kukura iri kuitika munyika dziri kubudirira, umo 75 muzana yechiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika inotogara.
Hurumende Dzinoitira Hanya
Asi neiko hurumende dzichidisa kuganhurira kukura kwechiverengero chavagari vapasi kupfurikidza nokuronga mhuri? Dr. Babs Sagoe, Mukuru mukuru Wepurogiramu Yorudzi weNigeria nokuda kweUN Population Fund, anopindura uyu mubvunzo nomuenzanisiro wakapfava uyo, anonyevera kudaro, unokombamira kukunyanyopfavisa mugariro wakaoma kunzwisisa nokuitirana nharo. Iye anotsanangura, kuti:
‘Ngatitii muzvinapurazi ane ma[hekita mana] omunda. Kana iye ane vana gumi uye anokamuranisira munda zvakaenzana, mwana mumwe nomumwe anova ne[hafu yehekita]. Kana mumwe nomumwe wavana ivavo ane vana gumi ndokukamuranisa munda nenzira yakafanana, mumwe nomumwe wavana achava bedzi ne[hekita 0,04]. Nenzira yakajeka, ava vana havazovi vakapfuma sasekuru vavo, aiva nama[hekita mana] omunda.’
Uyu muenzanisiro unosimudzira wirirano iri pakati pechiverengero chinokura chavanhu uye pasi risingawedzeri ukuru rine pfuma yakaganhurirwa. Chiverengero chavagari vapasi zvachinokura, nyika dzakawanda dziri kubudirira dziri kuparapatikira kugonana nezviverengero zvavagari vapasi zvazvino uno. Rangarira zvimwe zvezvinetso.
Pfuma. Chiverengero chavanhu zvachinowedzera, panova nezvinodikanwa zvikuru zvamasango, ivhu, munda wokurima, uye mvura yakanaka. Muuyo wacho? Magazini inonzi Populi inoratidzira rusuruvaro: “Nyika dziri kubudirira . . . dzinowanzogombedzerwa kunyanyoshandisa pfuma yorudzi panotsamira nguva yavo yemberi iri kubudirira.”
Gadziriro Yavose Inoshandiswa. Chiverengero chavanhu zvachinokura, hurumende dzinokuwana kwakaoma nomutoo unowedzera kugovera dzimba dzakakwana, zvikoro, nzvimbo dzoutsanana, migwagwa, uye mabasa outano. Akaremerwa nomutoro wakapetwa kaviri wechikwereti chikuru nepfuma dzinoderera, marudzi ari kubudirira anodzvinyirirwa zvikuru kuti atarisire zvinodikanwa zvezviverengero zviripo, tisingadudzi hedu zvikuru zvazvo.
Basa. Chinyorwa cheUN Population Fund chinonzi Population and the Environment: The Challenges Ahead chinotaura kuti munyika dzakawanda dziri kubudirira, 40 muzana yavashandi inotova iri kushaiwa basa. Munyika yose iri kubudirira, vanhu vanopfuura hafu yebhirioni vari kushaiwa basa kana kuti zvimwe vanowana basa renguva shoma, nhamba inodokuenzana navashandi vose munyika dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu.
Kuti dzidzivirire iyi mwero pakuipisisa, nyika dziri kubudirira dzinofanira kuita mabasa matsva anopfuura mamirioni 30 gore riri rose. Vanhu vachada aya mabasa vapenyu nhasi—ivo vana vanhasi. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti kushaikwa kwebasa kukurusa kungatungamirira kukakavaro yavagari vemo, urombo hunoipa, uye kuparadzwazve kwepfuma yomusikirwo.
Hakushamisi kuti marudzi akawanda zvikuru ari kubudirira ari kuvavarira kusimudzira kuronga mhuri. Chichitsinhira pamusoro peicho chiri mberi, chikamu chomupepeti wenhau chiri mumagazini yezvokurapa yeBritain inonzi Lancet chakati: “Dzvinyiriro yewedzero muzviverengero [zvavanhu], zvikurukuru zvakaganhurirwa kunyika dzine urombo zvikuru inowedzera nomutoo mukuru basa radzinonangana naro. . . . Mamirioni achapedza upenyu hwawo asina kudzidza, achishaiwa basa, ane dzimba dzisina kutsarukana uye asingawani mabasa outano okutanga, kutarisirwa kwegarikano uye utsanana, uye wedzero yechiverengero chavagari vapasi chisingadzorwi chisakiso chikuru.”
Mhuri Dzinoitira Hanya
Kugadza nharidzano uye kuita mapurogiramu okuronga mhuri pamwero worudzi rwose ndichimwe; kupwisa vanhu ndichimwe chinhu. Munzanga dzakawanda mirangariro yegamuchidzanwa inoda mhuri huru ichiri yakasimba. Somuenzaniso, amai veNigeria vakapindura kukurudziro yehurumende yavo yokuderedza mwero yokubereka kupfurikidza nokuti: “Ndini gotwe ravana 26 vababa vangu. Vakoma vangu vose, kubatanidza vanhurume navanhukadzi, vane vana vari pakati pavasere ne 12. Naizvozvo, ini ndinofanira kuva mumwe anova navana vashoma here?”
Kunyanguvezvo, murangariro wakadaro hausati wakarovedzeka sezvawaichimbova, kunyange muNigeria, umo mukadziwo zvake anobereka vana vatanhatu. Vanangana nokukwira kwemitengo, mamirioni avanhu ari kudzvinyirirwa zvikuru kuti adyise uye kupfekedza mhuri dzawo. Vakawanda vakadzidza kupfurikidza nechinoitika zvokwadi yechirevo cheYoruba, chinoti: “Ọmọ bẹẹrẹ, òṣì bẹẹrẹ” (kana vana vakawanda, urombo hunowanda).
Vanyakuroorana vakawanda vanonzwisisa betsero dzokuronga mhuri, bva havakushandisi. Muuyo wacho? The State of the World’s Children 1992, rakabudiswa neUnited Nations Children’s Fund, rakati inenge mimba imwe munhatu munyika iri kubudirira mukati megore ingava kwete bedzi isina kurongwa asi isingadikanwi.
Kuronga Mhuri Kunoponesa Upenyu
Kunze kwezvinetso zvemari, chikonzero chikuru chokurangarira kuronga mhuri ndihwo utano hwaamai navana vavo. “Mimba kubhejera uye kubereka iparapatiko youpenyu norufu,” chinodaro chirevo cheWest Africa. Gore riri rose munyika iri kubudirira, vakadzi vane hafu yemirioni vanofa mukati mokuva napamuviri kana kuti kubereka mwana, vana vane mirioni vanosiiwa vasina amai, uye vamwe vane mamirioni mashanu kusvikira kumanomwe vanokuvara kana kuti kuremara nemhaka yekuvadziko youtano ine chokuita nokubereka mwana.
Havasati vari vakadzi vose vari munyika dziri kubudirira vanokuvadzwa mungozi yakafanana. Sokuratidza kunoita bhokisi riri pamwe chete nenhauyi, avo vanokuvadzwa zvikurusa ndivo vakadzi vanobereka vana vakawandisa vachiri vaduku, kazhinji kazhinji zvikurusa, kana kuti vakura zvikurusa. Manyuko eChibatanwa chaMarudzi anofungidzira kuti kuronga mhuri kungadzivirira chikamu chimwe muzvina kusvikira kuchikamu chimwe chezvitatu cheidzi nzufu uye kungadzivirira mamirioni okukuvara.
Asi kuponeswa kwamamirioni oupenyu hakusati kwaizobatira bedzi kuwedzera kukura kwechiverengero chavagari vapasi here? Nenzira inoshamisa, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotaura kuti kwete. “Kungafungwa,” inodaro 1991 Human Development Report, “kuti, kudai vana vakawanda vaipona, zvinetso zvechiverengero chavagari vapasi zvaizoipisisa. Kwakapesana chaizvo. Ruzvaro rungaderera apo vabereki vanova nechivimbo zvikuru chokuti vana vavo vachapona.”
Kunyanguvezvo, mamirioni avakadzi, zvikurukuru vari munzanga dzine urombo, vanopfuurira kubereka kazhinji kazhinji. Nemhaka yeiko? Nemhaka yokuti nzanga inokukarira kwavari, nokuti kuva navana vakawanda kunowedzera bviro yokuti vamwe vachapona, uye nemhaka yokuti vangasaziva pamusoro pamabasa okuronga mhuri kana kuti kuva nawo.
Bva, vakadzi vazhinji vane mhuri huru havangatongovi nako. Vanorangarira mwana mumwe nomumwe kuva chikomborero chinobva kuna Mwari.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]
Mimba Ine Ngozi Huru muNyika Iri Kubudirira
Kunyanyokurumidza: Ngozi yorufu mukati mokuva nemimba nokubereka mwana pakati pavakadzi vanobvira pamakore 15 kusvikira ku 19 ezera ihuru zvikuru nakatatu kupinda pakati pavakadzi vanobvira pamakore 20 kusvikira ku 24 ezera. Vana vanoberekwa navakadzi vachiri kuyaruka vane bviro huru yokufa, kukurumidza kuberekwa, kana kuti kunyanyova nouremu hushoma pakuberekwa.
Vakanyanyobatana: Urefu hwenguva pakati pokubereka hunotapura zvikurukuru kupona kwomwana. Mwana anoberekwa makore asingasviki maviri pashure pomumwe mwana anomutangira ane bviro huru zvikuru ye 66 muzana yokufa muucheche. Kana ava vana vakapona, kukura kwavo kune bviro huru yokuva vasingakuri uye kukura kwoungwaru hwavo kune bviro yokuva kunokuvadzwa. Runenge rufu 1 mu 5 rwavacheche rungadzivirirwa kupfurikidza nokutaramutsa kubereka kwakafanira. Nhambo yamakore matatu kana kuti kupfuura pakati pokubereka ine ngozi shoma.
Vakanyanyowandisa: Kubereka vana vanopfuura vana kunowedzera ngozi dzemimba nokubereka mwana, zvikurukuru kana vana vokutanga vakanga vasingataramutswi naanopfuura makore maviri. Pashure pemimba ina, vanamai vane bviro huru yokutambura kushaiwa masero matsvuku eropa uye vanokombamira zvikuru kukubuda ropa, uye vana vavo vane ngozi huru yokuberekwa vane hurema.
Vanonyanyononoka: Vakadzi vanopfuura zera ramakore 35 vane bviro yokufa nakashanu mukati memimba kana kuti kubereka mwana kupfuura vakadzi vanobvira pamakore 20 kusvikira ku 24 ezera. Vana vanoberekerwa vakadzi vakura vane bvirowo yokufa.
Manyuko: World Health Organization, UN Children’s Fund, uye UN Population Fund.