Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura

Chikamu 13: 476 N.V. kupfuurira—Murima Makabuda, Chimwe Chinhu “Chitsvene”

“Zvivi zvinoitirwa murima zvinoonwa muDenga samarimi omwoto.”—Chirevo chechiChina

MUNA April 1988 Chechi yomuSoviet Union yakafara kunzwa kuti Munyori Mukuru Mikhail Gorbachev anotaura pamhene kuti mhosho dzakaitwa neHurumende muwirirano yayo neChechi nemitezo yayo dzaizoruramiswa.

Kusanzwana kworumwe rudzi kwakaratidzikawo kuva kwaizogadzikiswa apo papa weRoma Katurike John Paul II akatumira kwaziso ku“chechi biyayo yava namakore ane chiuru chimwe seratidzirwo yechishuvo chapachokwadi chokuwana humwe ihwohwo hwakakwana uhwo Kristu akanga achida uye huri hwaro hweChechi.” Asika kusanzwana pakati pa‘machechi biyamwe’ kwakavapo sei pakutanga?

Kurashika Kwechinzwano Chisina Kutongovapo

Pakuvamba muzana rechina ramakore, pashure pokuva mambo wouMambo hweRoma, Constantine Mukuru akatamisa dzimbahwe rayo kubva muRoma kuenda kuguta ramaGiriki reByzantium, rinowanwa pamhenderekedzo yeBosporus. Rakatumidzwazve kuti Constantinople, uye isu nhasi tinoriziva seIstanbul, Turkey. Kutama kwakarongedzererwa kubatanidza umambo hwakatyisidzirwa nokukamukana. Kureva idi, “zviratidziro zvoumambo hwakakamukana zvakanga zvatovapo, pasinei hapo nokuti zvakanga zvisinganyatsooneka sei,” mukuvamba mehafu yezana ramakore rechipiri, inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

ChiKristu chakanga chapararira murutivi rwokumabvazuva rwoumambohwo nokukurumidza uye nyore nyore zvikuru kupinda murutivi rwokumadokero. Naizvozvo Constantine akaona simba rechinzwano murudzidziso rwenyika yose (rwechikaturike). Asi sezvo umambo hwakanga hwakakamukana zvikurukuru, ndozvakanga zvakaitawo rudzidziso rwahwo. Chechi yokuMabvazuva yakanga yakatsiga zvikuru kupinda iyo yaiva muRoma, uye yairambidza dzidziso dzoruzivo rwoumwari dzaigoverwa neRoma. “Kutozosvikira kuzana regumi namaviri ramakore kwaizova nepokanidzano zhinji dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzoruzivo rwoumwari pakati pamachechi maviri,” rinodaro The Collins Atlas of World History.

Imwe yeidzi pokanidzano dzoruzivo rwoumwari yaibatanidza Chitendero cheNicene, chakapfuuridzira kukudziridzika kwedzidziso yoUtatu isati iri yapamagwaro. Yasimbiswa namatare matatu okutanga makuru akaitwa nechechi (Nicaea muna 325 N.V., Constantinople muna 381 N.V., Efeso muna 431 N.V.), chitenderocho chakataura nezve “Mweya Musande . . . wakabva kuna Baba.” Asi pane rimwe dare muzana rechitanhatu ramakore, chechi yokuMadokero yakashandura chikamu chamashoko kuti chirave kuti “uyo wakabva kuna Baba noMwanakomana.” Iyi nhau yefilioque (shoko rechiRatini rinorava kuti “nomwanakomana”) yakanga, uye ichiri, pfundo repokanidzano pakati peidzi chechi biyamwe dze“chiKristu.”

Kusanzwana kwakava kunooneka zvikuru apo umambo hwokumadokero hwakaguma muna 476 N.V., kuchiratidzira kutanga kwaMazera Erima. Kana chiri chiKristu, Mazera Erima zvamazvirokwazvo akanga ari zera rerima rouchenjeri nokusaziva. Chiedza cheevhangeri yechiKristu chakanga, kwechinguvana, chadzikatidzwa nerima rechiKristudhomu.

Rima rorudzidziso harikuchidziri chinzwano. “Zvikamu zvakasiana-siana zvenyika yechiKristu zvakanga zvichipfuurira kutsvaka chinzwano chisina kutongowanwa,” anodaro aichimbova Mufundisi weCanterbury Herbert Waddams. “Yakanga isati iri nhau yechinzwano chizere icho gare gare chakaputswa,” iye anodaro, achiwedzera kuti “pfungwa yokuti chiKristudhomu chaichimbova Chechi imwe huru yakabatana chiroto chokufungidzira.”

“Mwana” Anoberekwa

“Mwana” anoberekwa muna 800 N.V. paZuva reKrisimisa anokura kuva anoidzwa kunzi mutsvene. Hwakanga huri umambo hwakadzorerwa kwokumadokero hwakaberekwa pashure pokunge Pope Leo III akamukana nechechi yokuMabvazuva ndokugadza Charlemagne, mambo wamaFrank, kuva mambo. Pashure pedzongonyedzo pfupi, umambo hwokumadokero hwakamutsidzirwa muna 962 N.V. uye gare gare hwakazozivikanwa nezita rechiratidziro rokunyepedzera zvikuru, rokuti Umambo Hutsvene hweRoma.

Chaizvoizvo, zita rokuti Umambo hweRoma rakanga risinokukodzera. Ukuru hworuwa rwahwo, Germany yomuzuva razvino, Austria, Czechoslovakia yokumadokero, Switzerland, mabvazuva eFrance, uye Nyika Dzakaderera, dziri kunze kweItaly. Nyika dzeGermany navabati ushe veGermany vakava nesimba, nokudaro zita rayo rapamutemo rakachinjwa gare gare kuva Umambo Hutsvene hweRoma hwoRudzi rweGermany.

Umambo hwakavhenganisa rudzidziso nezvamatongerwe enyika. Collier’s Encyclopedia inotsanangura kuti pfungwa yakanga iri “yokuti munyika munofanira kuva nomusoro mumwe wezvamatongerwe enyika, unoshanda mutsinhirano neChechi yenyika yose, imwe neimwe ino rutivi rwayo nechiremera zvinowanwa kuna Mwari.” Asi mutsara womukaha nguva dzose wakanga usina kujeka, nokudaro kwakaparira kuitirana nharo. Zvikurukuru pakati pamazana amakore echi 11 napakati peechi 13, Chechi neHurumende zvakakakavadzana nokuda kwoutungamiriri hweEurope. Vamwe vakarangarira kuti kubatanidzwa kworudzidziso mune zvamatongerwe enyika kwakanga kusina udyire uye kuchibvumirwa nomutemo, asika sokubvuma kunoita Waddams, “pane panikiro yokuti chinendirini chapapa nokuda kwesimba chakaita rutivi runokosha mukubatanidzwa ikoko.”

Pakati pezana ramakore rahwo rokupedzisira nehafu yokuvapo, umambohwo hwakaputsanyika kuva muunganidzwa usina kubatana wamarudzi unodzorwa noudzori husina kutsiga hwamambo wavose. Mukati meiyi nhambo yenhau yahwo akaisvokodzera zvikuru ndiwo mashoko omunyori wechiFrench Voltaire, uyo akataura kuti hwakanga “husati huri hutsvene, kana kuti zvimwe hweRoma, kana kuti umambo.” Pakupedzisira, muna 1806, achena musoro nokuda kwokukwegura uye asine chinhu chokurumbidza nacho nokuda kwohusande, “mwana mutsvene” akafa. Muna 1871 akamutsidzirwa muReich Yechipiri (shoko rechiGermany nokuda kwo“umambo”) asi hwakaputsika muna 1918, makore asingasviki 50 gare gare. Uye muna 1933, Reich Yechitatu yaAdolf Hitler yakatanga kufora nomuEurope, kungondosvika bedzi mugumo wayo usine mbiri muna 1945 mumatongo eBerlin.

Pesvedzero dzechiGermany muMadokero

Bhuku renongedzero rinonzi Meyers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte (Meyer’s Illustrated World History) rinoidza “mbiru nhatu apo Mazera Apakati eEurope akavakirwa padziri . . .  nhaka yenhau yamabasa ekare echimiro chokupera kwenhambo yeRoma, chiKristu, uye pakupedzisira magamuchidzanwa akatorwa navanhu vechiGermany kuvakare vavo.” Mukutsigira, munyori weGermany Emil Nack anoti: “Mitambo yegore negore yekare yechiGermany nguva dzose yaipfuuridzirwa muchimiro chamazororo echiKristu, sezvo chechi, sezvaipangirwa naPapa Gregory Mukuru, yakashandura mitambo mizhinji yechihedheni kuva iya yechiKristu.”

Kuchengetwa kweiyi mitambo yorudzidziso hakuna kuratidzira pfungwa huru yokuva yorudzidziso pakati pavanhu vechiGermany. Mushakabvu Andreas Heusler, nyanzvi pamusoro porudzidziso rwechiGermany, anorurondedzera soruri rudzidziso urwo rwai“ramba zvishoma zvikuru uye rwaisaraira chinhu chakaoma, kubatanidza neorthodoxy ipi neipi yengano. Munhu airangarirwa kuva akazvipira kana akaita zvibairo, akaripira mutero wake wetembere, asina kuzvidza nzvimbo tsvene, uye asina kunyora ndima dzokunyomba pamusoro pavamwari.” Anogumisa, achiti: “Rwakanga rwusati rwuchitongova rushingiso rworudzidziso. . . . Runako rwomuGermany haruna kuva murudzidziso rwake.”

Kunyange zvazvo vanhu vekare vechiGermany vaidavira muna vamwari, vairangarira kuti chaizvoizvo kwakanga kuchine simba rakakwirira zvikuru, iro rakanga rasika vamwari. Irori rakanga riri “simba rokutemerwa mugumo,” anotsanangura kudaro munyori Nack, iro, iye anoti, rakanga “risingatsauswi nezvibairo kana kuti neminyengetero.” Hunyanguvezvo, kutemerwa mugumo kwakanga kusingarangarirwi se“simba risina mano okuita zvisarudzo,” sezvo iro raishanda mukuwirirana nemitemo yomusikirwo. Naizvozvo munhu airangarirwa so“munhu akasununguka, kwete nyajambwa.”

Rudzidziso rwechiGermany rwakanga rwune mavambo arwo muzvinhu zvomusikirwo. Zvibairo zvaiitirwa panze, mumakwenzi nomumasango. Ngano yechiGermany inotaura nezvomuti uri munzvimbo yose unonzi muYggdrasill, umo vamwari vaiitira dare zuva rimwe nerimwe. The Encyclopedia of Religion inourondedzera, kuti: “[Waisvika] kudenga uye mapazu awo aitambararira panyika yose. . . . Mufananidzo womuti . . . unotorwa muna mamwe magamuchidzanwa. MuBhabhironia rekare, somuenzaniso, muti wenyika yose, Kiskanu, waikura munzvimbo tsvene. . . . MuIndia yekare, nzvimbo yose inofananidzirwa nomuti wakapidiguka. . . . [Asi] hakuna chibvumikiso chechiratidziro chipi nechipi chechiJudha nechechiKristu mumufungo womuYggdrasill.”

Nokuda kwourwu ruzivo, hakusati kuchishamisa kuti munyika dzakatapurwa zvikurukuru norudzidziso rwechiGermany, vanhu vanowanzodavira zvavakaona zvichiitwa, vasati vari vorudzidziso zvikuru, uye vanokombamira kukutaura, kuti: ‘Zvinhu zvomusikirwo ndiye mwari wangu!’ Kunonzwisisikawo kuti zhinji dzetsika dzechihedheni dzakapfuuridzirwa muchiKristudhomu norudzidziso rwechiGermany dzinowirirana nomusikirwo. Tsika dzeKrisimisa, dzakadai sokushandisa mwenje nomuti unonzi mistletoe, kupisa danda romuYule, kana kuti kuratidzira muti weKrisimisa, inongova bedzi mienzaniso mishomanene.

Munguva Imwe Cheteyo, muMabvazuva

Nguva dzose rwanga rwusingawirirani nechechi yokuMadokero, chechi yokuMabvazuva yanga isati ino rugare iyo imenewo, sezvinoratidzirwa nokuitirana nharo kwokushandiswa kwedzidziso yemifananidzo. Mifananidzo yavatsvene, inosiana nemifananidzo yamativi matatu, yakadai sezvidhori zvakarovedzeka zvomuchechi yokuMadokero, mifananidzo yorudzidziso kana kuti mifananidzo iri panzvimbo yakati sandara, inobatanidza mifananidzo yakasimudzwa. Inowanzoratidzira Kristu, Maria, kana kuti “musande.” Yakava yakakurumbira zvikuru muMabvazuva zvokuti, mukuwirirana naJohn S. Strong wapaBates College, yakazo“rangarirwa sezviratidziro zvakananga kana kuti mifananidzo yavanhu vainomirira, [uye] . . . nokudaro yakarangarirwa kuva izerwe nesimba rinoyera nerinoshamisa zvikurukuru.” Hunyanguvezvo, mukuvamba mezana ramakore rechisere, mambo weByzantine Leo III akarambidza kushandiswa kwayo. Kuitirana nharo hakuna kugadzikiswa pakupedzisira kutozosvikira muna 843 N.V., chifo chenguva iyeyo kushandiswa kwemifananidzo yavatsvene kwakabvumirwa muchechi yokuMabvazuva.

Mumwe muenzaniso wokusanzwana kwokuMabvazuva ndowokuEgipita. Nepo vaKaturike veEgipita vaitaura chiCopt, vamwe vaitaura chiGiriki, mapoka maviri emitauro aisabvumirana pachimiro chaKristu. Kunyange zvazvo zviremera zveByzantine zvakaramba kukubvuma, ikoku kwakaparira kuvapo chaikwoikwo kwamachechi maviri akaparadzana. Munguvayi yose, bato rimwe nerimwe rakaedza kuita kuti mumwe wamabhishopi aro apinzwe munzvimbo yakakwirira yeAlexandria.

Nhasi, chechi yokuMabvazuva ichiri yakakamukana. Mamwe machechi etsika okuMabvazuva, anozivikanwa samaUniate, anogamuchira, somuenzaniso, simba rechiremera rapapa weRoma. Machechi eOrthodox okuMabvazuva naanonzi machechi akaderera okuMabvazuva, kuno rumwe rutivi, haagamuchiri.

Samarimi Omwoto

Kare kare Umambo husiri hutsvene, hwakanga husiri chaizvoizvo hweRoma husati hwapera, “matambidzanwa embengo dzamaKristu nokuda kwamamwe maKristu akanga apinzwa zvakatsiga mumwoyo yamaKristu okuMabvazuva,” anodaro mufundisi weAnglican Waddams. Zvamazvirokwazvo, chivi cho“muKristu” anovenga “muKristu,” kunyange kana chakaitirwa murima, hachina kudzikatidzwa mudenga asi chakanga chichioneka samarimi omwoto.

Kupfuurirazve, chivi chechiKristudhomu cheimba yakakamukana hachina kudzikatidzwa pasi pano. Somuenzaniso, mumwe muArab akatanhamara womuzana ramakore rechinomwe N.V., uyo “aiziva zvikuru pamusoro pechiKristu kubva munzendo dzake uye kubva muvanhu vari pedyo zvikuru naye,” anodaro mufundisi Waddams, haana kuororwa ne“pokanidzano dzaakaona pakati pamaKristu.” Uyu murume akatsvaka nzira iri nani zvikuru kupinda iyo yakagoverwa nechiKristudhomu chisinganzwani. Akaiwana here? Nhasi muna 1990, 17 muzana izere yechiverengero chavagari vapasi inotsigira nzira yake. Kuti uyu munhu akanga ari aniko uye kuti akarangarira sei pamusoro po“Kuzviisa Pasi Pokuda kwaMwari” nyaya yedu inotevera iri muchinyorwa chino ichapindura.

[Mepu iri papeji 22]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Pakuwa kwoUmambo hweRoma (476 N.V.), chiKristudhomu chakakamukana mukutungamirira kwamabhishopi anokwikwidzana matanhatu—Roma, Constantinople, Antioki, Alexandria, Jerusarema, uye Salamis (Kupro)

Roma

Constantinople

Salamis

Antioki

Alexandria

Jerusarema

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

Mufananidzo wavatsvene (mufananidzo worudzidziso) waJesu naMaria

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.