Kumuka Nokuwa Kwenyika Yezvokutengeserana
Chikamu 2: Kufutunuka Kuti Asimbise Simba
PAKUVAMBAVAMBA, kukudziridzika kwenyika yokutengeserana kwakanga kuchiganhurirwa zvakakomba nekusawanwa kwezvinhu, nonozeko, uye ndyiko yezvokufambisa nekurukurirano. Kushambadza nomugungwa kwakanga kuchipedza nguva. Nzendo dzapanyika dzakanga dzizerwe nengozi. Asi kwose ikoku kwakanga kwodokuchinja.
Kushambadza Kunova Kwamarudzi Ose
Mukati menhambo yechiHerene, kubvira muna 338 P.N.V. kusvikira ku 30 P.N.V., maguta eMediterranean akava nzvimbo huru dzokushambadzira. Iwaya akabatanidza Alexandria, Egypt, akavambwa naAlexander Mukuru muna 332 P.N.V. Asi “pakuzosvika muzana ramakore rechipiri P.N.[V.], Mabvazuva echiHerene,” anodaro purofesa wenhau Shepard B. Clough, “akavamba kuratidza zviratidzo zvokusashanda kwemari; muzana rokutanga ramakore P.N.[V.], kwakaoneka pakuderera.” Girisi yakatsiviwa soubati ushe neRoma. Gare gare, muudzori hweRoma, Alexandria yakava dzimbahwe roruwa, rechipiri bedzi kuRoma imene.
Mubiyaro uye mutsivi wokuMabvazuva woUmambo hweRoma hwokuMadokero, Umambo hwaByzantine, hwakasvika ukwiriri hwahwo pakati pezana ramakore rechi 9 nerechi 11. Dzimbahwe rahwo, Constantinople (nhasi Istanbul), rine chiverengero chavagari vemo chavane mirioni imwe, rakanga riri guta guru zvikurusa kwazvo munyika. Musika wesirika, zvinorunga zvokudya, zvokudhaya nazvo, mafuta anonhuwira okuMabvazuva uye mvere, amber, mapuranga, uye dare yokuMabvazuva, wakabatira sezambuko remari pakati peEurope neAsia.
Asi muna 1204, mukati meHondo Yorudzidziso yeChina, umambo hwakatambura kudzokera shure. Dzimbahwe rahwo rakabvutwa ndokupambwa, nyajambwa wamakaro emari. Kwakadaro sei? Mukuwirirana neThe Collins Atlas of World History, “sundo yokuMadokero yokupinda mukunzverwa kwepfuma yokuMabvazuva iri pamavambo ehondo dzorudzidziso.” Ikoku kunosanoratidzira kuti chechi, kunyange zvazvo sezvinofungidzirwa yakasundwa norushingairo rworudzidziso, yakanga ine dzimwe vavarirowo.
Munguva ino, muEurope yomumazana amakore apakati, vanamuzvinashavo vakanga vachitanga shoo dzokutengeserana, kana kuti dzokushambadza, apo vaigona kuratidzira zvinhu zvinobva munyika dzakasiana-siana munzendo dzavaifamba. Nezveshoo dzakabudirira zvikurukuru dzakaitirwa munzvimbo yeChampagne yeFrance yokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, The New Encyclopædia Britannica inoti: “Zvibvumirano zvaiitwa pashoo navanamuzvinashavo zvaiwanzoitwa kupfurikidza netsamba dzaivimbisa kubhadhara pashoo yomunguva yemberi uye kuti dzaichinjikira kune mumwe munhu. Zvibvumirano zvakadaro zvakanga zviri mavambo okushandiswa kwechikwereti. Pakuzosvika pazana ramakore rechi 13 shoo dzakabatira senzvimbo dzokubhangira mari nokuda kweEurope.”
Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 15, kukurira kwakaitwa navaTurk veOttoman kwakatyisidzira kugurwa kwenzendo dzokushambadza pakati peEurope neAsia. Naizvozvo vaongorori veEurope vakatanga rwendo mukutsvaka itsva. Vasco da Gama, mutyairi wengarava wechiPutukezi, akatungamirira rwendo kubvira muna 1497 kusvikira kuna 1499 rwakafambwa nengarava kupoterera Cape of Good Hope yeAfrica, nokudaro achigadza rwendo rutsva rwapagungwa rwokuenda India urwo rwakabetsera kuita kuti Portugal ive ubati ushe hwenyika. Rwendo rutsva rwakatorerawo Alexandria nezvimwe zviteshi zvengarava zveMediterranean ukoshi hwazvo hwokutengeserana senzvimbo huru dzokushambadzira.
Munguva ino, muvakidzani wePortugal, Spain, yakanga ichiwanira mari kuedza kwomutyairi wengarava weItaly Christopher Columbus kuti asvike India kupfurikidza nokufamba nengarava akananga kumavira zuva achipoterera nyika. Muna 1492—makore 500 chaiwo akapfuura October akatevera—Columbus akasvika asingakariri, sokunge zvakadaro paNyika yokuMadokero. Mangezi, kune rumwe rutivi, panzvimbo pokutsvaka kusvika Mabvazuva kupfurikidza nengarava akananga kumaodzanyemba sezvakanga zvaita Vasco da Gama kana kuti madokero sezvakanga zvaita Columbus, akaramba achitsvaka mukoto wokuchamhembe kwakadziva mabvazuva kana kuti kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero. Kuongorora uku kose kwakabetsera kuti kushambadza kuve kwamarudzi ose. Uye kupfurikidza nokuva chitemeso chinosarudza mukuwanwa kwenyika dzeAmerica, nyika yokutengeserana yakaratidzira pesvedzero yayo ine simba pazvinhu zvenyika.
Simba Remari—Muvaki Woumambo
Nyika yokutengeserana yakavaka masangano ane simba. Somuenzaniso, mukuwirirana nebhuku rinonzi By the Sweat of Thy Brow, ndiyo “imwe yezviitwa zvinobatanidza zvizhinjisa uye zvinogara kwenguva refu zvenzanga nemari zvenyika yekare: sangano rebasa kana kuti boka.” Chirangaridzo chamasangano akafanana ane simba nhasi, aya mapoka, pamwe chete nokuita zvakanaka, padzimwe nguva aishandisa zvisina kufanira simba ravo nomutoo wakajeka, zvikuru zvokuti mushanduri weBhaibheri John Wycliffe anotaurwa kuva akashurikidza mamwe awo muzana ramakore rechi 14 sa“vapangani venhema . . . vakashurikidza Mwari nomunhu.”—Ona bhokisi papeji 28.
Nyika yokutengeserana yakatovaka umambo, Umambo hweBritain mukusapanikira huchitova hwakabudirira zvikurusa. Asi husati hwavamba kubuda muzana ramakore rechi 16, mamwe mabasa okutengeserana muEurope akavamba kubvuta simba remari rinoita kuti nyika irambe ichishanda. Rimwe raiwaya rakanga riri Chinzwano cheHanse.
Shoko rechiGermany rakakwirira rekare Hanse, rinoreva “mauto,” pashoma napashoma rakava rinoshandiswa kuchimwe chipi nechipi chechiverengero chamapoka kana kuti masangano avanamuzvinashavo akamuka. Mukati mokupera kwezana ramakore rechi 12 nomukuvamba merechi 13, Hanse riri muguta reGermany yokuchamhembe reLübeck rakawana simba pakushambadza kweBaltic uye murubudiriro rakabatanidza Germany neRussia nedzimwe nyika dzakaganhurana neBaltic. Munguva ino, kumadokero, Hanse muguta reGermany reCologne rakanga richisimbisa batano dzokushambadza kuEngland nokune Nyika Dzakaderera.
Aya masangano avanamuzvinashavo akaita mitemo yokuzvidzivirira amene neshavo dzao, zvikurukuru achidzora kushambadza nokuda kwebetserwo yavose. Akaitawo nhamburiko dzokubatana kuti adzvinyirire kupamba uye umbavha panyika kana kuti pagungwa. Sezvo kushambadza kwakafutunuka, kudikanwa kwokubatira pamwe kukuru zvikuru pakati pamapoka akasiana-siana kwakaoneka. Naizvozvo pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 13, maguta ose makuru okuchamhembe kweGermany akanga akumbanirana pamwe chete mukuva chinzwano chimwe chakazozivikanwa seChinzwano cheHanse.
Nokuda kwechikonzero chomugariro wacho wapasi, chinzwano chacho chakadzora kufamba kukuru kwokushambadza kwokuchamhembe. Kumadokero chaishambadzirana nenyika dzakabudirira mune zvemari dzeEngland neNyika Dzakaderera, idzo, dzaiva nebatano yokushambadzirana neMediterranean namaMabvazuva. Nechokumabvazuva chakanga chine kusvika kuri nyore kuScandinavia neEastern Europe. Kunze kwokushambadzirana shinda neFlanders, chinzwano chacho nenzira iyeyo chakasvika pakudzora kushambadzirana hove neNorway neSweden pamwe chete nokushambadzirana mvere neRussia.
Kunyange zvazvo chisiri mubatanidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika, uye chisina mutumbi unodzora wechigarire kana kuti vakuru vakuru vechigarire, pakukwirira kwacho chinzwano kunyangezvo chakashandisa simba guru. Imwe yebudiriro hurusa yacho yakanga iri kutangwa kwegadziriro yemitemo yomugungwa neyokutengeserana. Nepo chichifutunukira mumisika mitsva, chinzwano chakakurumidza kudzivirira yekare yacho, chichishandisa uto kana kuri madikanwa. Mune zvinoitika zvizhinji ngarava dzacho huru dzavashambadzi dzakanga dzichikwanisa kuputsanya dziviriro kupfurikidza nokusimbisa zvirango zvemari kana kuti zvirambidzo.
Chinzwano cheHanse chakasvika ukwiriri hwacho panenge pakati pezana ramakore rechi 14. Kuderera kwacho kwakatanga mune rechi 15, apo Mangezi namaDutch akavamba kuwedzera musimba uye kudzora mukushambadzirana kwenyika. Hondo yamakumi matatu amakore yakashurikidza Chinzwano. Mitezo yacho yakasanga kwenguva yokupedzisira muna 1669. Maguta mashomanene bedzi, pakati paLübeck, Hamburg, uye Bremen, dzichiri kuzvidadisa dzimene pakuva maguta eHansa, mitezo isine simba zvikuru yeyaichimbove kambani hurusa ine simba rokutengeserana.
Mamwe makambani okutengeserana makuru zvikuru, ane simba zvikuru akanga akamirira kutora nzvimbo yeChinzwano cheHanse. Dzidza nezvawo muChikamu 3 rwenhevedzano: “Kutengeserana Kwamakaro Kunoratidza Chimiro Chakwo Chechokwadi.”
[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]
Simba Ramapoka neramaLabor Union
Pakuzosvika muzana ramakore rechina P.N.V., mamwe maguta omuMediterranean akanga achibatikana zvikuru nezvimwe zvinhu, vanamuzvinashavo vebasa rakafanana vachiungana kunhauranda imwe cheteyo mukati mamaguta iwaya. Pakutanga, aya masangano amabasa sezvinooneka aiva efambidzano norudzidziso muchimiro. Bhuku rinonzi By the Sweat of Thy Brow rinotiudza kuti “sangano rimwe nerimwe rakanga rina mwari waro kana kuti mwarikadzi anotsigira, uye mitezo yaro yaiita minamato yayo imene yorudzidziso rwomunzanga.”
Masangano omunguva yapakati akanga akaitirwa kugovera betsero yegarikano kumitezo yawo uye kutaviridzira basa rose zvaro kupfurikidza nokudzora kubudiswa kwezvinhu uye kugadza mipimo, zvimwe kunyange kudzora mitengo nemibhadharo. Mamwe akava anotora chiremera chose chokutengesa zvinhu, achidzora mitengo kupfurikidza nokuita bvumirano dzomuchivande, achivavarira kutaviridzira kutengeserana kwesangano uye kudzivirira makwikwi asina kunaka.
Setsigiro yamapoka ebasa ezvokutengeserana akare, mapoka avanamuzvinashavo akavapo muzana ramakore rechi 11, apo vashambadzi vakaronga kuti awane dziviriro pangozi dzomumigwagwa mikuru. Asi pashoma napashoma mapoka akarasikirwa nomuitiro wawo wapakuvamba. Abatikana mukutengeserana kwomunzvimbomo, simba rawo nomukurumbira zvakaderera sezvo kutengeserana kworuwa, kworudzi, uye kwamarudzi ose kwakava kunokurira uye sezvo vanamuzvinashavo vakavamba kukurira mhizha.
Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18 uye mukuvamba mezana ramakore rechi 19, sebukira roKuchinja Kwenzvimbo Dzamabasa, malabor union akatanga muBritain nomuUnited States samasangano avashandi ane unyanzvi humwe chetehwo. Murutivi akatanga samabandiko enzanga, akakura kuva masangano anotsutsumwira gadziriro inodzora yenzanga neyezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhasi, mamwe maunion anongovavarira hawo kusarudza mibhandaro, maawa, migariro yokushanda, nekotsekano yebasa nokuda kwemitezo yawo, achiwana ikoku zvimwe kupfurikidza nekurukurirano seboka kana kuti kupfurikidza nokutendeukira kukuramba kuenda kubasa. Zvisinei, mamwe ndeorudzi rwezvamatongerwe enyika chaizvoizvo.