Nguva Yemberi Yorudzidziso Pakurangarirwa Kwenguva Yarwo Yakapfuura
Chikamu 12: 100-476 N.V.—Kudzima Mwenje weEvhangeri
“Vanhu vakawana kuti kunobetsera zvikuru kushatsa zvokwadi panokuzvinatsa ivo vamene.”—Charles Caleb Colton, mufundisi wechiNgezi womuzana rechi 19 ramakore
KUVAMBIRA muna 33 N.V., apo Roma yakauraya Muvambi wechiKristu, ubati ushe hwenyika ihwohwo hwechitanhatu hwenhau yeBhaibheri hwakanga huchipfuurira kurwisana namaKristu. Hwakaapfigira mutorongo uye hwakakandira mamwe awo kushumba. Asi kunyange pakutyisidzirwa nokuurairwa kutendeka kuti abatire samazhenje avanhu anovhenekera mabindu aNero, maKristu eRoma omuzana rokutanga ramakore akapfuurira kuita kuti mwenje wao womudzimu uvhenekere. (Mateo 5:14) Zvisinei, mukufambira mberi kwenguva mugariro wacho wakachinja.
“Murutivi rwokutanga rwezana rechitatu ramakore,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi From Christ to Constantine, “chechi yakavamba kuva inoremekedzwa.” Asi ruremekedzo rwakanga rwune muuyo warwo, “kuderera kwemipimo.” Mukuwirirana naikoko, “kurarama kwechiKristu kwakanga kusati kuchasitongovazve chinodikanwa chokutenda kwechiKristu.”
Mwenje weevhangeri wakanga wava kutoikira. Uye “pakuzosvika pazana rechina ramakore,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Imperial Rome, “vanyori vechiKristu vakanga vasingatauri bedzi kuti kwakanga kuchibvira kuva zvose zviri zviviri muKristu nomuRoma, asi kuti nhau refu yeRoma zvechokwadi yakanga iri mavambo enhau yamagamba echiKristu. . . . Mufungo wakanga uri wokuti Roma yakanga yagadzwa nomutoo woumwari.”
Aiva nouyu murangariro akanga ari mambo weRoma Constantine Mukuru. Muna 313 N.V., Constantine akaita chiKristu rudzidziso rwapamutemo. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza Chechi neHurumende, kuisa vatungamiriri vorudzidziso mubasa reHurumende, uye kubvumira kudzora kweHurumende zvinhu zvorudzidziso, Constantine akaita basa risinokururama chaizvo.
Mukuvamba mezana rechipiri ramakore, Ignatius, bhishopi weAntiokia, akanga atobudisa mutoo mutsva wehurumende yeungano. Panzvimbo peboka ravakuru, mutumbi wamabhishopi oumambo wakagadzirira nokuda kwokuti munhu mumwe bedzi wechechi ave anotarisira ungano imwe neimwe. Rinenge zana ramakore pashure pacho, Cyprian, bhishopi weCarthage, akakudziridza iyi gadziriro yehurumende yavafundisi vanodzora kuva hurumende yedare ravafundisi vanodzora yamapoka manomwe, nzvimbo huru ichiva inodzorwa nabhishopi. Pasi pake paiva navaprista, madhikoni, madhikoni maduku, uye mamwe mapoka. Chechi yokuMadokero mukutevedzana yakawedzera boka rechisere, nepo chechi yokuMabvazuva yakasarudza nokuda kwedare ravafundisi vanodzora ramapoka mashanu.
Ko ichi chimiro choutungamiriri hwechechi, chakabatanidzwa netendero yeHurumende, chakaparirei? Bhuku rinonzi Imperial Rome rinotsanangura, kuti: “Makore 80 bedzi pashure pedenho yokupedzisira yokutambudzwa kwamaKristu, Chechi iyo imene yakanga ichivamba kuuraya vatsoropodzi vedzidziso dzorudzidziso, uye vafundisi vayo vakanga vachishandisa simba rinenge rakaenzana nerero ramadzimambo.” Zvamazvirokwazvo izvi handizvo izvo Kristu akanga achirangarira apo iye akataura kuti vadzidzi vake vaizova “vasati vari rutivi rwenyika” uye kuti vaifanira kuikurira, kusati kuri kupfurikidza nesimba, asi nokutenda kwavo.—Johane 16:33; 17:14, NW; enzanisa na 1 Johane 5:4.
“Vasande” Navamwari vamaGiriki
Kare pamberi penguva yaConstantine, mifungo yechihedheni yakanga yatoshatsa rudzidziso rwechiKristu. Vamwari vengano veGirisi avo vakanga vambopesvedzera zvikuru rudzidziso rweRoma vakanga vatopesvedzerawo rudzidziso rwechiKristu. “Pakuzosvika panguva apo Roma yakanga yava ubati ushe hukuru,” rinodaro bhuku rinonzi Roman Mythology, “Jupiter akanga afananidzwa naZeus wamaGiriki . . . Gare gare Jupiter akanamatwa saOptimus Maximus, Wakaisvonakisisa uye Mukurusa, chiratidzo chaizopfuuridzirwa muchiKristu ndokuoneka pamanyoro mazhinji avanhu vakavezwa.” The New Encyclopædia Britannica rinowedzera, kuti: “Pasi pechiKristu, magamba amaGiriki uye kunyange vamwari vaivapo savasande.”
Munyori M. A. Smith anotsanangura kuti ikoku kwakareva kuti “marudzi mazhinji avamwari akanga achivhenganiswa, uye misiano inotsauranisa yakanga ichidzikatidzika. . . . Kwaiva nekombamiro yokuti vanhu vafunge kuti vamwari vakasiana-siana vaingova bedzi zvomenemene mazita akasiana nokuda kwesimba rimwe guru. . . . Isis weEgipita, Artemis weEfeso uye Astarte weSiria vairangarirwa kuva vakafanana. Zeus wamaGiriki, Jupiter wavaRoma, Amon-Re wavaEgipita uye kunyange Yahweh wamaJudha vaigona kudanwa pavari samazita eSimba rimwe guru.”
Chichingunovhenganiswa nokufunga kwamaGiriki navaRoma muRoma, chiKristu chakanga chichichinjawo mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Alexandria, Antiokia, Carthage, uye Edessa, nzvimbo huru dzose dzomubato wedzidziso youmwari, dzakavaka zvikoro zvakatanhamara zvomufungo worudzidziso. Herbert Waddams, aichimbova Mufundisi weAnglican yeCanterbury, anoti chikoro cheAlexandria, somuenzaniso, chaka“pesvedzerwa zvikurukuru nepfungwa dzaPlato,” chichipa revo dzamashoko okufananidzira kukutaura kuzhinjisa kwe“Testamende Yekare.” Chikoro cheAntiokia chakatora chimiro chendangariro chokukurangarira sezvakuri chaizvo zvikuru, chokutsoropodza zvikuru Bhaibheri.
Daro, shaikwo yekurukurirano, uye kusanzwisisa mitauro zvakabatira kukudziridza misiano. Zvisinei, wakapararira zvikurukuru wakanga uri mudzimu wokuzvimirira nechinendirini choudyire zvavatungamiriri vorudzidziso vaidisa havo kushatsa zvokwadi nokuda kwechimuko chavo vamene, kupfurikidza nakwo vachidzima mwenje weevhangeri.
“Inoidzwa Zvenhema-nhema Kunzi ‘Zivo’”
Mukuvamba mezana rokutanga ramakore, chiKristu chakapesvedzerwa nedzidziso dzorudzidziso, kuchiparira Pauro kunyevera Timotio kufuratira “pokanidzano dzeinoidzwa zvenhema-nhema kunzi ‘zivo.’” (1 Timotio 6:20, 21, NW) Ikoku kungave kwainongedzera kusangano rinonzi chiGnostic rakawana utanhamari mukuvamba mezana rechipiri ramakore asi sezvinooneka rakatangwa muzana rokutanga ramakore, zvimwe nomumwe Simon Magus. Mamwe manyuko anotaura kuti iyeyu angava Simoni anodudzwa muBhaibheri pana Mabasa 8:9.
ChiGnostic chakawana zita racho mushoko rechiGiriki rokuti gnoʹsis, rinoreva “zivo.” Mapoka echiGnostic aiomerera pakuti ruponeso runotsamira pazivo chaiyo yakavanzika yezvinhu zvakadzama zvisingazivikanwi namaKristu enhando. Vairangarira kuti kuva neiyi zivo kwaivagonesa kudzidzisa, sokureva kunoita The Encyclopedia of Religion, “zvokwadi yomukatikati yakaziviswa naJesu.”
Mviromviro dzomufungo wavaGnostic dzaiva zhinji. Kubvira Bhabhironi, vaGnostic vaishandisa muitiro wokufananidzira revo dzakavanzika nenhamba dzeBhaibheri, idzo sezvinofungidzirwa dzaizivisa zvokwadi dzakavanzika. VaGnostic vaidzidzisawo kuti kunyange mudzimu wakanaka, chinhu chiri chose chine ushati mumusikirwo. “Iyi ndiyo ndaza imwe cheteyo yokurangarira,” anodaro munyori weGermany Karl Frick, “yakatowanwa mudzidziso yokuti chinhu chose chine unaki hwacho nouipi yePersia nomuMabvazuva eKure mu‘yin’ ne‘yang’ yeChina.” “ChiKristu” chairatidzirwa namanyoro avaGnostic chakavakirwa chaizvoizvo pamanyuko asati ari echiKristu. Naizvozvo chaigona sei kuva “zvokwadi yomukatikati yakaziviswa naJesu”?
Muzivi R. E. O. White anoidza chiGnostic kuti mubatanidzwa we“miitiro youzivi, yokufungidzira, yamashiripiti, uye padzimwe nguva namato yokunyanyisa uye kunyange yakashata.” Andrew M. Greeley wapaYunivhesiti yeArizona anoti: “Jesu wavaGnostic padzimwe nguva haatsinhirani, dzimwe nguva haanzwisisiki, uye padzimwe nguva akavanzika.”
Kumonyanisa Zvokwadi Pamusoro paKristu
VaGnostic vakanga vasati vari voga mukumonyanisa zvokwadi pamusoro paKristu. Nestorius, tateguru vapakuvamba vomuzana ramakore rechi 5 vaConstantinople, sezvinooneka vakadzidzisa kuti Kristu akanga ari zvomenemene vanhu vaviri muno mumwe, Jesu wohunhu noMwanakomana woumwari waMwari. Mukusununguka Kristu, Maria akasununguka munhu asi kwete Mwanakomana woumwari. Uyu murangariro hauna kubvumirana neMonophysitism (“munhu mumwe”), waiti humwe huri pakati paMwari noMwanakomana hwakanga husingaparadzanisiki, uye kuti kunyange zvazvo huri hwavanhu vaviri, Jesu muuchokwadi akanga ari oga bedzi, Mwari akakwana uye panguva imwe cheteyo ari munhu akakwana. Mukuwirirana naikoko, zvamazvirokwazvo Maria aizove akasununguka Mwari, kwete bedzi Jesu wohunhu.
Dzidziso dzose dziri mbiri dzaiva miuyo yepokanidzano yakanga yamuka mukati mezana rekare ramakore. Arius, muprista waAlexandria, akapokanidza kuti Kristu muduku kuna Baba. Naizvozvo akaramba kushandisa shoko rokuti homoousios (kuva wechimwe chimiro) mukurondedzera ukama hwaKristu naMwari. Dare reNicaea rakaramba murangariro wake muna 325 N.V., richitema kuti Jesu zvamazvirokwazvo ‘ndowechimiro chimwe chetecho naBaba.’ Muna 451 N.V. Dare reChalcedon rakataura kuti Kristu ndiMwari akapfeka muviri wokunyama. Mufungo weBhabhironi, Egipita neGirisi waMwari woutatu zvino wakanga watsikinyidzira kunze dzidziso yaKristu yokuti iye naBaba vanhu vaviri vakaparadzana, munzira isati iri yakaenzana.—Marko 13:32; Johane 14:28.
Chaizvoizvo, Tertullian (c. 160-c. 230 N.V.), mumwe mutezo wechechi yokuChamhembe kweAfrica, akatanga shoko “trinitas,” iro rakapinda mukushandisa kwechiKristu paimwe nguva pamberi pokuberekwa kwaArius. Tertullian, uyo akanga ari muzivi wezvorudzidziso wokutanga kunyora zvikurusa muchiRatini panzvimbo pechiGiriki, akabetsera kuvanzarika nheyo nokuda kworuzivo rwezvoumwari rwokuMadokero. Ndozvakaitawo “Musande” Augustine, mumwe muzivi wezvorudzidziso wokuChamhembe kweAfrica womuzana rechipiri ramakore gare gare. “[Augustine] anowanzozivikanwa saave ari mufungi mukurusa wekare,” inodaro The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Asi mashoko acho anotevera chisakiso chokuitira hanya nokuda kwomuKaturike wapachokwadi ari wose kana kuti muPurotesitendi: “Ndangariro yake yakava chisakiso umo rudzidziso rweTestamende Itsva rwakabatanidzirwa machiri chose chose zvikurusa negamuchidzanwa raPlato wouzivi hwechiGiriki; uye yakangawo iri mutoo uyo chibereko chouku kubatanidzwa chakapfuuridzirwa nawo kuchiKristudhomu cheRoma Katurike yenguva yapakati uye chiPurotesitendi cheNguva Yokuvamba Patsva Kwedzidzo Yepepuko.”
ChiKaturike Chiri Munjodzi
Kumugumo kwezana rechina ramakore, Mambo Theodosius I akapedza icho Constantine akanga atanga kupfurikidza nokuita chiKaturike rudzidziso rweHurumende. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho Umambo hweRoma hwapamuka, sokutya kwakanga kwaita Constantane kuti hungadaro. Roma yakatapwa muna 410 N.V. navaVisigoth, vanhu vechiGermany avo vakanga vanguve vachinetsa umambohwo, uye muna 476 N.V., Odoacer mukuru mukuru wehondo akakurira mambo wokuMadokero ndokuzvizivisa iye amene kuva mambo, nokudarokwo ndokugumisa Umambo hweRoma hwokuMadokero.
Mumigariro iyi mitsva, chiKaturike chaizopfuurira sei? Kubvira muna 500 N.V., chakanga chine mitezo ine 22 muzana yechiverengero chavagari vapasi chenyika. Asi pana ava vanhu vanorangarirwa vana mamirioni ane 43, vazhinjisa vakanga vatapurwa navatungamiriri vorudzidziso vakanga vakuwana kuva kunobetsera zvikuru kushatsa zvokwadi panokuzvinatsa ivo vamene. Mwenje weevhangeri wechiKristu chechokwadi wakanga wadzimwa. Asi “Murima, Makabuda Chimwe Chinhu ‘Chitsvene’” chaizoberekwa nokukurumidza, sezvo chinyorwa chedu chinotevera chichakurukura.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]
Mienzaniso Yechitendero chamaGnostic
Marcion (zana rechipiri ramakore) akatsauranisa pakati paMwari asina kukwana we“Testamende Yekare” Mwari akaderera kuna Jesu uye Baba vaJesu, Mwari asingazivikanwi we“Testamende Itsva” worudo. Pfungwa ya“mwari asingazivikanwi musoro mukuru wechignostic,” inotsanangura kudaro The Encyclopedia of Religion. Uyu mwari asingazivikanwi anozivikanwa so“Uchenjeri hwakakwirira, husingasvikwi nouchenjeri hwomunhu.” Musiki wenyika inooneka, kuno rumwe rutivi, akaderera uye haana kuchenjera chose chose uye anozivikanwa seDemiurge.
Montanus (zana rechipiri ramakore) akaparidzira kudzoka kwaKristu kwaswedera pedyo nokugadzwa kweJerusarema Idzva mune iyo nhasi iri Turkey. Achiitira hanya zvikuru mufambiro kupinda dzidziso, sezvinooneka akaedza kudzorera mipimo yapakuvamba yechiKristu, asi achinyanyisa, pakupedzisira sangano racho rakatapurwa nomugariro umene wokusava norumano warakashora.
Valentinus (zana rechipiri ramakore), wezvenhetembwa wechiGiriki uye muGnostic akatanhamara zvikuru wekare, akataura kuti kunyange zvazvo muviri womudzimu waJesu wakauya nokuna Maria, iwo hauna kuberekwa naye chaizvoizvo. Ikoku imhaka yokuti maGnostic airangarira chinhu chose kuva chine ushati. Nokudaro, Jesu haati aigona kuva nomuviri wokunyama kana kuti iwowo waizove wave une ushati. MaGnostic anozivikanwa savaDocetist aidzidzisa kuti chinhu chiri chose pamusoro pohunhu hwaJesu chaingova bedzi chiono nenyengedzo. Ichochi chinobatanidza rufu rwake norumuko.
Manes (zana rechitatu ramakore) ainzi al-Bābilīyu, shoko rechiArabhu nokuda kwe“Bhabhironia,” sezvo iye akazviidza amene kuti “nhume yaMwari inouya Bhabhironi.” Akavavarira kuumba rudzidziso rwenyika yose achibatanidza masangano echiKristu, chiBhuddha, nechiZoroast.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]
Constantine akabetsera mukudzima mwenje weevhangeri kupfurikidza nokubatanidza chiKristu nokunamata kwechihedheni